变电站全数字化计量方法及系统的研究
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摘要
电流、电压是电力系统的基本物理量。电子式电流、电压互感器作为一种新型的电流、电压测量装置具有体积小、重量轻、无铁磁饱和铁磁谐振、频带宽、易于与微机保护接口等特点,近年来得到长足发展。但是与电子式互感器相配套的新型计量与保护技术的缺乏,则在很大程度上制约了电子互感器的推广应用。
电力计量直接的对象是电子互感器,IEC标准统一规定了电子互感器的两种输出方式:数字瞬时值序列和模拟电压信号。数字瞬时值序列便于信号的远传通讯,基于电子互感器数字输出信号构成的电力计量系统从原理上可消除信号传输中的误差,同时计量测试中因温度或长期漂移影响带来的附加误差亦不复存在。因此研究适应于电子式互感器的全数字化计量方法及系统必将大力推动电子式互感器的发展。
本文首先介绍电子式互感器的发展现状,提出了全数字化计量方法及系统的意义。然后,文中全面介绍了电子式互感器结构,重点分析了数据采集部分电参量采样方法和合并单元的数字输出接口。接着,本文提出了全数字化计量系统的整体设计方案,并简要介绍了各部分实现的功能。对于数字接口部分,本文在分析IEC61850-9-1标准协议和网卡芯片工作原理的基础上,设计了数字接收接口的软硬件,并实现了基本功能。对于接收到的数据,本文重点分析比较了各种高精度的数字化计量算法,在综合考虑了算法的准确性、可靠性、计算量及响应速度后,提出高精度的准同步DFT算法。最后,本文对各种计量方法进行了仿真计算和误差分析,对高精度加权算法实现了实际计量实验,并达到了0.2级准确度要求。
Current and voltage are elementary parameters in power system. As new measuring instruments, electronic current transformer (ECT) and electronic voltage transformer (EVT) have been rapidly developed recent years attributing to their remarkable advantages: smallness、lightness、no ferromagnetic saturation、board band width and compatibility with interfaces of microprocessor based protection. But, the lack of the metering and protecting technology deeply restricts the development of electronic transformer.
The direct object of power metering is electronic transformer. From IEC standards, electronic transformer has two kinds of output: digital signals and analog signals. Power metering system which based on the digital output of electronic transformer can eliminate the error in transmission abstractly. At the same time the additive error which brought from temperature or extended excursion is disappeared. Therefore, the research of digital metering technique and system can accelerate the development of electronic transformer consequentially.
This thesis introduces the development of electronic transformer and the significance of digital metering technique and system. After introducing the structure of the electronic transformer, the thesis analyses the details about data acquisition system and the digital output interface of merging unit. Then, the whole design of digital metering system and the function of each part are introduced. Based on the analysis of the standard IEC61850-9-1 and the working process of network card, the thesis gives the solution to the digital input interface. To the data, the thesis compared some kinds of digital metering arithmetic, presents the quasi-synchronization DFT arithmetic after considering the accuracy, security, calculational capacity and speed. Finally, each kinds of mentioned metering arithmetic is emulated and the error estimation is also made.
电力计量直接的对象是电子互感器,IEC标准统一规定了电子互感器的两种输出方式:数字瞬时值序列和模拟电压信号。数字瞬时值序列便于信号的远传通讯,基于电子互感器数字输出信号构成的电力计量系统从原理上可消除信号传输中的误差,同时计量测试中因温度或长期漂移影响带来的附加误差亦不复存在。因此研究适应于电子式互感器的全数字化计量方法及系统必将大力推动电子式互感器的发展。
本文首先介绍电子式互感器的发展现状,提出了全数字化计量方法及系统的意义。然后,文中全面介绍了电子式互感器结构,重点分析了数据采集部分电参量采样方法和合并单元的数字输出接口。接着,本文提出了全数字化计量系统的整体设计方案,并简要介绍了各部分实现的功能。对于数字接口部分,本文在分析IEC61850-9-1标准协议和网卡芯片工作原理的基础上,设计了数字接收接口的软硬件,并实现了基本功能。对于接收到的数据,本文重点分析比较了各种高精度的数字化计量算法,在综合考虑了算法的准确性、可靠性、计算量及响应速度后,提出高精度的准同步DFT算法。最后,本文对各种计量方法进行了仿真计算和误差分析,对高精度加权算法实现了实际计量实验,并达到了0.2级准确度要求。
Current and voltage are elementary parameters in power system. As new measuring instruments, electronic current transformer (ECT) and electronic voltage transformer (EVT) have been rapidly developed recent years attributing to their remarkable advantages: smallness、lightness、no ferromagnetic saturation、board band width and compatibility with interfaces of microprocessor based protection. But, the lack of the metering and protecting technology deeply restricts the development of electronic transformer.
The direct object of power metering is electronic transformer. From IEC standards, electronic transformer has two kinds of output: digital signals and analog signals. Power metering system which based on the digital output of electronic transformer can eliminate the error in transmission abstractly. At the same time the additive error which brought from temperature or extended excursion is disappeared. Therefore, the research of digital metering technique and system can accelerate the development of electronic transformer consequentially.
This thesis introduces the development of electronic transformer and the significance of digital metering technique and system. After introducing the structure of the electronic transformer, the thesis analyses the details about data acquisition system and the digital output interface of merging unit. Then, the whole design of digital metering system and the function of each part are introduced. Based on the analysis of the standard IEC61850-9-1 and the working process of network card, the thesis gives the solution to the digital input interface. To the data, the thesis compared some kinds of digital metering arithmetic, presents the quasi-synchronization DFT arithmetic after considering the accuracy, security, calculational capacity and speed. Finally, each kinds of mentioned metering arithmetic is emulated and the error estimation is also made.
引文
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[3] Radun. An Alternative Low-Cost Current-Sensing Scheme for High-Current Power Electornics Circuits. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics,1995,42(1):78-84.
[4] T. W. Cease. A Magneto-Optical Current Transducer. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,1990,5(2): 548-554.
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[7] IEC Stands. IEC60044-8: Electronic Current Transformers. 2003.
[8]徐雁,叶妙元,张庆.光电互感器的应用及接口问题.电力系统自动化,2001, 25(24):45-48.
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[10] D’Anto. AC Current Measurements Via Digital Processing of Rogowski Coils Signal. Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference,2002(5):693-698.
[11]赵伟.以国际化视角制定电磁测量技术及仪器研发战略.电测与仪表,2003, 40(445):5-9.
[12] IEC60044-7 Instrument Transformers Parts7: Electronic Voltage Transformers 1999.
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[14]乔卉,刘会金,王群峰.基于Rogowski线圈传感的光电电流互感器的研究.继电器,2002,27(3):40-44.
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[30]郭松林,林海军,张礼勇.电子式电能表专用芯片分类及原理.电测与仪表, 2002, 30(442):5-8.
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[34] Li Gengyin,Chen Zhiye,He Fufa. A Versatile Digital Simulation and Harmonic Analysis Program for AC/DC Power Systems. TENCON '93.Proceedings.Computer, Communication,Control and Power Engineering.1993 IEEE Region 10 Conference on,1993,567(22):248-251.
[35]李明,康静秋,贾智平.嵌入式TCP/IP协议栈的研究与开发.计算机工程与应用,2002,133(7):44-47.
[36]万静华,丁亚军.以太网控制器的嵌入式设备网络互连.单片机与嵌入式系统应用,2001,12:41-43.
[37]张红,王诚梅.电力系统常用交流采样方法比较.华北电力技术,1999(4):25-27.
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[39]陈德树.计算机继电保护原理与应用.北京:水利电力出版社,1992.
[40] Alessandro Ferrero, Roberto Ottoboni. A Low-Cost Frequency Multiplier for Synchronous Sampling of Periodic Signals. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement,1992(4), 41(2):203-207.
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[43] Xie Xiaorong,Han Yingduo. Anoverview on Power Systerm Frequency Measure- ment. Automation of Electric Power Systerms,1999,23(3):54-58.
[44]黄纯,彭建春,刘光晔.周期电气信号测量中软件同步方法的研究.电工技术学报,2004(1),19(1):75-79.
[45]张红,王诚梅.电力系统常用交流采样方法比较.华北电力技术, 1999(4):25-27.
[46]梁清华,刘春玲,尹伦海.电力参数交流采样测量的误差分析.辽宁工学院学报,2003(6),23(3):22-23.
[47]梁清华,李亮之,翟宝峰.电力参数交流同步采样截断误差的估计.电测与仪表, 2002(10),39(442):13-15.
[48]裴亚强,胡仁杰.移位技术在交流采样计算中的应用研究.电气电子教学学报,2003(10),25(5):30-33.
[49]史旺旺,陈虹.交流采样的误差分析与补偿.电测与仪表,1999(10),36(406):4-6.
[50] Ma Hongzhong,Hu Qiansheng. Analysis on Error Synchronous Sampling by Software. Transations of China Electron Technical Society, 1996, 11(1):43-47.
[51]张介秋,梁昌洪,陈砚圃,等.有功功率及功率因数的加权算法.中国电机工程学报,2003,23(6):19-24.
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[2] Luo Sunan,Ye Miaoyuan,Xu Yan. Analysis and Improvement of Reflection-type Transverse Modulation Optical Voltage Sensor. Chinese Journal of Lasers,2000, B9(6):34-39.
[3] Radun. An Alternative Low-Cost Current-Sensing Scheme for High-Current Power Electornics Circuits. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics,1995,42(1):78-84.
[4] T. W. Cease. A Magneto-Optical Current Transducer. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,1990,5(2): 548-554.
[5]叶国雄,刘延冰,张明明. 500kV组合式光学电流、电压传感器.电测与仪表, 2001,427(16):21-25.
[6]聂一雄,尹项根,张哲.基于光学传感器和光纤网的变电站自动化系统构想.中国电力,2001,34(8):35-37.
[7] IEC Stands. IEC60044-8: Electronic Current Transformers. 2003.
[8]徐雁,叶妙元,张庆.光电互感器的应用及接口问题.电力系统自动化,2001, 25(24):45-48.
[9]陈文升,林勇峰,李超群.数字化变电站理论研究及其在上海电网的应用.上海电力,2006(2):160-165.
[10] D’Anto. AC Current Measurements Via Digital Processing of Rogowski Coils Signal. Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference,2002(5):693-698.
[11]赵伟.以国际化视角制定电磁测量技术及仪器研发战略.电测与仪表,2003, 40(445):5-9.
[12] IEC60044-7 Instrument Transformers Parts7: Electronic Voltage Transformers 1999.
[13] IEC60044-8 Instrument Transformers Parts8: Electronic Voltage Transformers 2002.
[14]乔卉,刘会金,王群峰.基于Rogowski线圈传感的光电电流互感器的研究.继电器,2002,27(3):40-44.
[15] Ljubomir Kojovic. Rogowski Coins Suit Relay Protection and Measurement. IEEE Computer Application in Power,1997(7):47-52.
[16] Murgatroyd,Woodland. Geometrical properties of Rogowski sensors Low Frequency Power Measurement and Analysis. IEE Colloquium on,1994,225(24):89-91.
[17]时德钢,刘晔,胡光辉.一种基于电容分压的电子式电压互感器.电力电容器, 2003(4):1-4.
[18]徐家恒,郑磊,曲效武等.电容式电压互感器现场误差测量的必要性分析.山东电力技术,2003,130(2):6-8.
[19] Texas Instruments Incorporated. MSP430X1XX Family user’s guide. 2004.
[20] Texas Instruments Incorporated. ADS8325 datasheet. 2003,6.
[21] IEC61850-9-1. Communication Networks and Systems in Substations. Part9-1: Specific Communication Service Mapping(SCSM)-Sampled Analogue Values over Serial Unidirectional Multidrop Point to Point Link,2002.
[22] RTL8019AS specification.Realtek semiconductor corp. Head office, 2001.
[23]李永辉,谢志远.基于DSP的嵌入式TCP/IP协议的研究和实现.华北电力大学学报, 2004,166(2):77-79.
[24]任雁铭,秦立军.变电站自动化系统中内部通信网的研究.电网技术,2000, 24(4):42-45.
[25]范卿.基于DSP的上网方案的软硬件设计与实现.电子技术应用,2004,77(3): 66-69.
[26]刘国福,王光明.基于DSP的10Mbit/s共享以太网的设计.电子技术,2001, 18(7):5-7.
[27]田广青.工业用电子式电度表及其在现代电能管理中的应用.电测与仪表,1996, 12:3-7.
[28]郭永坤.时分割乘法器的原理分析.电测与仪表,1978,4:1-7.
[29]李庆波,王菽蓉,徐勇.采样计算式测量方法的特点及应用.电测与仪表,1999,9:4-6.
[30]郭松林,林海军,张礼勇.电子式电能表专用芯片分类及原理.电测与仪表, 2002, 30(442):5-8.
[31] IEC60044-8电子式电流互感器附录B.
[32] W.Richard Stevens. TCP/IP Illustrated,Volume 1:The Protocols.北京:机械工业出版社,2002.
[33]吴在军,胡敏强,杜炎森.嵌入式以太网在变电站通信系统中的应用.电网技术,2003,15(2):71-75.
[34] Li Gengyin,Chen Zhiye,He Fufa. A Versatile Digital Simulation and Harmonic Analysis Program for AC/DC Power Systems. TENCON '93.Proceedings.Computer, Communication,Control and Power Engineering.1993 IEEE Region 10 Conference on,1993,567(22):248-251.
[35]李明,康静秋,贾智平.嵌入式TCP/IP协议栈的研究与开发.计算机工程与应用,2002,133(7):44-47.
[36]万静华,丁亚军.以太网控制器的嵌入式设备网络互连.单片机与嵌入式系统应用,2001,12:41-43.
[37]张红,王诚梅.电力系统常用交流采样方法比较.华北电力技术,1999(4):25-27.
[38]黄纯,何怡刚,汪亚群等.交流采样同步方法的分析与改进.中国电机工程学报,2002(9),22(9):38-42.
[39]陈德树.计算机继电保护原理与应用.北京:水利电力出版社,1992.
[40] Alessandro Ferrero, Roberto Ottoboni. A Low-Cost Frequency Multiplier for Synchronous Sampling of Periodic Signals. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement,1992(4), 41(2):203-207.
[41]周箭,陈隆道,许昌.周期信号同步采样脉冲的产生方法.仪表技术, 1998(2):15-16.
[42]高辉,崔文进.基于DSP的交流采样和电量数字测量的研究.电工技术杂志,2002(10):16-19.
[43] Xie Xiaorong,Han Yingduo. Anoverview on Power Systerm Frequency Measure- ment. Automation of Electric Power Systerms,1999,23(3):54-58.
[44]黄纯,彭建春,刘光晔.周期电气信号测量中软件同步方法的研究.电工技术学报,2004(1),19(1):75-79.
[45]张红,王诚梅.电力系统常用交流采样方法比较.华北电力技术, 1999(4):25-27.
[46]梁清华,刘春玲,尹伦海.电力参数交流采样测量的误差分析.辽宁工学院学报,2003(6),23(3):22-23.
[47]梁清华,李亮之,翟宝峰.电力参数交流同步采样截断误差的估计.电测与仪表, 2002(10),39(442):13-15.
[48]裴亚强,胡仁杰.移位技术在交流采样计算中的应用研究.电气电子教学学报,2003(10),25(5):30-33.
[49]史旺旺,陈虹.交流采样的误差分析与补偿.电测与仪表,1999(10),36(406):4-6.
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