可消化必需氨基酸平衡模式下不同蛋白源替代鱼粉对花鲈生长性能、生理功能及肉品质的影响
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摘要
本文以花鲈(Lateolabrax Japonicus)为研究对象,通过对花鲈进行逐级淡水化,在中国农业科学院饲料研究所国家水产饲料安全评价基地室内循环水养殖系统中(直径80cm,,容积0.3m3)进行为期56d及112d的生长实验。研究可消化必需氨基酸平衡模式下,分别利用混合动物蛋白(鸡肉粉∶牛肉骨粉∶喷雾血球干燥粉∶水解羽毛粉= 40∶35∶2 0∶5 )和发酵豆粕部分或全部替代花鲈饲料中的鱼粉,对花鲈生长性能、肉品质及氮磷代谢的影响,并分析了混合动物蛋白及发酵豆粕在花鲈饲料中的适用比例。共进行了4个生长试验,主要研究结果如下:
1.以混合动物蛋白(Animal protein blend, APB)分别直接替代和在补充晶体赖氨酸(Lys-H2SO4, 65%)、蛋氨酸(DL-Met)、苏氨酸(L-Thr)后替代花鲈(13.2±0.05 g)饲料中0%、50%、75%、100%的低温干燥鱼粉,研究其对花鲈生长及体组成的影响。经过8周的饲养后发现:花鲈的生长性能随替代比例的增大而降低;摄食含APB饲料的花鲈,其SR、FR、FBW、SGR、WGR、PER及饲料报酬均显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。与APB直接替代鱼粉的处理组相比,添加必需晶体氨基酸显著提高了花鲈的FBW、SGR、WGR、FR、PER及全鱼蛋白、脂肪、能量(P<0.05),显著降低了花鲈的全鱼水分、灰分,肝指数及内脏比(P<0.05)。实验结果表明:1)该混合动物蛋白替代初始体重为13.2g的花鲈饲料中低温干燥鱼粉的比例应小于50%;2)添加必需晶体氨基酸能显著提高APB在花鲈饲料中的应用潜力;3)花鲈能有效地利用晶体氨基酸。
2.在补充Lys,Met及Thr后,以APB分别在高蛋白水平和低蛋白水平下替代初始体重为13.3 g±0.1g花鲈饲料中0%、50%、75%、100%的低温干燥鱼粉。经过8周的饲养后,同一蛋白水平下,对照组的SR、FR、FBW、SGR、WGR、PPV、EPV及饲料报酬均显著高于替代处理组(P<0.05);同一替代比例下,摄食低蛋白饲料的花鲈,其SR、SGR、PPV、EPV及饲料报酬较高蛋白水平均显著降低(P<0.05),但两个蛋白水平下,花鲈的形体指数和体成分均无显著差异(P>0.05)。实验结果表明:1)在可消化氨基酸平衡模式下,蛋白水平显著影响花鲈生长性能,提高蛋白水平对花鲈的生长有促进作用;2)混合动物蛋白替代花鲈饲料中优质低温干燥鱼粉的比例应低于50%。
3.在补充Lys,Met及Thr后,以APB替代花鲈(76.3g±0.2g)饲料中0%、20%、40%、60%及80%的秘鲁鱼粉(Peru fish meal, PFM,400g.kg-1),或以国产鱼粉(local fish meal, LFM)完全替代PFM。经过8周的饲养后:PFM,LFM,APB20及APB40处理组的花鲈,其SR,FBW,SGR,WGR,FCR,PPV均无显著差异(P>0.05),而APB60及APB80处理组,花鲈的FBW,SGR,WGR,PPV,EPV均显著低于PFM处理组(P<0.05)。花鲈的血浆ALT活力及AST活力,花鲈生鱼片的质地和滴水损失,及60小时内的pH值变化在各处理组间均无显著差异(P>0.05)。随替代比例的升高,花鲈熟鱼片的硬度、咀嚼力、弹性、粘附性、回弹力均有上升的趋势,其中,APB80处理组显著高于其它各处理组(P<0.05)。LFM处理组的花鲈,其FR及花鲈熟鱼片质构均显著差于其它处理组(P<0.05)。实验结果表明:1)在补充晶体氨基酸基础上,该种APB能使初始体重为76.3g的花鲈饲料中PFM的用量从40%降低至24%而不影响其生长和肉品质;2);增加APB的用量,使饲料中PFM的水平从40%降低至8%不但显著影响花鲈的生长,同时也显著影响花鲈熟鱼片的质地;3)鱼粉质量影响花鲈的摄食率及肉品质,国产鱼粉价值显著低于秘鲁鱼粉,50%的国产鱼粉使用量相当于40%的秘鲁鱼粉的生产性能。
4.在补充Lys,Met及Thr后,以FSM分别替代初始体重为13.22g±0.05g花鲈饵料中0%、25%、50%和75%的美国白鱼粉。8周后,0%、25%替代组花鲈的FBW、SR、WGR、SGR、FR、PER均显著高于50%和75%替代组,而0%和25%的SR、SGR、FI、PER及、FCR之间均无显著差异;75%处理组由于成活率低及生长迟滞而被淘汰。16周后,50%替代组表现出补偿摄食和补偿生长现象,其FR、SGR、WGR及PRR较0%及25%替代组均显著提高(P<0.05),但PPV、EPV及饲料报酬仍显著降低(P<0.05);50%替代组花鲈的肉质硬度、咀嚼力显著低于0%及25%替代组(P<0.05),而后两者之间无显著差异。结果表明:在IDAA模式下:1) FSM至少可以替代花鲈饲料中25%的低温干燥鱼粉而不影响其生长、肉质及氮排放,且能降低磷排放;2)若延长养殖周期,花鲈可通过补偿增长来弥补前期生长抑制使得FSM可替代花鲈饲料中50%的低温干燥鱼粉,但其肉品的营养价值和口感会降低,氮排泄升高。
The present study aimed to study the effects of partial or total fishmeal substitution by animal protein blend (APB, poultry by-product meal∶beef meat and bone meal∶spray dried blood meal∶hydrolyzed feather meal = 40∶35∶20∶5) or fermented soybean meal (FSM) on growth performance, flesh quality, nitrogen and phosphorus metabolism under ideal digestible amino acid profile (IDAA) in Japanese sea bass (Lateolabrax japonicus). 4 trails including in this study were conducted in recycling water system (volume, 0.3m3) of National Aqua-feed Safety Assessment Station, Feed Research Institute, CAAS. And the results were respectively summarized as follows:
1. This growth trail was conducted to study the effect of 0%、50%、75%、100% dietary low temperature steam-dried fish meal (LT-FM)substitution by APB with or without crystallized Lys、Met、Thr supplementations on growth and body composition in Japanese sea bass (13.2±0.05 g). 8 weeks later, results showed that: growth performance of sea bass stepped down with increasingly replacing level; fish fed the control diet had significantly (P<0.05) higher SR、FR、FBW、SGR、WGR、PER、feed efficiency than those fed diets containing APB; sea bass fed diets with supplementations of crystallized amino acids showed remarkably higher FR、FBW、SGR、WGR、PER、feed efficiency and crude protein, crude lipid, gross energy but lower ash and moisture of than their counterparts in which LT-FM were replaced directly (P<0.05). Results demonstrate that 1) no more than 50% of LT-FM can be replaced by APB in diet of Japanese sea bass (13.2±0.05 g); 2) Supplementations of crystallized amino acids improve potential of APB replacing dietary LT-FM of sea bass; 3) crystallized amino acids can be efficiently utilized by sea bass.
2. This growth trail was conducted to study the effect of 0%、50%、75%、100% dietary LT-FM substitution with crystallized Lys、Met、Thr supplementations by APB on growth and body composition at 2 digestible protein levels (DPL, 38.5% vs 35.5%) in Japanese sea bass (13.25 g±0.05 g). 8 weeks later, results showed that: 1) fish fed 0% diet had significantly (P<0.05) higher SR、FR、FBW、SGR、WGR、PPV、EPV、feed efficiency than those fed diets containing APB; 2) fish fed diets with low DPL diets displayed remarkably (P<0.05) lower FBW, WGR, ERE feed efficiency than their counterparts in high DPL group; however, no differences were found on CF、HSI、VSI and whole body composition between the 2 DPL. Results demonstrate that under IDEAAP 1) high protein level could expend application of APB in diet of Japanese sea bass (13.25 g±0.05 g); 2) no more than 50% of LT-FM can be replaced by APB in diet of Japanese sea bass (13.2±0.05 g).
3. This growth trail was conducted to study the effect of 0%、20%、40%、60%、80% dietary Peru fish meal (PFM)substitution by APB with Lys、Met、Thr supplementations on growth and flesh quality of Japanese sea bass (76.3g±0.2g). Another diet containing 50% local fish meal (LFM) formulated according to PFM was added to test how different qualities of FM affected fish growth performance. 8 weeks later, results showed that: growth performance was decreased with higher APB inclusion level, and APB60 and APB80 showed significant lower SR、FBW、SGR、WGR、PPV、EPV and nutritional value of muscle than the other groups (p<0.05). Fish of LFM group showed significant poor FR and cooked muscle texture values than those of PFM, but did not show remarkable difference in growth profile. No differences of plasma ALT and AST activities were found between the groups. Results demonstrate that: 1) APB could reduce dietary PFM from 400mg/kg to 160mg/kg without depressing growth or affecting flesh quality of Japanese sea bass; 2) more than 240mg/kg inclusion of APB would induce poor growth and nutritional value of sea bass. 3) poor quality of fishmeal would reduce FR and flesh quality of bass, PFM is remarkablely better than LFM, 40% dietary PFM had the same breeding effect of 50% dietary PFM.
4. This growth trail was conducted to study the effect of 0%、25%、50%、75%dietary LT-FM substitution by FSM with Lys、Met、Thr supplementations on growth、flesh quality and nitrogen and phosphorus metabolism of Japanese sea bass (13.25 g±0.05 g). 8 weeks later, results showed that: SR、FR、FBW、SGR、WGR、PER、EPV、feed efficiency、body composition and hematological parameters were not different (P>0.05) between WFM and FSM25 group, but both of them performed better than the other groups (P<0.05). Fish fed diet FSM75 showed too low growth performance in first 8w and did not continue the last 8w growth trial for this group. 16 weeks later, results showed that: Fish fed FSM50 diet showed compensatory growth in the latter 8w, which showed significant higher FR, SGR, WGR and PRR than those of WFM and FSM25 groups during this period, but still showed lower PPV、EPV and feed efficiency than those of fish fed diets WFM and FSM25 (P<0.05). Fish of FSM50 group showed lowest flesh-hardness, flesh-gumminess, flesh-chewiness. Results demonstrate that: 1) FSM fermented by distiller's yeast could replace no less than 25% of dietary LT-FM in sea bass, without influencing its growth, feed utilization and flesh quality; 2) in the long run, present FSM could replace 50% of dietary WFM in sea bass with good growth performance and feed utilization through compensatory growth, but with lower flesh quality and higher nitrogen excretion.
1.以混合动物蛋白(Animal protein blend, APB)分别直接替代和在补充晶体赖氨酸(Lys-H2SO4, 65%)、蛋氨酸(DL-Met)、苏氨酸(L-Thr)后替代花鲈(13.2±0.05 g)饲料中0%、50%、75%、100%的低温干燥鱼粉,研究其对花鲈生长及体组成的影响。经过8周的饲养后发现:花鲈的生长性能随替代比例的增大而降低;摄食含APB饲料的花鲈,其SR、FR、FBW、SGR、WGR、PER及饲料报酬均显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。与APB直接替代鱼粉的处理组相比,添加必需晶体氨基酸显著提高了花鲈的FBW、SGR、WGR、FR、PER及全鱼蛋白、脂肪、能量(P<0.05),显著降低了花鲈的全鱼水分、灰分,肝指数及内脏比(P<0.05)。实验结果表明:1)该混合动物蛋白替代初始体重为13.2g的花鲈饲料中低温干燥鱼粉的比例应小于50%;2)添加必需晶体氨基酸能显著提高APB在花鲈饲料中的应用潜力;3)花鲈能有效地利用晶体氨基酸。
2.在补充Lys,Met及Thr后,以APB分别在高蛋白水平和低蛋白水平下替代初始体重为13.3 g±0.1g花鲈饲料中0%、50%、75%、100%的低温干燥鱼粉。经过8周的饲养后,同一蛋白水平下,对照组的SR、FR、FBW、SGR、WGR、PPV、EPV及饲料报酬均显著高于替代处理组(P<0.05);同一替代比例下,摄食低蛋白饲料的花鲈,其SR、SGR、PPV、EPV及饲料报酬较高蛋白水平均显著降低(P<0.05),但两个蛋白水平下,花鲈的形体指数和体成分均无显著差异(P>0.05)。实验结果表明:1)在可消化氨基酸平衡模式下,蛋白水平显著影响花鲈生长性能,提高蛋白水平对花鲈的生长有促进作用;2)混合动物蛋白替代花鲈饲料中优质低温干燥鱼粉的比例应低于50%。
3.在补充Lys,Met及Thr后,以APB替代花鲈(76.3g±0.2g)饲料中0%、20%、40%、60%及80%的秘鲁鱼粉(Peru fish meal, PFM,400g.kg-1),或以国产鱼粉(local fish meal, LFM)完全替代PFM。经过8周的饲养后:PFM,LFM,APB20及APB40处理组的花鲈,其SR,FBW,SGR,WGR,FCR,PPV均无显著差异(P>0.05),而APB60及APB80处理组,花鲈的FBW,SGR,WGR,PPV,EPV均显著低于PFM处理组(P<0.05)。花鲈的血浆ALT活力及AST活力,花鲈生鱼片的质地和滴水损失,及60小时内的pH值变化在各处理组间均无显著差异(P>0.05)。随替代比例的升高,花鲈熟鱼片的硬度、咀嚼力、弹性、粘附性、回弹力均有上升的趋势,其中,APB80处理组显著高于其它各处理组(P<0.05)。LFM处理组的花鲈,其FR及花鲈熟鱼片质构均显著差于其它处理组(P<0.05)。实验结果表明:1)在补充晶体氨基酸基础上,该种APB能使初始体重为76.3g的花鲈饲料中PFM的用量从40%降低至24%而不影响其生长和肉品质;2);增加APB的用量,使饲料中PFM的水平从40%降低至8%不但显著影响花鲈的生长,同时也显著影响花鲈熟鱼片的质地;3)鱼粉质量影响花鲈的摄食率及肉品质,国产鱼粉价值显著低于秘鲁鱼粉,50%的国产鱼粉使用量相当于40%的秘鲁鱼粉的生产性能。
4.在补充Lys,Met及Thr后,以FSM分别替代初始体重为13.22g±0.05g花鲈饵料中0%、25%、50%和75%的美国白鱼粉。8周后,0%、25%替代组花鲈的FBW、SR、WGR、SGR、FR、PER均显著高于50%和75%替代组,而0%和25%的SR、SGR、FI、PER及、FCR之间均无显著差异;75%处理组由于成活率低及生长迟滞而被淘汰。16周后,50%替代组表现出补偿摄食和补偿生长现象,其FR、SGR、WGR及PRR较0%及25%替代组均显著提高(P<0.05),但PPV、EPV及饲料报酬仍显著降低(P<0.05);50%替代组花鲈的肉质硬度、咀嚼力显著低于0%及25%替代组(P<0.05),而后两者之间无显著差异。结果表明:在IDAA模式下:1) FSM至少可以替代花鲈饲料中25%的低温干燥鱼粉而不影响其生长、肉质及氮排放,且能降低磷排放;2)若延长养殖周期,花鲈可通过补偿增长来弥补前期生长抑制使得FSM可替代花鲈饲料中50%的低温干燥鱼粉,但其肉品的营养价值和口感会降低,氮排泄升高。
The present study aimed to study the effects of partial or total fishmeal substitution by animal protein blend (APB, poultry by-product meal∶beef meat and bone meal∶spray dried blood meal∶hydrolyzed feather meal = 40∶35∶20∶5) or fermented soybean meal (FSM) on growth performance, flesh quality, nitrogen and phosphorus metabolism under ideal digestible amino acid profile (IDAA) in Japanese sea bass (Lateolabrax japonicus). 4 trails including in this study were conducted in recycling water system (volume, 0.3m3) of National Aqua-feed Safety Assessment Station, Feed Research Institute, CAAS. And the results were respectively summarized as follows:
1. This growth trail was conducted to study the effect of 0%、50%、75%、100% dietary low temperature steam-dried fish meal (LT-FM)substitution by APB with or without crystallized Lys、Met、Thr supplementations on growth and body composition in Japanese sea bass (13.2±0.05 g). 8 weeks later, results showed that: growth performance of sea bass stepped down with increasingly replacing level; fish fed the control diet had significantly (P<0.05) higher SR、FR、FBW、SGR、WGR、PER、feed efficiency than those fed diets containing APB; sea bass fed diets with supplementations of crystallized amino acids showed remarkably higher FR、FBW、SGR、WGR、PER、feed efficiency and crude protein, crude lipid, gross energy but lower ash and moisture of than their counterparts in which LT-FM were replaced directly (P<0.05). Results demonstrate that 1) no more than 50% of LT-FM can be replaced by APB in diet of Japanese sea bass (13.2±0.05 g); 2) Supplementations of crystallized amino acids improve potential of APB replacing dietary LT-FM of sea bass; 3) crystallized amino acids can be efficiently utilized by sea bass.
2. This growth trail was conducted to study the effect of 0%、50%、75%、100% dietary LT-FM substitution with crystallized Lys、Met、Thr supplementations by APB on growth and body composition at 2 digestible protein levels (DPL, 38.5% vs 35.5%) in Japanese sea bass (13.25 g±0.05 g). 8 weeks later, results showed that: 1) fish fed 0% diet had significantly (P<0.05) higher SR、FR、FBW、SGR、WGR、PPV、EPV、feed efficiency than those fed diets containing APB; 2) fish fed diets with low DPL diets displayed remarkably (P<0.05) lower FBW, WGR, ERE feed efficiency than their counterparts in high DPL group; however, no differences were found on CF、HSI、VSI and whole body composition between the 2 DPL. Results demonstrate that under IDEAAP 1) high protein level could expend application of APB in diet of Japanese sea bass (13.25 g±0.05 g); 2) no more than 50% of LT-FM can be replaced by APB in diet of Japanese sea bass (13.2±0.05 g).
3. This growth trail was conducted to study the effect of 0%、20%、40%、60%、80% dietary Peru fish meal (PFM)substitution by APB with Lys、Met、Thr supplementations on growth and flesh quality of Japanese sea bass (76.3g±0.2g). Another diet containing 50% local fish meal (LFM) formulated according to PFM was added to test how different qualities of FM affected fish growth performance. 8 weeks later, results showed that: growth performance was decreased with higher APB inclusion level, and APB60 and APB80 showed significant lower SR、FBW、SGR、WGR、PPV、EPV and nutritional value of muscle than the other groups (p<0.05). Fish of LFM group showed significant poor FR and cooked muscle texture values than those of PFM, but did not show remarkable difference in growth profile. No differences of plasma ALT and AST activities were found between the groups. Results demonstrate that: 1) APB could reduce dietary PFM from 400mg/kg to 160mg/kg without depressing growth or affecting flesh quality of Japanese sea bass; 2) more than 240mg/kg inclusion of APB would induce poor growth and nutritional value of sea bass. 3) poor quality of fishmeal would reduce FR and flesh quality of bass, PFM is remarkablely better than LFM, 40% dietary PFM had the same breeding effect of 50% dietary PFM.
4. This growth trail was conducted to study the effect of 0%、25%、50%、75%dietary LT-FM substitution by FSM with Lys、Met、Thr supplementations on growth、flesh quality and nitrogen and phosphorus metabolism of Japanese sea bass (13.25 g±0.05 g). 8 weeks later, results showed that: SR、FR、FBW、SGR、WGR、PER、EPV、feed efficiency、body composition and hematological parameters were not different (P>0.05) between WFM and FSM25 group, but both of them performed better than the other groups (P<0.05). Fish fed diet FSM75 showed too low growth performance in first 8w and did not continue the last 8w growth trial for this group. 16 weeks later, results showed that: Fish fed FSM50 diet showed compensatory growth in the latter 8w, which showed significant higher FR, SGR, WGR and PRR than those of WFM and FSM25 groups during this period, but still showed lower PPV、EPV and feed efficiency than those of fish fed diets WFM and FSM25 (P<0.05). Fish of FSM50 group showed lowest flesh-hardness, flesh-gumminess, flesh-chewiness. Results demonstrate that: 1) FSM fermented by distiller's yeast could replace no less than 25% of dietary LT-FM in sea bass, without influencing its growth, feed utilization and flesh quality; 2) in the long run, present FSM could replace 50% of dietary WFM in sea bass with good growth performance and feed utilization through compensatory growth, but with lower flesh quality and higher nitrogen excretion.
引文
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