都铎英国叛逆罪研究
摘要
叛逆罪是指臣民危害国王人身安全和政治权威的行为,它包括多个种类的叛逆罪名。这些罪名在爱德华三世《1352年叛逆法》中已有明确的规定,到了都铎王朝时期,国王为了加强王权而不断新增新罪名,使叛逆罪名经历了一系列的变动。都铎叛逆罪先后经历了传统叛逆罪名时期、新增叛逆罪名时期和叛逆罪名反复时期后,才得以重新恢复稳定。在叛逆罪审判和执行上,国王在遵循法律传统的基础上,通过立法来完善叛逆罪的审判制度,使叛逆罪的审判和执行程序更加规范,从而进一步发挥了叛逆罪在保护王权方面的作用。在实际的司法活动中,法庭留下了大量的叛逆罪案例。通过分析典型案例,能够深化对叛逆罪的认识,从而反映出都铎叛逆罪与王权和国家形态的关系。
Treason is a crime which seriously harm to the safety and the political authority of the king, as a result, it gets every king's attention. In order to achieve the Power of Supremacy, the Tudor kings strengthened the treason legislation, so that the Tudor treason charges has undergone the Traditional Treason Changes Period, the New Treason charges Period and the Repeatedly Change Period. The Tudor Kings also strengthened the Laws of Treason Trials, which improved the Tudor Treason Trials System and slandered the procedures of the Tudor treason trials. These legislative measures are embodied in the treason cases, the relationship of the Tudor monarchy and treason can be reflected by the comprehensive analysis of these cases.
Chapter I mainly described the movements of the treason charges in the Traditional Treason Changes Period, the New Treason charges Period and the Repeatedly Change Period. In the Traditional Treason Changes Period, the treason charges’had changed little, In this period, the Tudor kings of Tudor mainly followed the legal traditions, only when the public order was threatened that the kings created new types of treason charges, so that the treason charges were relatively fixed. In the New Treason charges Period, the king broke the traditional increase pattern of treason changes. Although Henry VIII was originally deal with his marriage and succession problems, but he was not confined to this area. In order to safeguard the fruits of the Reformation, he has created new treason charges in other aspects, and highlights the inviolability of the Supremacy. With the development of the Reformation, the scope of treason was also changing, which from the initial denial of the "Benefit of Clergy" to the protection of the king's succession and marriage security; from the protection of the Supremacy to the protection of the King’s Legislative and military powers and so on. New treason charges were continually created along with the development of the Reformation.
These new treason charges reflect the new features of treason legislation, that is to say, using precise legislative language to express the legislative purpose of the King, and highlighted the treasons’function of protecting of the expansion of the king's authority. After Edward VI ascended the throne in 1547, the numbers of the new charges were significantly lower than that of Henry VIII period, but at this time, the changes are more complicated. The three kings with different faiths and religions changed the charges of treason according to their political circumstance. At the very beginning of the new king’s ascend, he would re-examined and abolished of the previous king’s treason charges. However, with increasing of the social conflicts and the emergence of the crisis, they were forced to add or reuse the former treason charges, which led to the re-growth of treason charges. This has resulted in the the number of Tudor treason charges’fluctuation, so that increase or decrease of the number of treason charges was repeatedly. Not Until the end of Elizabeth I, this change and return to the steady. the treason has inherited the concept of supremacy, so that Tudor treason developed to a new level.
Chapter II mainly described the legislation of treason trials as well as the trial and execution procedures. In order to improve the efficiency of the treason trial, the Tudor king did a series of reforms. Through the promulgation of the Law of treason trials, the trial institutions、the jury and the evidence system has burden of innovation, which not only innovative transformation of the legal tradition, but also to Tudor treason trial and execution continue to improve. The Tudor king control of the treason trial power, and gradually established 3 Major Treason Trial Court, which ended the confusion agencies of treason trials. The cases that can not resort to the normal judicial process, Tudor King turned to Attainders, which speeded the trial efficiency of the difficult cases. After continuous development, Tudor treason trial and execution procedures were fixed at the time of Elizabeth I. The trial included 6 steps, that is, the Examination、the Indictment、Regiment of the Court、the Trail、the Verdict and the Judgment. The execution including 3 types, which is the death penalty, penalty and pardon. Although they are cumbersome procedures, in the legitimacy of the English law, they are indispensable. During the trial and execution of traitor, Tudor Kings resort to different ways. When trail the traitors, the Tudor king's was liable to punish them by a cruel way to threaten the traitors. But when the social contradictions were complex, Tudor rulers always issued some pardons to ease social conflicts, so as to make up for the negative effects of cruel punishment. Regardless of what approach to take, the Tudor king take the protecting of the fundamental rule as the mainly purpose.
Chapter II mainly described the cases in the Traditional Treason Changes Period, the New Treason charges Period and the Repeatedly Change Period. This thesis chose 3 typical treason cases. They are the case of Perkin Warbeck levying the war to the King, the case of Thomas More committing treason by words, the case of Thomas Howard Supporting the North rebellion. The case of Perkin Warbeck levying the war to the King happened in the Traditional Treason Changes Period, which reflected that the Tudor king still follow the traditional law, They use treason as a means of protect the personal safety of the throne, and never use Treason Charges to protect the expanded of royal power. The case of Thomas More happens in the New Treason charges Period. This case reflects that Henry VIII was trying to break the law of Church, and in order to seek the independence of the judiciary and the supremacy of the royal power. At the same time, that also reflected the confliction of the old and new legal thinking, and also shows the struggle relationship of the king and the church in the period of the Reformation. The case of Thomas Howard Supporting the North rebellion happened in the period of the Repeatedly Change Period. This case demonstrates Tudor treason charges returned to the tradition in the form, and absorbed new legal thinking during the legislation. That ensured the relatively stability of the Tudor treason charges and the Supremacy which was achieved in the Reformation. Later, the treason charges was inherited by the Stuart dynasty, and was used until to the modern times, which laid the development foundation of modern Britain treason charges.
Treason is a crime which seriously harm to the safety and the political authority of the king, as a result, it gets every king's attention. In order to achieve the Power of Supremacy, the Tudor kings strengthened the treason legislation, so that the Tudor treason charges has undergone the Traditional Treason Changes Period, the New Treason charges Period and the Repeatedly Change Period. The Tudor Kings also strengthened the Laws of Treason Trials, which improved the Tudor Treason Trials System and slandered the procedures of the Tudor treason trials. These legislative measures are embodied in the treason cases, the relationship of the Tudor monarchy and treason can be reflected by the comprehensive analysis of these cases.
Chapter I mainly described the movements of the treason charges in the Traditional Treason Changes Period, the New Treason charges Period and the Repeatedly Change Period. In the Traditional Treason Changes Period, the treason charges’had changed little, In this period, the Tudor kings of Tudor mainly followed the legal traditions, only when the public order was threatened that the kings created new types of treason charges, so that the treason charges were relatively fixed. In the New Treason charges Period, the king broke the traditional increase pattern of treason changes. Although Henry VIII was originally deal with his marriage and succession problems, but he was not confined to this area. In order to safeguard the fruits of the Reformation, he has created new treason charges in other aspects, and highlights the inviolability of the Supremacy. With the development of the Reformation, the scope of treason was also changing, which from the initial denial of the "Benefit of Clergy" to the protection of the king's succession and marriage security; from the protection of the Supremacy to the protection of the King’s Legislative and military powers and so on. New treason charges were continually created along with the development of the Reformation.
These new treason charges reflect the new features of treason legislation, that is to say, using precise legislative language to express the legislative purpose of the King, and highlighted the treasons’function of protecting of the expansion of the king's authority. After Edward VI ascended the throne in 1547, the numbers of the new charges were significantly lower than that of Henry VIII period, but at this time, the changes are more complicated. The three kings with different faiths and religions changed the charges of treason according to their political circumstance. At the very beginning of the new king’s ascend, he would re-examined and abolished of the previous king’s treason charges. However, with increasing of the social conflicts and the emergence of the crisis, they were forced to add or reuse the former treason charges, which led to the re-growth of treason charges. This has resulted in the the number of Tudor treason charges’fluctuation, so that increase or decrease of the number of treason charges was repeatedly. Not Until the end of Elizabeth I, this change and return to the steady. the treason has inherited the concept of supremacy, so that Tudor treason developed to a new level.
Chapter II mainly described the legislation of treason trials as well as the trial and execution procedures. In order to improve the efficiency of the treason trial, the Tudor king did a series of reforms. Through the promulgation of the Law of treason trials, the trial institutions、the jury and the evidence system has burden of innovation, which not only innovative transformation of the legal tradition, but also to Tudor treason trial and execution continue to improve. The Tudor king control of the treason trial power, and gradually established 3 Major Treason Trial Court, which ended the confusion agencies of treason trials. The cases that can not resort to the normal judicial process, Tudor King turned to Attainders, which speeded the trial efficiency of the difficult cases. After continuous development, Tudor treason trial and execution procedures were fixed at the time of Elizabeth I. The trial included 6 steps, that is, the Examination、the Indictment、Regiment of the Court、the Trail、the Verdict and the Judgment. The execution including 3 types, which is the death penalty, penalty and pardon. Although they are cumbersome procedures, in the legitimacy of the English law, they are indispensable. During the trial and execution of traitor, Tudor Kings resort to different ways. When trail the traitors, the Tudor king's was liable to punish them by a cruel way to threaten the traitors. But when the social contradictions were complex, Tudor rulers always issued some pardons to ease social conflicts, so as to make up for the negative effects of cruel punishment. Regardless of what approach to take, the Tudor king take the protecting of the fundamental rule as the mainly purpose.
Chapter II mainly described the cases in the Traditional Treason Changes Period, the New Treason charges Period and the Repeatedly Change Period. This thesis chose 3 typical treason cases. They are the case of Perkin Warbeck levying the war to the King, the case of Thomas More committing treason by words, the case of Thomas Howard Supporting the North rebellion. The case of Perkin Warbeck levying the war to the King happened in the Traditional Treason Changes Period, which reflected that the Tudor king still follow the traditional law, They use treason as a means of protect the personal safety of the throne, and never use Treason Charges to protect the expanded of royal power. The case of Thomas More happens in the New Treason charges Period. This case reflects that Henry VIII was trying to break the law of Church, and in order to seek the independence of the judiciary and the supremacy of the royal power. At the same time, that also reflected the confliction of the old and new legal thinking, and also shows the struggle relationship of the king and the church in the period of the Reformation. The case of Thomas Howard Supporting the North rebellion happened in the period of the Repeatedly Change Period. This case demonstrates Tudor treason charges returned to the tradition in the form, and absorbed new legal thinking during the legislation. That ensured the relatively stability of the Tudor treason charges and the Supremacy which was achieved in the Reformation. Later, the treason charges was inherited by the Stuart dynasty, and was used until to the modern times, which laid the development foundation of modern Britain treason charges.
引文
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62格勒善法则最早是由伊丽莎白一世的金融顾问格勒善(Gresham)提出的,因此被称为“格勒善法则”。它的核心思想是“劣币驱逐良币”,即如果两种铸币的面值相等,但含金量不同,那么含金量低劣币一定会将含金量高的良币赶出流通领域。[英]约翰·F.乔恩.《货币史》[M].李广乾,译.北京:商务印书馆,2002:24-26.
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74孟广林.中古前期的英国封建王权与基督教会[J].历史研究,2000(2):134.
79彭小瑜.教会法研究[M].北京:商务印书馆,2003:206.
80 [美]哈罗德·J.伯尔曼.法律与革命——西方法律传统的形成[M].北京:中国大百科全书出版社,1993:284.
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85 [英]肯尼思?0.摩根.牛津英国通史[M].王觉非,等译.北京:商务印书馆,1993:259.
86 K. J. Kesselring.A Draft of the 1531 'Acte for Poysoning'[J].The English Historical Review, 2001, 116(468): 898.
87 K. J. Kesselring.A Draft of the 1531 'Acte for Poysoning'[J].The English Historical Review, 2001, 116(468): 898.
88“肯特修女”伊丽莎白?芭恩(Elizabeth Barton)是当时颇有名气的女先知,她在1532年曾多次预言“如果亨利八世与凯瑟琳离婚,他将退位甚至招致杀身之祸。”在英国上层和教会中产生了较大的影响。后来,她的言论成为费希尔和托马斯?莫尔等人反对亨利八世离婚的重要论据。1533年亨利八世下令将芭恩逮捕,并以剥夺法案的形式判其为叛逆罪。1534年将她处死。参见:Ronald H. Fritze.Historical Dictionary of Tudor England, 1485-1603[M]. New York:Greenwood Press,1991:245.
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98不作为是指,如果被告负有作为义务的情况下而不做某事,就应该承担相应的刑事责任。参见:[英]英国凯文迪什有限公司.刑法[M].赵慧,张亚军,译.武汉:武汉大学出版社, 2005: 21.
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152 John Bellamy.The Tudor Law of Treason[M].London:Routledge & Kegan Paul,1979:128.
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154程汉大,李培锋.英国司法制度史[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2007: 294.
155 The Statutes of the Realm[M].Vol. III.Buffalo, N.Y.:William S. Hein & Co.,INC.,1993:864.
156 John Bellamy.Crime and Public Order in England in the Later Middle Ages[M]. Toronto: Toronto University Press,1973:147-148.参见:John Bellamy.The Tudor Law of Treason[M]. London:Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1979:152.
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165 John Bayley. The History and Antiquities of the Tower of London, with Memoirs of Royal and Distinguished persons[M]. London, 1830:487.
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170 John Bellamy.The Tudor Law of Treason[M]. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1979:112.
171 John Bellamy.The Tudor Law of Treason[M]. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1979:126.
172程汉大,李培峰.英国司法制度史[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2007:316.
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180 A Complete Collection of State-trials [M]. London, 1730:84-86.
181 John Bellamy.The Tudor Law of Treason [M]. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1979:137-138.
182参见:[英]戴维·M·沃克.牛津法律大辞典[M].李双元,等译.北京:法律出版社,2003:895.
183 Edward Coke.The Third Part of the Institutes of the Law of England [M]. London, 1797:28-29.
184 J. R. Tanner.Tudor Constitutional Documents A.D. 1485-1603 with an historical commentary [M]. Cambridge: Cambridge at the University Press, 1951: 430.
185 John Bellamy.The Tudor Law of Treason[M]. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1979:139.
186 Edward Coke.The Third Part of the Institutes of the Law of England [M]. London: 1797:29.
187参见:程汉大,李培峰.英国司法制度史[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2007:194-198.
188 [英]威廉·布莱克斯通.英国法释义第一卷[M].游云庭,缪苗,等译.上海:上海人民出版社,2006: 4.
189程汉大,李培峰.英国司法制度史[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2007:320-322.
190 Samuel March Phillipps.State Trials [M]. London, 1826:23-25.
191 A Collection of Proceedings and Trials against State Prisoners [M]. London, 1741:62.
192 John Bellamy.The Tudor Law of Treason[M].London: Routledge & Kegan Paul,1979:196.
193参见:[英]戴维·M·沃克.牛津法律大辞典[M].李双元,等译.北京:法律出版社,2003:97.
194 John Bellamy.The Tudor Law of Treason[M]. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1979:169.
195 A Form and Method of Trial of Commoners, in Cases of High Treason, and Misprision of High Treason [M]. Edinburgh, 1766:29-30.
196 John Bellamy.The Tudor Law of Treason[M]. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1979: 171.
197 A Form and Method of Trial of Commoners, in case of High Treason[M]. Edinburgh, 1746: 37-38.
198 Edward Coke.The Third Part of the Institutes of the Law of England [M]. London,1797:35-36.
199 Pollen.Unpublished documents relating to the English martyrs[M]. London, 1908:337-8.
200 John Bellamy.The Tudor Law of Treason [M]. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1979:187.
201 John Bellamy.The Tudor Law of Treason [M]. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1979:190.
202 Anon. Animadversions on the last speech of William Viscount Stafford who was beheaded on Tower-Hill for high treason[M]. London, 1680: 1-5;Anon.The Last dying speeches, London, 1684:1-3;Anon.The last speech and behaviour of William late Lord Russell[M]. Dublin, 1683: 1-4.
203 William Henry Overall. F.S.A..The Annals of England: an epitome of English History[M]. London: James Parker and Co., 1876:845.
204 John Bellamy.The Tudor Law of Treason[M]. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1979:226.
205这是梅特兰对该程序的解释。参见:John Bellamy.The Tudor Law of Treason[M]. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1979:204.
206 John Bellamy.The Tudor Law of Treason[M]. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1979:204.
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