一种1A双极型低压降线性稳压器XD1622的设计与研究
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摘要
便携式电子产品的普及和飞速发展使得高性能低成本的电源管理解决方案备受关注,新一代低压降(LDO)线性稳压器以其超低噪声、高PSRR、微功耗和极低的成本成为极具竞争力的电源方案之一,将在电源管理市场上占有重要的一席。
本文设计了一款双极型低压降(LDO)线性稳压器XD1622,采用EPISIL 5μm BJT工艺,有较宽的输入电压范围(13V-29V),输出电压为12V,在典型负载电流(1A)情况下,压降仅为280mV,静态电流为4.6mA。提出了一种低功耗、高可靠性的限流电路,通过增加折返功能有效地降低了电路的功耗,与常规的恒定电流限制相比,该折返式电流限制不仅能使系统在限流状态下的功耗减小25%,且提高了系统的可靠性。另外,设计了过温保护电路和调整管安全工作区域保护电路,保证电路安全工作。
文中首先论述了低压降线性稳压器XD1622的基本原理,以此为基础对系统设计进行整体考虑,构建了系统整体架构,并制定了芯片的设计指标。根据设计指标,论文详细设计了芯片内部电路模块,包括:带隙基准电压源、误差放大器、过温保护、过流保护和使能电路等,通过综合比较晶体管的性能,确定调整管的类型。然后对电路的所有子模块电路进行了详细分析,借助设计软件Hspice对子模块电路进行了完整的设计和模拟仿真,给出了合理的电路数据,各子模块电路的电特性均达到或优于设计指标。最后,对整体电路进行了联合仿真,模拟结果表明该电路完成了设计功能,达到了预先制定的设计指标。
The popularization and rapid growth of portable electronic products result in that more and more attention is now paid to power manage projects with the high performance and low cost. As a competitive kind of power management, the new generation of low dropout (LDO) linear regulator with ultra low noise, high PSRR, micropower loss and the lowest cost will be holding an important position.
The object of this paper is to design a bipolar low dropout (LDO) linear regulator XD1622, which adopts EPISIL 5μm BJT technology. The input voltage range is as wide as from 13V to 29V, while the output is constant at 12V. The dropout voltage and quiescent current is only 280mV and 4.6mA respectively in 1A typical load current. A low-power, high reliability current limit circuit is proposed, which can effectively lower the power dissipation of the circuit. The circuit can reduce the power dissipation by 25% compared with the conventional constant current limit and enhance the reliability of the system with the application of fold back function. In addition, the thermal protection and safe operation area (SOA) protection of pass transistor are designed, which guarantee the electric circuit working in safe operation area (SOA).
Firstly, the operational principle of the LDO linear regulator XD1622 is analyzed, based on which the systematic architecture of the whole chip is constructed and the specifications are given. According to the specifications, the internal modules of the chip are designed in detail including the bandgap voltage reference, the error amplifier, the thermal protection, the over-current protection and the enable circuit, etc. The type of the pass transistor is chose after comparing the characteristics of several kinds of transistors. And then the design of the sub-block circuits and the simulations using Hspice are presented in detail. Meanwhile, the parameters of the ciucuits are determined. The results show that the electric specifications of the sub-circuits all meet the prospective specifications. At last the simulations of the whole chip are presented and the simulation results indicate that the IC has realized its function and meet the prospective specifications.
本文设计了一款双极型低压降(LDO)线性稳压器XD1622,采用EPISIL 5μm BJT工艺,有较宽的输入电压范围(13V-29V),输出电压为12V,在典型负载电流(1A)情况下,压降仅为280mV,静态电流为4.6mA。提出了一种低功耗、高可靠性的限流电路,通过增加折返功能有效地降低了电路的功耗,与常规的恒定电流限制相比,该折返式电流限制不仅能使系统在限流状态下的功耗减小25%,且提高了系统的可靠性。另外,设计了过温保护电路和调整管安全工作区域保护电路,保证电路安全工作。
文中首先论述了低压降线性稳压器XD1622的基本原理,以此为基础对系统设计进行整体考虑,构建了系统整体架构,并制定了芯片的设计指标。根据设计指标,论文详细设计了芯片内部电路模块,包括:带隙基准电压源、误差放大器、过温保护、过流保护和使能电路等,通过综合比较晶体管的性能,确定调整管的类型。然后对电路的所有子模块电路进行了详细分析,借助设计软件Hspice对子模块电路进行了完整的设计和模拟仿真,给出了合理的电路数据,各子模块电路的电特性均达到或优于设计指标。最后,对整体电路进行了联合仿真,模拟结果表明该电路完成了设计功能,达到了预先制定的设计指标。
The popularization and rapid growth of portable electronic products result in that more and more attention is now paid to power manage projects with the high performance and low cost. As a competitive kind of power management, the new generation of low dropout (LDO) linear regulator with ultra low noise, high PSRR, micropower loss and the lowest cost will be holding an important position.
The object of this paper is to design a bipolar low dropout (LDO) linear regulator XD1622, which adopts EPISIL 5μm BJT technology. The input voltage range is as wide as from 13V to 29V, while the output is constant at 12V. The dropout voltage and quiescent current is only 280mV and 4.6mA respectively in 1A typical load current. A low-power, high reliability current limit circuit is proposed, which can effectively lower the power dissipation of the circuit. The circuit can reduce the power dissipation by 25% compared with the conventional constant current limit and enhance the reliability of the system with the application of fold back function. In addition, the thermal protection and safe operation area (SOA) protection of pass transistor are designed, which guarantee the electric circuit working in safe operation area (SOA).
Firstly, the operational principle of the LDO linear regulator XD1622 is analyzed, based on which the systematic architecture of the whole chip is constructed and the specifications are given. According to the specifications, the internal modules of the chip are designed in detail including the bandgap voltage reference, the error amplifier, the thermal protection, the over-current protection and the enable circuit, etc. The type of the pass transistor is chose after comparing the characteristics of several kinds of transistors. And then the design of the sub-block circuits and the simulations using Hspice are presented in detail. Meanwhile, the parameters of the ciucuits are determined. The results show that the electric specifications of the sub-circuits all meet the prospective specifications. At last the simulations of the whole chip are presented and the simulation results indicate that the IC has realized its function and meet the prospective specifications.
引文
[1] 如何选择便携式产品电源 IC. 电子技术天地.2004, 4.
[2] 孙俊杰. 电源作主—电源管理风靡 2005. EDN 电子设计技术.2005, 11.
[3] 蜂窝电话的电源管理器 IC 及其新技术应用的最佳选择. 半导体世界.
[4] 新一代便携式微处理器电源. 华强电子世界网.2004, 12.
[5] G.A.Rincon-Mora.Current Efficient, Low Voltage, Low Drop-Out Regulators. Ph.D Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology. Nov, 1996.
[6] Tom Kugelstadt. Fundamental Theory of PMOS Low-Dropout Voltage Regulators. Application Report, Texas Instruments.Apr, 1999.
[7] B.S.Lee. Technical Review of Low Dropout Voltage Regulator Operation and Performance. Application Report, Texas Instrumentsv Aug, 1999.
[8] 潘宣亦,陈秋麟. 低压降线性稳压器系统介绍与探讨. 零组件杂志.2003, 1.
[9] 五大支柱领域齐头并进—07 年电子设备一路飘红. 国际电子商情. 2006, 12.
[10] 颜重光. 低压差线性稳压器的选用技术. 电子工程专辑. 2003, 2.
[11] 段九州. 电源电路实用设计手册. 沈阳:辽宁科技技术出版社,2002.
[12] 李清泉,黄昌宁. 集成运算放大器原理与应用. 北京:科学出版社,1982.
[13] 朱正涌. 半导体集成电路. 北京:清华大学出版社,2001.
[14] Sun Zuozhi. Bipolar Voltage Regulator EUL3129 Design Note. 2002.
[15] Avant Corporation. Star-Hspice User’s Manual. 1999.
[16] 孙肖子,张畴先,谈文心等. 电子线路基础. 西安:西安电子科技大学出版社.1996.
[17] Alan B Grebene. Bipolar and MOS Analog Integrated Circuit Design. New York:a Wiley-Interscience Publication. 1984. pp. 489-495.
[18] B.S.Lee. Understanding the Terms and Definitions of LDO Voltage Regulators. Application Report, Texas Instruments. Oct 1999.
[19] Gabriel A.Rincon-Mora, Phillip E.Allen. A Low-Voltage, Low Quiescent Current, Low Drop-Out Regulator. IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuit. Jannuary, 1998,VOL.33, NO.1.
[20] Frank Goodenough. Low Dropout Regulators Get Application Specific. Electronic Design. May 13, 1996.
[21] 徐研训. 低工作电流类比积体电路. 台湾国立交通大学博士论文.1991,6.
[22] 黄子龙. 精确的 2.5V 转为 1.8V 的低压降稳压器. 台湾国立成功大学硕士论文.1992,7.
[23] Hawk Chen. A Better Approach of Dealing with Ripple Noise of LDO.
[24] C. Simpson. A User's Guide to Compensating Low-Dropout Regulators. National Semiconductor.1997.
[25] E. Rogers. Stability Analysis of Low-Dropout Linear Regulators with a PMOS Pass Element.Analog Applications Journal, Texas Instruments.Aug, 1999.
[26] B.S.Lee. Understanding the Stable Range of Equivalent Series Resistance of an LDO Regulator. Analog Applications Journal, Texas Instruments.Nov, 1999.
[27] Ka Chun Kwok and Philip K.T.Mok. Pole-Zero Tracking Frequency Compensation for Low Dropout Regulator. IEEE ISCAS. 2002.
[28] Ka Nang Leung, Philip K.T. Mok, Wing Hung Ki. A Novel Frequency Compensation Technique for Low-Voltage Low-Dropout Regulator.IEEE ISCAS. 1999.
[29] 李先锐. 超低漏、低噪声 CMOS 稳压器 ASIC 的研究与实现.西安电子科技大学硕士学位论文.2003, 1.
[30] Hawk Chen. A Better Approach of Dealing with Ripple Noise of LDO.
[31] 庄奕琪,孙青. 半导体器件中的噪声及其低噪声化技术.1993.
[32] J.Wong. A Low-Noise Low Drop-Out Regulator for Portable Equipment. Power conversion and Intelligent Motion.1990. pp.38~43.
[33] John C.Tee. Understanding Power Supply Ripple Rejection In Linear Regulators.Texas Instruments. 2005.
[34] John C.Teel.Understanding Noise In Linear Regulators.Texas Instruments.2005.
[35] 刘鸿雁. 微功耗低噪声 LDO 线性稳压 ASIC 的设计. 西安电子科技大学硕士学位论文.2006,1.
[36] Alan Hastings. The Art of Analog Layout.Prentice-Hall, Inc, 2001.
[37] 孙作治. 双极型 LDO 线性稳压器设计研究与实现.西安电子科技大学硕士学位论文.2003, 1.
[38] Behzad Razavi. Design of Analog CMOS Integrated Circuits. Boston, MA:Mc Graw-Hill, Inc. 2001.
[39] 胡洪平,冯勇建. 新型结构的高性能 CMOS 带隙基准电压源.厦门大学学报(自然科学版). 2006, 6.
[40] Filanovsky M, Chan Yiu Fai. BiCMOS Cascaded Bandgap Voltage Reference.IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuit, 1997.pp. 943~946.
[41] 陈碧,罗岚,周帅林. 一种低温漂 CMOS 带隙基准电压源的设计.电子器件.2004, 27(1).
[42] Allen Phillip E, Holberg Douglas R. CMOS Analog Circuit Design. Publishing House of Electronics Industry, 2002. pp.153~157.
[43] S K Lau, K N Leung, P K Mok.Analysis of Low—Dropout Regulator Topologies for Low-Voltage Regulation.IEEE International Conference on Electron Devices and Solid—State Circuits, 2003.pp.379~382.
[44] CSimpson.A User’s Guide to Compensating Low—dropout Regulators.National Semiconductor Power Management Applications, 1997.pp.1~14.
[45] 程小洁,冯全源. 一种低功耗高可靠性的 CMOS 过流保护电路.微电子学与计算机.2006, 23(1).
[46] 樊华,冯全源. 一种新型的基于 LDO 的过流保护电路设计.微电子学与计算机.2006, 23(2).
[47] Xiaohua Fan, Chinmaya Mishra. Single Miller Capacitor Frequency Compensation Technique for Low-Power Multistage Amplifiers. IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits. 2005, 40(3). pp.584~592.
[48] 郭建平. 一种用于 LDO 稳压器的折返式限流电路.电子设计应用.2006, 5.
[2] 孙俊杰. 电源作主—电源管理风靡 2005. EDN 电子设计技术.2005, 11.
[3] 蜂窝电话的电源管理器 IC 及其新技术应用的最佳选择. 半导体世界.
[4] 新一代便携式微处理器电源. 华强电子世界网.2004, 12.
[5] G.A.Rincon-Mora.Current Efficient, Low Voltage, Low Drop-Out Regulators. Ph.D Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology. Nov, 1996.
[6] Tom Kugelstadt. Fundamental Theory of PMOS Low-Dropout Voltage Regulators. Application Report, Texas Instruments.Apr, 1999.
[7] B.S.Lee. Technical Review of Low Dropout Voltage Regulator Operation and Performance. Application Report, Texas Instrumentsv Aug, 1999.
[8] 潘宣亦,陈秋麟. 低压降线性稳压器系统介绍与探讨. 零组件杂志.2003, 1.
[9] 五大支柱领域齐头并进—07 年电子设备一路飘红. 国际电子商情. 2006, 12.
[10] 颜重光. 低压差线性稳压器的选用技术. 电子工程专辑. 2003, 2.
[11] 段九州. 电源电路实用设计手册. 沈阳:辽宁科技技术出版社,2002.
[12] 李清泉,黄昌宁. 集成运算放大器原理与应用. 北京:科学出版社,1982.
[13] 朱正涌. 半导体集成电路. 北京:清华大学出版社,2001.
[14] Sun Zuozhi. Bipolar Voltage Regulator EUL3129 Design Note. 2002.
[15] Avant Corporation. Star-Hspice User’s Manual. 1999.
[16] 孙肖子,张畴先,谈文心等. 电子线路基础. 西安:西安电子科技大学出版社.1996.
[17] Alan B Grebene. Bipolar and MOS Analog Integrated Circuit Design. New York:a Wiley-Interscience Publication. 1984. pp. 489-495.
[18] B.S.Lee. Understanding the Terms and Definitions of LDO Voltage Regulators. Application Report, Texas Instruments. Oct 1999.
[19] Gabriel A.Rincon-Mora, Phillip E.Allen. A Low-Voltage, Low Quiescent Current, Low Drop-Out Regulator. IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuit. Jannuary, 1998,VOL.33, NO.1.
[20] Frank Goodenough. Low Dropout Regulators Get Application Specific. Electronic Design. May 13, 1996.
[21] 徐研训. 低工作电流类比积体电路. 台湾国立交通大学博士论文.1991,6.
[22] 黄子龙. 精确的 2.5V 转为 1.8V 的低压降稳压器. 台湾国立成功大学硕士论文.1992,7.
[23] Hawk Chen. A Better Approach of Dealing with Ripple Noise of LDO.
[24] C. Simpson. A User's Guide to Compensating Low-Dropout Regulators. National Semiconductor.1997.
[25] E. Rogers. Stability Analysis of Low-Dropout Linear Regulators with a PMOS Pass Element.Analog Applications Journal, Texas Instruments.Aug, 1999.
[26] B.S.Lee. Understanding the Stable Range of Equivalent Series Resistance of an LDO Regulator. Analog Applications Journal, Texas Instruments.Nov, 1999.
[27] Ka Chun Kwok and Philip K.T.Mok. Pole-Zero Tracking Frequency Compensation for Low Dropout Regulator. IEEE ISCAS. 2002.
[28] Ka Nang Leung, Philip K.T. Mok, Wing Hung Ki. A Novel Frequency Compensation Technique for Low-Voltage Low-Dropout Regulator.IEEE ISCAS. 1999.
[29] 李先锐. 超低漏、低噪声 CMOS 稳压器 ASIC 的研究与实现.西安电子科技大学硕士学位论文.2003, 1.
[30] Hawk Chen. A Better Approach of Dealing with Ripple Noise of LDO.
[31] 庄奕琪,孙青. 半导体器件中的噪声及其低噪声化技术.1993.
[32] J.Wong. A Low-Noise Low Drop-Out Regulator for Portable Equipment. Power conversion and Intelligent Motion.1990. pp.38~43.
[33] John C.Tee. Understanding Power Supply Ripple Rejection In Linear Regulators.Texas Instruments. 2005.
[34] John C.Teel.Understanding Noise In Linear Regulators.Texas Instruments.2005.
[35] 刘鸿雁. 微功耗低噪声 LDO 线性稳压 ASIC 的设计. 西安电子科技大学硕士学位论文.2006,1.
[36] Alan Hastings. The Art of Analog Layout.Prentice-Hall, Inc, 2001.
[37] 孙作治. 双极型 LDO 线性稳压器设计研究与实现.西安电子科技大学硕士学位论文.2003, 1.
[38] Behzad Razavi. Design of Analog CMOS Integrated Circuits. Boston, MA:Mc Graw-Hill, Inc. 2001.
[39] 胡洪平,冯勇建. 新型结构的高性能 CMOS 带隙基准电压源.厦门大学学报(自然科学版). 2006, 6.
[40] Filanovsky M, Chan Yiu Fai. BiCMOS Cascaded Bandgap Voltage Reference.IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuit, 1997.pp. 943~946.
[41] 陈碧,罗岚,周帅林. 一种低温漂 CMOS 带隙基准电压源的设计.电子器件.2004, 27(1).
[42] Allen Phillip E, Holberg Douglas R. CMOS Analog Circuit Design. Publishing House of Electronics Industry, 2002. pp.153~157.
[43] S K Lau, K N Leung, P K Mok.Analysis of Low—Dropout Regulator Topologies for Low-Voltage Regulation.IEEE International Conference on Electron Devices and Solid—State Circuits, 2003.pp.379~382.
[44] CSimpson.A User’s Guide to Compensating Low—dropout Regulators.National Semiconductor Power Management Applications, 1997.pp.1~14.
[45] 程小洁,冯全源. 一种低功耗高可靠性的 CMOS 过流保护电路.微电子学与计算机.2006, 23(1).
[46] 樊华,冯全源. 一种新型的基于 LDO 的过流保护电路设计.微电子学与计算机.2006, 23(2).
[47] Xiaohua Fan, Chinmaya Mishra. Single Miller Capacitor Frequency Compensation Technique for Low-Power Multistage Amplifiers. IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits. 2005, 40(3). pp.584~592.
[48] 郭建平. 一种用于 LDO 稳压器的折返式限流电路.电子设计应用.2006, 5.