缙云山自然保护区蝴蝶群落生态学研究
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摘要
2009年4-9月,在缙云山自然保护区选取了三条样带进行蝴蝶取样调查。共捕获蝴蝶1669只,隶属于9科35属47种。统计分析表明,东方菜粉蝶(Pieris canidia)、菜粉蝶(Pieris rapae)、黑纹粉蝶(Pieris melete)及苎麻珍蝶(Acraea issoria)等4种为优势种。柑橘凤蝶(Papilio xuthus)、青凤蝶(Papilio sarpedon)及连纹黛眼蝶(Lethe syrcis)等3种为常见种。蛱蝶科(Nymphalidae)与灰蝶科(Lycaenidae)种类最多为优势类群。在47种蝶类中,属于东洋种的有25种,占53.2%。属于古北种的有3种,占6.38%。属于古北东洋共有种的有15种,占31.91%。属于广布种的有4种,占8.51%。区系分析表明,本地区蝶类资源以东洋种成分占优势,古北种所占比例较小,具东洋界的基本属性。这与该地区属于东洋界华中区西部山地高原亚区的情况相符合。
据调查显示,影响蝴蝶分布的主要因素为生境异质性、植被盖度、温度及人为干扰。蝴蝶可以生存活动的温度范围是16-34℃,最活跃的温度范围是23-34℃。在蝴蝶可以存活的温度范围内,蝴蝶种类和数量随温度升高而增加。对研究区域蝴蝶群落逐月分析表明,蝴蝶群落多样性指数在5月份到8月份呈递增趋势,9月份略微下降。温度是造成这种升降趋势的直接原因。
生境异质性和植被盖度是影响蝴蝶多样性的重要因素。空间异质性程度越高、植被盖度越高,意味着更多的小生境和小气候条件,可以为蝴蝶提供更为多样化的生存环境,蝴蝶的种类和数量也会增多。对不同生境类型蝴蝶群落多样性分析表明,植被类型是影响蝶类分布的直接及主导因素。微生境如山地溪流、枯枝落叶层等对蝶类的分布有积极的影响。
本论文分析了本研究组1998-2007期间对缙云山自然保护区共四年度的调查资料,本研究2009年的调查是对上述四个年度调查的系统延续。1998至2009年的5年间共捕集蝴蝶2190只,隶属于10科48属77种。其中1998年共采集蝴蝶169只,隶属于8科25属39种;1999年共采集蝴蝶92只,隶属于7科20属29种;2000年共采集蝴蝶120只,隶属于7科22属33种,2007年共采集蝴蝶140只,隶属于6科17属26种;2009年共采集蝴蝶1669只,隶属于9科35属47种。
通过对比分析这五个年度调查数据可知,缙云山蝴蝶群落以眼蝶科及蛱蝶科为优势类群,而蝴蝶区系并无太大变化,均以东洋种为主。对缙云山蝶类群落多样性指数做单因素方差分析,表明缙云山蝶类群落相对稳定。在一个动态的景观中,生境质量及景观格局是影响物种多样性的重要因素。景观空间格局的变化对物种生存及丰度的影响甚至大于生境破碎化所带来的影响。10年来,缙云山自然保护区积极开展各项工作,维护缙云山森林生态系统,景观格局及生态环境质量均未发生大的变化。这是其蝴蝶群落结构相对稳定的主要原因。
From April to September 2009, to investigate the butterfly diversity in Jinyun Mountain Nature Reserve, We selected three line-transect. A total of 1669 butterfly individuals were collected, belongs to 9 families, 35 genera and 47 species. Of these, the dominant species were Pieris canidia、Pieris rapae、Pieris melete、Acraea issoria, while common species were Papilio xuthus、Papilio sarpedon、Lethe syrcis. The species in Nymphalidae and Lycaenidae families were the most, and they are the dominant species. Of the 47 species, 25 species were in east asia, accounted for 53.2% of the total; 3 species were in age-north, accounted for 6.38% of the total. 15 species were both in east asia and age-north, accounted for 31.91% of the total. 4 species were widely distributed over the study area, accounted for 8.51%. Fauna analysis showed that the main elements of the fauna in this region are Oriental. Chongqing Municipality is in the west of China, semitropical range, the distribution of butterfly reflected the zoology-geography characteristic.
Recent studies indicate that the primory factors which impact butterfly distribution are environmental heterogeneity, vegetation cover, temperature and human disturbance. The temperature range is 16-34℃in which butterfly can survive, and 23-34℃in which butterfly is the most active. The butterfly species and numbers are more with higher temperature in this temperature range. The diversity indices of different months were analysed, and the results showed that the butterfly community diversity index increases progressively from May to August, and drops little in September, Which was impacted immediacy by the temperature.
Environmental heterogeneity and vegetation cover the crucial factors affecting the diversity of butterflies. The higher degree of environmental heterogeneity and vegetation cover means the more microhabitat and mocroclimate, which can provide a more diverse habitat for the butterflies, and its species and numbers will increase. The diversity indices of butterfly communities in different habitats were analysed, and the results showed that the distribution of butterfly was impacted by the vegetation forms which is the direct and dominant factor. The microhabitat as forest litter、stream etc. had a positive effect on the distribution of butterfly.
This paper analyzes the survey data which is the butterfly resource of Jinyun Mountain Nature Reserve during 1998-2007, this investigation in 2009 is the extension of the past study. From 1998 to 2009, in the five years, a total of 2190 butterfly individuals were collected, belonging to 10 families 48 genera 77 species. A total of 169 butterfly individuals were collected in 1998, belonging to 8 families, 25 genera and 39 species. A total of 92 butterfly individuals were collected in 1999, belonging to 7 families, 20 genera and 29 species. A total of 120 butterfly individuals were collected in 2000, belonging to 7 families, 22 genera and 33 species. A total of 140 butterfly individuals were collected in 2007, belonging to 6 families, 17 genera and 26 species. A total of 1669 butterfly individuals were collected in 2009, belonging to 9 families, 35 genera and 47 species.
The data of different years were comparative analysed, and the results showed that the dominant species are Nymphalidae and Lycaenidae families, and the main elements of the fauna in different years are all Oriental. Diversity indices of butterfly community in Jinyun Mountain Nature Reserve was analysed by one-way ANOVA, and the results showed that the diversity indices of butterfly community changed little in past ten years. In a dynamic landscape, habitat quality and landscape structure are the important factors affecting species diversity. The rate of chang in landscape structure can be even more important than the degree of patch isolation in determing population survival and abundance. In the past ten years, various measures were carried out to protect the forest ecosystem in Jinyun Mountain Nature Reserve. The habitat quality and landscape structure changed little. That’s the reason that the structure of butterfly community in Jinyun Mountain Nature Reserve was relatively stable.
据调查显示,影响蝴蝶分布的主要因素为生境异质性、植被盖度、温度及人为干扰。蝴蝶可以生存活动的温度范围是16-34℃,最活跃的温度范围是23-34℃。在蝴蝶可以存活的温度范围内,蝴蝶种类和数量随温度升高而增加。对研究区域蝴蝶群落逐月分析表明,蝴蝶群落多样性指数在5月份到8月份呈递增趋势,9月份略微下降。温度是造成这种升降趋势的直接原因。
生境异质性和植被盖度是影响蝴蝶多样性的重要因素。空间异质性程度越高、植被盖度越高,意味着更多的小生境和小气候条件,可以为蝴蝶提供更为多样化的生存环境,蝴蝶的种类和数量也会增多。对不同生境类型蝴蝶群落多样性分析表明,植被类型是影响蝶类分布的直接及主导因素。微生境如山地溪流、枯枝落叶层等对蝶类的分布有积极的影响。
本论文分析了本研究组1998-2007期间对缙云山自然保护区共四年度的调查资料,本研究2009年的调查是对上述四个年度调查的系统延续。1998至2009年的5年间共捕集蝴蝶2190只,隶属于10科48属77种。其中1998年共采集蝴蝶169只,隶属于8科25属39种;1999年共采集蝴蝶92只,隶属于7科20属29种;2000年共采集蝴蝶120只,隶属于7科22属33种,2007年共采集蝴蝶140只,隶属于6科17属26种;2009年共采集蝴蝶1669只,隶属于9科35属47种。
通过对比分析这五个年度调查数据可知,缙云山蝴蝶群落以眼蝶科及蛱蝶科为优势类群,而蝴蝶区系并无太大变化,均以东洋种为主。对缙云山蝶类群落多样性指数做单因素方差分析,表明缙云山蝶类群落相对稳定。在一个动态的景观中,生境质量及景观格局是影响物种多样性的重要因素。景观空间格局的变化对物种生存及丰度的影响甚至大于生境破碎化所带来的影响。10年来,缙云山自然保护区积极开展各项工作,维护缙云山森林生态系统,景观格局及生态环境质量均未发生大的变化。这是其蝴蝶群落结构相对稳定的主要原因。
From April to September 2009, to investigate the butterfly diversity in Jinyun Mountain Nature Reserve, We selected three line-transect. A total of 1669 butterfly individuals were collected, belongs to 9 families, 35 genera and 47 species. Of these, the dominant species were Pieris canidia、Pieris rapae、Pieris melete、Acraea issoria, while common species were Papilio xuthus、Papilio sarpedon、Lethe syrcis. The species in Nymphalidae and Lycaenidae families were the most, and they are the dominant species. Of the 47 species, 25 species were in east asia, accounted for 53.2% of the total; 3 species were in age-north, accounted for 6.38% of the total. 15 species were both in east asia and age-north, accounted for 31.91% of the total. 4 species were widely distributed over the study area, accounted for 8.51%. Fauna analysis showed that the main elements of the fauna in this region are Oriental. Chongqing Municipality is in the west of China, semitropical range, the distribution of butterfly reflected the zoology-geography characteristic.
Recent studies indicate that the primory factors which impact butterfly distribution are environmental heterogeneity, vegetation cover, temperature and human disturbance. The temperature range is 16-34℃in which butterfly can survive, and 23-34℃in which butterfly is the most active. The butterfly species and numbers are more with higher temperature in this temperature range. The diversity indices of different months were analysed, and the results showed that the butterfly community diversity index increases progressively from May to August, and drops little in September, Which was impacted immediacy by the temperature.
Environmental heterogeneity and vegetation cover the crucial factors affecting the diversity of butterflies. The higher degree of environmental heterogeneity and vegetation cover means the more microhabitat and mocroclimate, which can provide a more diverse habitat for the butterflies, and its species and numbers will increase. The diversity indices of butterfly communities in different habitats were analysed, and the results showed that the distribution of butterfly was impacted by the vegetation forms which is the direct and dominant factor. The microhabitat as forest litter、stream etc. had a positive effect on the distribution of butterfly.
This paper analyzes the survey data which is the butterfly resource of Jinyun Mountain Nature Reserve during 1998-2007, this investigation in 2009 is the extension of the past study. From 1998 to 2009, in the five years, a total of 2190 butterfly individuals were collected, belonging to 10 families 48 genera 77 species. A total of 169 butterfly individuals were collected in 1998, belonging to 8 families, 25 genera and 39 species. A total of 92 butterfly individuals were collected in 1999, belonging to 7 families, 20 genera and 29 species. A total of 120 butterfly individuals were collected in 2000, belonging to 7 families, 22 genera and 33 species. A total of 140 butterfly individuals were collected in 2007, belonging to 6 families, 17 genera and 26 species. A total of 1669 butterfly individuals were collected in 2009, belonging to 9 families, 35 genera and 47 species.
The data of different years were comparative analysed, and the results showed that the dominant species are Nymphalidae and Lycaenidae families, and the main elements of the fauna in different years are all Oriental. Diversity indices of butterfly community in Jinyun Mountain Nature Reserve was analysed by one-way ANOVA, and the results showed that the diversity indices of butterfly community changed little in past ten years. In a dynamic landscape, habitat quality and landscape structure are the important factors affecting species diversity. The rate of chang in landscape structure can be even more important than the degree of patch isolation in determing population survival and abundance. In the past ten years, various measures were carried out to protect the forest ecosystem in Jinyun Mountain Nature Reserve. The habitat quality and landscape structure changed little. That’s the reason that the structure of butterfly community in Jinyun Mountain Nature Reserve was relatively stable.
引文
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