仿生型红外焦平面阵列读出电路研究
|
摘要
红外焦平面阵列作为红外技术的核心部件,在军事、科学、天文以及民用等领域都有着重要和广泛的应用。随着阵列规模的不断扩大和应用的拓展、深化,要使现代的红外焦平面大规模阵列在高输出帧频下依然能够探测和识别感兴趣的物体,需要后级接口和处理电路具有更高的性能。为了降低对后级接口和处理电路的要求,需要在片上集成更多的信号处理功能,提高集成度,从而提高红外系统的总体性能,降低体积、功耗和成本等。
论文在国家自然科学基金项目(No. 60702007)资助下,借鉴生物视网膜进行图像采集和处理的结构和功能,在焦平面阵列(Focal Plane Array, FPA)上集成了仿生视网膜信号处理电路,设计了光接收器、水平细胞和双极细胞的仿生型电路,用于提取图像的边缘信息。电路的主要构成为:具有自适应功能的光接收器、结构简单的2-D滤波网络、基于运算放大器的运放处理电路。首先,经电流模背景抑制电路消除背景电流后的红外信号经自适应光接收器实现电流到电压的对数转换;然后,2-D滤波网络对自适应光接收器的输出电压进行空间平滑滤波;最后,自适应光接收器和滤波网络两者的输出电压经运放处理电路实现加减运算。根据所实现的不同运算,可以实现片上图像的边缘检测或轮廓增强功能。通过调节滤波网络的偏置电压能够获得不同的边缘检测或轮廓增强效果。
论文着重对Delbruck提出的两种自适应光接收器结构进行了深入研究,在此基础上进行改进,得到了一种输出电压可调的自适应光接收器。并对Mead的经典滤波电路结构进行了简化,提出了一种结构简单、面积小、功耗低的滤波网络,改进后的滤波网络更利于片上集成,可以实现对图像的空间平滑滤波处理,且滤波效果可调。
采用Chartered 0.35μm 2P4M CMOS工艺进行了电路仿真和版图设计。分别对实现图像边缘检测的6×6阵列和实现图像轮廓增强的16×16阵列进行了仿真,对实现图像边缘检测的10×10阵列进行了完整的版图设计并流片。
Infrared focal plane array (IRFPA) is the core component of infrared technology, and has been used widely in many fields of the military, science, astronomy, and civil use. With the expanding of array size and application, modern infrared focal plane large-scale array still is expected to be able to detect and identify interesting objects under high output frame rate, requiring successive interface and processing circuit with higher performances. More signal processing functions are desired to be integrated on-chip to improve the integration level to reduce requirements of the successive interface and processing circuit, enhance the overall performance of IR systems, and reduce the size, power consumption and cost etc. This project is supported by NSFC(No. 60702007).
Imitating the image acquisition and processing of vertebrate retina, and integrating bionic retina signal processing circuit on the Focal Plane Array (FPA), bionic circuit of photoreceptor, horizontal cells and bipolar cells are implemented for extracting the image edge information. Retinomorphic circuit consists of adaptive photoreceptor, 2-D resistive network with simple structure, and Operational Amplifier (Op-Amp) processing circuit. Current-mode background suppression circuit eliminates background current. Logarithmical signal conversion from current to voltage is implemented by the adaptive photoreceptor. The output voltage of the adaptive photoreceptor is spatially smoothed by 2-D resistive network. The output voltages of adaptive photoreceptor and resistive network are added or subtracted by Op-Amp processing circuit to achieve on-chip edge detection or contour enhancement. Different effects of edge detection or contour enhancement could be realized through adjusting the bias voltage of resistive network.
This thesis studied on the adaptive photoreceptors proposed by Delbruck and made some improvement on it, so that the output voltage of the photoreceptor is adjustable. Mead's classic filtering network is simplified, and a resistive network with simple structure, small size and low power consumption is proposed. Improved resistive network, achieving image spatial smoothing filtering, is more conducive to integrate on-chip. And the filtering effect is adjustable.
Circuit simulation and layout design were implemented using Chartered 0.35um 2P4M CMOS process. Simulations of image edge detection by 6×6 array and image contour enhancement by 16×16 array are carried out respectively. Layout of edge detection 10×10 array is designed and fabricated.
论文在国家自然科学基金项目(No. 60702007)资助下,借鉴生物视网膜进行图像采集和处理的结构和功能,在焦平面阵列(Focal Plane Array, FPA)上集成了仿生视网膜信号处理电路,设计了光接收器、水平细胞和双极细胞的仿生型电路,用于提取图像的边缘信息。电路的主要构成为:具有自适应功能的光接收器、结构简单的2-D滤波网络、基于运算放大器的运放处理电路。首先,经电流模背景抑制电路消除背景电流后的红外信号经自适应光接收器实现电流到电压的对数转换;然后,2-D滤波网络对自适应光接收器的输出电压进行空间平滑滤波;最后,自适应光接收器和滤波网络两者的输出电压经运放处理电路实现加减运算。根据所实现的不同运算,可以实现片上图像的边缘检测或轮廓增强功能。通过调节滤波网络的偏置电压能够获得不同的边缘检测或轮廓增强效果。
论文着重对Delbruck提出的两种自适应光接收器结构进行了深入研究,在此基础上进行改进,得到了一种输出电压可调的自适应光接收器。并对Mead的经典滤波电路结构进行了简化,提出了一种结构简单、面积小、功耗低的滤波网络,改进后的滤波网络更利于片上集成,可以实现对图像的空间平滑滤波处理,且滤波效果可调。
采用Chartered 0.35μm 2P4M CMOS工艺进行了电路仿真和版图设计。分别对实现图像边缘检测的6×6阵列和实现图像轮廓增强的16×16阵列进行了仿真,对实现图像边缘检测的10×10阵列进行了完整的版图设计并流片。
Infrared focal plane array (IRFPA) is the core component of infrared technology, and has been used widely in many fields of the military, science, astronomy, and civil use. With the expanding of array size and application, modern infrared focal plane large-scale array still is expected to be able to detect and identify interesting objects under high output frame rate, requiring successive interface and processing circuit with higher performances. More signal processing functions are desired to be integrated on-chip to improve the integration level to reduce requirements of the successive interface and processing circuit, enhance the overall performance of IR systems, and reduce the size, power consumption and cost etc. This project is supported by NSFC(No. 60702007).
Imitating the image acquisition and processing of vertebrate retina, and integrating bionic retina signal processing circuit on the Focal Plane Array (FPA), bionic circuit of photoreceptor, horizontal cells and bipolar cells are implemented for extracting the image edge information. Retinomorphic circuit consists of adaptive photoreceptor, 2-D resistive network with simple structure, and Operational Amplifier (Op-Amp) processing circuit. Current-mode background suppression circuit eliminates background current. Logarithmical signal conversion from current to voltage is implemented by the adaptive photoreceptor. The output voltage of the adaptive photoreceptor is spatially smoothed by 2-D resistive network. The output voltages of adaptive photoreceptor and resistive network are added or subtracted by Op-Amp processing circuit to achieve on-chip edge detection or contour enhancement. Different effects of edge detection or contour enhancement could be realized through adjusting the bias voltage of resistive network.
This thesis studied on the adaptive photoreceptors proposed by Delbruck and made some improvement on it, so that the output voltage of the photoreceptor is adjustable. Mead's classic filtering network is simplified, and a resistive network with simple structure, small size and low power consumption is proposed. Improved resistive network, achieving image spatial smoothing filtering, is more conducive to integrate on-chip. And the filtering effect is adjustable.
Circuit simulation and layout design were implemented using Chartered 0.35um 2P4M CMOS process. Simulations of image edge detection by 6×6 array and image contour enhancement by 16×16 array are carried out respectively. Layout of edge detection 10×10 array is designed and fabricated.
引文
[1]仲扣庄.类比方法与光的本性的探索[J].大学物理,2003,22(10):38-42.
[2]刘普霖.红外物理与技术发展[J].世界科技研究与发展,2003,25(1):27-37.
[3]杨传铮,姜玉稀.物质动态结构的非弹性散射研究[J].物理学进展,2002,22(1):1-46.
[4]刘永平.红外技术在煤矿井下测温和测气中的应用[J].红外技术,2000,22(4):59-62.
[5]徐代升,李钟敏,杨英科.用红外成像技术外场研究红外烟幕的遮蔽性能[J].红外与激光工程,2000,29(1):69-72.
[6]潘小青,刘庆成.红外技术的发展[J].华东地质学院学报,2002,25(1):66-69.
[7]孙志君.蓬勃发展的半导体光放大器市场[J].世界电子元器件,2002,5:9-10.
[8]刘铮,李兰,邹德恕,杨道虹,徐晨,沈光地.新型非制冷高速高灵敏度红外探测器的研制[J].红外与激光工程,2003,32(5):452-455.
[9]顾聚兴.第三代红外成像器(上)[J].红外,2002,8:30-32.
[10]孙志君.红外焦平面阵列技术的未来二十年[J].传感器世界,2006,11:1-8.
[11] John T. Caulfield. Next Generation IR Focal Plane Arrays and Applications[J]. Proceedings of the 32nd Applied Imagery Pattern Recognition Workshop,2003,7-10.
[12]张晓飞.基于DSP的红外焦平面阵列非均匀性校正技术研究[D].重庆:重庆大学光电工程学院.2002.
[13] Philippe TRIBOLET, Gérard DESTEFANIS. Third generation and multi-color IRFPA developments : a unique approach based on DEFIR[J]. Proc. SPIE Orlando. 2005,5783-37.
[14] Christopher R. Baxter, Mark A. Massie.On-Chip Signal Processing Configurations for Focal Plane Arrays[J]. SPIE Aerosense 1999, IR Technology and Applications XXV, Orlando, 1999 Paper # 3698-86.
[15]王子滨,李辉.国外“灵巧”红外焦平面阵列发展简况[J].全国光电技术学术交流会全国光电技术学术交流会论文集,天津:中国宇航学会,2000.
[16] Paul McCarley and Mark A. Massie. Recent developments in biologically inspired seeker technology [J].Proc. SPIE, 2001,4288:1-12.
[17]孙志君.21世纪的红外焦平面阵列技术军用前景[J].现代防御技术,2003,31(3):48-54.
[18]孙志君.红外焦平面阵列技术的发展现状[J].半导体光电,2000,21:29-32.
[19] CABANSKIA W., MüNZBERGA M., RODE W., etal.Third generation focal plane array IR detection modules and applications[J].Proceedings of SPIE, Infrared Technology and Applications XXXI, 2005,5783:340-348.
[20]张伟忠.红外焦平面探测器发展战略研究[J].电子科学技术评论,2004,5:7-11.
[21]宋亚军,朱振福,刘忠领.多色焦平面图像融合技术分析与应用展望[J].红外与激光工程, 2009,38(4):725-730.
[22]王成刚,孙浩,李敬国,朱西安.双色碲镉汞红外焦平面探测器发展现状[J].激光与红外,2009,39(4):367-371.
[23]林武文,徐锦,徐世录.红外探测技术的发展[J].激光与红外,2006,36(9):840-843.
[24]陈伯良.红外焦平面成像器件发展现状[J].红外与激光工程,2000,34(1):1-7.
[25]赵江.红外探测技术的现状与发展趋势[J].舰船电子工程,2007,27(1):32-36.
[26]罗海波,史泽林.红外成像制导技术发展现状与展望[J].红外与激光工程,2009,38 (4):565-573.
[27]陈路,傅祥良,巫艳等.Si基大面积碲镉汞分子束外延研究[J].激光与红外,2006,36 (11):1051-1056.
[28]张艳冰,喻松林,东海杰.双波段红外焦平面探测器[J].红外技术,2000,22(3):27-30.
[29]丁瑞军,叶振华,周文洪,胡晓宁,何力.双色红外焦平面研究进展[J].红外与激光工程, 2008,37(1):14-17.
[30]刘莉萍.红外焦平面读出电路技术及发展趋势[J].激光与红外,2007,37(7):598-600.
[31] Yuan Xianghui, Lu Guolin, Huang Youshu. CMOS Readout Integrated Circuit for IRFPA[J].Semiconductor Optoelectronics, vol.20.no.2, pp.123-126, April 1999, (in Chinese)
[32] E. R. Fossumn and B. Pain. Infrared readout electronics for space science sensors: State of the art and future direction[J]. Proc. SPIE,1993,2020:262–285.
[33]方丹.红外焦平面阵列读出电路技术分析[J].红外技术,2004,26(2):23-28.
[34]张智.红外焦平面阵列新结构高性能CMOS读出电路研究[D].重庆:重庆大学光电工程学院.2003.
[35]王利平,孙韶媛,王庆宝,张保民.红外焦平面探测器的读出电路[J].光学技术,2000,26 (2):123-125.
[36]饶程.外层型CMOS人工视网膜芯片的研究[D].重庆:重庆大学光电工程学院.2006.
[37] David H. Hubel. Eye, Brain, and Vision[M]. W H Freeman & CoScientific American Library Series,1988.
[38]高远,程君实.生物的信息与控制[M].北京:海洋出版社,1988.
[39]陈晓光,陈言,陈谋.人类色觉导论[M].北京:军事医学科学出版社,2002.
[40] D. S. Gangwar, Tarun Tiwari and Baldev Singh. Electronic Implementation of Biologically Inspired Neuromorphic Vision Sensor[J].AICMS 08,Second Asia International Conference on Modeling & Simulation. 2008,410-414.
[41] R. W. Rodieck. The Primate Retina, Compartive Primate Biology[J].Neurosciences, 1988,4:203-278.
[42] James A. Ferwerda: Elements of Early Vision for Computer Graphics (Tutorial)[J].IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications,2001,21:22-33.
[43] Carver Mead. Analog VLSI and Neural Systems[M]. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1989.
[44] Scribner D,etal.Infrared focal plane array technology[J]. Proc IEEE,1991,79(1):66-85.
[45] C. Hsieh, C. Wu, and T. Sun. A New Cryogenic CMOS Readout Structure for Infrared Focal Plane Array[J]. IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits,1997,32:1192-1199.
[46] C. Hsieh, C. Wu, T. Sun, F. Jih and Y. Cherng. High-Performance CMOS Buffered Gate Modulation Input (BGMI) Readout Circuits for QWIP IRFPA[J]. IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits,1998,33:1188-1198.
[47]袁祥辉,孟丽娅,黄友恕,吕果林.用于红外焦平面阵列的新型背景电流抑制读出电路[P].中国, ZL200420061801, 2004.10.22:1.
[48] H. KULAH, T. AKIN. A current mirroring integration based readout circuit for high performance infrared FPA applications[J].IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Analog and Digital Signal Processing, 2003, 50(4):181 -186.
[49] Danny Scheffer,Bart Dierickx,and Meyants,Random Addressable 2048×2048 Active Pixel Image Sensor,IEEE,Transactions of Electron Devices [J].1997,44(10):1716-1720.
[50] Carver Mead. Neuromorphic Electronic Systems[J]. PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE, 1990 ,78(10):1629-1636.
[51] T. Delbrück and C.A.Mead.An Electronic Photoreceptor Sensitive to Small Changes in Intensity[J].D.S.Touretsky(ed.)Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems,1988, 1:720-727.
[52] T. Delbrück and C. A. Mead. Analog VLSI Phototransduction by continuous-time,adaptive, logarithmic photoreceptor circuits[M].CNS Memo #30 California Institute of Technology, Pasadena,CA,1994.
[53] T. Delbrück and D. Oberhoff. Self-biasing low-power adaptive photoreceptor[J]. 2004 International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, 2004, IV-844-847.
[54] S. C. Liu. Silicon retina with adaptive Filteringproperties[J]. Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing, 1999,18:243–254.
[55] A. G. Andreou, R. C. Meitzler, K. Strohbehn, and K. A. Boahen. Analog VLSI neuromorphic image acquisition and pre-processing systems[J]. Neural Networks, 1995,8:1323–1347.
[56] K. A. Boahen and A. G. Andreou. A contrast sensitive silicon retina with reciprocal synapses [J]. Advances in Neural information processing Systems 4, 1992,764-772.
[57] A. Leuciuc and O. Carnu. Offset averaging in flash and folding A/D converters usingsecond-order active resistive networks[J]. Electronics Letters, 2004, 40(10):587-588.
[58] Massoud Momeni, Albert H. Titus. An Analog VLSI Chip Emulating Polarization Vision of Octopus Retina[J]. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NEURAL NETWORKS,2006,17(1):222 -231.
[59] Keng Hoong Wee, Ji-jon Sit, Rahul Sarpeshkar. Biasing techniques for subthreshold MOS resistive grids[J]. IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst,2005,3:2164-2167.
[60] Ming-Han Lei, Tzi-Dar Chiueh. An Analog Motion Field Detection Chip for Image Segmentation[J]. IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol,2002,12(5):299-308.
[61] Alan A. Stocker. Analog Integrated 2-D Optical Flow Sensor[J]. Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing,2006,46:121-138.
[62] R.Wang and R. Harjani. Partial positive feedback for gain enhancement flow-power CMOS OTAs[J]. Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing, 1995, 8:21-35.
[63]赖小峰,孟丽娅,陈坤,袁祥辉.一种新型大动态范围CMOS图像传感器[J].光电子·激光, 2010.21(4):533-536.
[64]赖小峰,孟丽娅,刘昊,袁祥辉.一种低延时、低功耗电压比较器[J].电子器件,2009,32(4): 746-748.
[65]张仁富.基于自组装膜生物传感微阵列的数字电路研究[D].重庆:重庆大学光电工程学院.2009.
[66]刘昊.高动态范围CMOS图像传感器技术研究[D].重庆:重庆大学光电工程学院.2009.
[67]林聚承.新型CMOS图像传感器的研究[D].重庆:重庆大学光电工程学院.2006.
[68] Christopher Saint, Judy Saint.集成电路版图基础-实用指南[M].李伟华,孙伟锋,译.北京:清华大学出版社,2006.
[69]石春琦等.LVS版图验证方法的研究.电子器件[J],2002, 25(2):165-169.
[2]刘普霖.红外物理与技术发展[J].世界科技研究与发展,2003,25(1):27-37.
[3]杨传铮,姜玉稀.物质动态结构的非弹性散射研究[J].物理学进展,2002,22(1):1-46.
[4]刘永平.红外技术在煤矿井下测温和测气中的应用[J].红外技术,2000,22(4):59-62.
[5]徐代升,李钟敏,杨英科.用红外成像技术外场研究红外烟幕的遮蔽性能[J].红外与激光工程,2000,29(1):69-72.
[6]潘小青,刘庆成.红外技术的发展[J].华东地质学院学报,2002,25(1):66-69.
[7]孙志君.蓬勃发展的半导体光放大器市场[J].世界电子元器件,2002,5:9-10.
[8]刘铮,李兰,邹德恕,杨道虹,徐晨,沈光地.新型非制冷高速高灵敏度红外探测器的研制[J].红外与激光工程,2003,32(5):452-455.
[9]顾聚兴.第三代红外成像器(上)[J].红外,2002,8:30-32.
[10]孙志君.红外焦平面阵列技术的未来二十年[J].传感器世界,2006,11:1-8.
[11] John T. Caulfield. Next Generation IR Focal Plane Arrays and Applications[J]. Proceedings of the 32nd Applied Imagery Pattern Recognition Workshop,2003,7-10.
[12]张晓飞.基于DSP的红外焦平面阵列非均匀性校正技术研究[D].重庆:重庆大学光电工程学院.2002.
[13] Philippe TRIBOLET, Gérard DESTEFANIS. Third generation and multi-color IRFPA developments : a unique approach based on DEFIR[J]. Proc. SPIE Orlando. 2005,5783-37.
[14] Christopher R. Baxter, Mark A. Massie.On-Chip Signal Processing Configurations for Focal Plane Arrays[J]. SPIE Aerosense 1999, IR Technology and Applications XXV, Orlando, 1999 Paper # 3698-86.
[15]王子滨,李辉.国外“灵巧”红外焦平面阵列发展简况[J].全国光电技术学术交流会全国光电技术学术交流会论文集,天津:中国宇航学会,2000.
[16] Paul McCarley and Mark A. Massie. Recent developments in biologically inspired seeker technology [J].Proc. SPIE, 2001,4288:1-12.
[17]孙志君.21世纪的红外焦平面阵列技术军用前景[J].现代防御技术,2003,31(3):48-54.
[18]孙志君.红外焦平面阵列技术的发展现状[J].半导体光电,2000,21:29-32.
[19] CABANSKIA W., MüNZBERGA M., RODE W., etal.Third generation focal plane array IR detection modules and applications[J].Proceedings of SPIE, Infrared Technology and Applications XXXI, 2005,5783:340-348.
[20]张伟忠.红外焦平面探测器发展战略研究[J].电子科学技术评论,2004,5:7-11.
[21]宋亚军,朱振福,刘忠领.多色焦平面图像融合技术分析与应用展望[J].红外与激光工程, 2009,38(4):725-730.
[22]王成刚,孙浩,李敬国,朱西安.双色碲镉汞红外焦平面探测器发展现状[J].激光与红外,2009,39(4):367-371.
[23]林武文,徐锦,徐世录.红外探测技术的发展[J].激光与红外,2006,36(9):840-843.
[24]陈伯良.红外焦平面成像器件发展现状[J].红外与激光工程,2000,34(1):1-7.
[25]赵江.红外探测技术的现状与发展趋势[J].舰船电子工程,2007,27(1):32-36.
[26]罗海波,史泽林.红外成像制导技术发展现状与展望[J].红外与激光工程,2009,38 (4):565-573.
[27]陈路,傅祥良,巫艳等.Si基大面积碲镉汞分子束外延研究[J].激光与红外,2006,36 (11):1051-1056.
[28]张艳冰,喻松林,东海杰.双波段红外焦平面探测器[J].红外技术,2000,22(3):27-30.
[29]丁瑞军,叶振华,周文洪,胡晓宁,何力.双色红外焦平面研究进展[J].红外与激光工程, 2008,37(1):14-17.
[30]刘莉萍.红外焦平面读出电路技术及发展趋势[J].激光与红外,2007,37(7):598-600.
[31] Yuan Xianghui, Lu Guolin, Huang Youshu. CMOS Readout Integrated Circuit for IRFPA[J].Semiconductor Optoelectronics, vol.20.no.2, pp.123-126, April 1999, (in Chinese)
[32] E. R. Fossumn and B. Pain. Infrared readout electronics for space science sensors: State of the art and future direction[J]. Proc. SPIE,1993,2020:262–285.
[33]方丹.红外焦平面阵列读出电路技术分析[J].红外技术,2004,26(2):23-28.
[34]张智.红外焦平面阵列新结构高性能CMOS读出电路研究[D].重庆:重庆大学光电工程学院.2003.
[35]王利平,孙韶媛,王庆宝,张保民.红外焦平面探测器的读出电路[J].光学技术,2000,26 (2):123-125.
[36]饶程.外层型CMOS人工视网膜芯片的研究[D].重庆:重庆大学光电工程学院.2006.
[37] David H. Hubel. Eye, Brain, and Vision[M]. W H Freeman & CoScientific American Library Series,1988.
[38]高远,程君实.生物的信息与控制[M].北京:海洋出版社,1988.
[39]陈晓光,陈言,陈谋.人类色觉导论[M].北京:军事医学科学出版社,2002.
[40] D. S. Gangwar, Tarun Tiwari and Baldev Singh. Electronic Implementation of Biologically Inspired Neuromorphic Vision Sensor[J].AICMS 08,Second Asia International Conference on Modeling & Simulation. 2008,410-414.
[41] R. W. Rodieck. The Primate Retina, Compartive Primate Biology[J].Neurosciences, 1988,4:203-278.
[42] James A. Ferwerda: Elements of Early Vision for Computer Graphics (Tutorial)[J].IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications,2001,21:22-33.
[43] Carver Mead. Analog VLSI and Neural Systems[M]. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1989.
[44] Scribner D,etal.Infrared focal plane array technology[J]. Proc IEEE,1991,79(1):66-85.
[45] C. Hsieh, C. Wu, and T. Sun. A New Cryogenic CMOS Readout Structure for Infrared Focal Plane Array[J]. IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits,1997,32:1192-1199.
[46] C. Hsieh, C. Wu, T. Sun, F. Jih and Y. Cherng. High-Performance CMOS Buffered Gate Modulation Input (BGMI) Readout Circuits for QWIP IRFPA[J]. IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits,1998,33:1188-1198.
[47]袁祥辉,孟丽娅,黄友恕,吕果林.用于红外焦平面阵列的新型背景电流抑制读出电路[P].中国, ZL200420061801, 2004.10.22:1.
[48] H. KULAH, T. AKIN. A current mirroring integration based readout circuit for high performance infrared FPA applications[J].IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Analog and Digital Signal Processing, 2003, 50(4):181 -186.
[49] Danny Scheffer,Bart Dierickx,and Meyants,Random Addressable 2048×2048 Active Pixel Image Sensor,IEEE,Transactions of Electron Devices [J].1997,44(10):1716-1720.
[50] Carver Mead. Neuromorphic Electronic Systems[J]. PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE, 1990 ,78(10):1629-1636.
[51] T. Delbrück and C.A.Mead.An Electronic Photoreceptor Sensitive to Small Changes in Intensity[J].D.S.Touretsky(ed.)Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems,1988, 1:720-727.
[52] T. Delbrück and C. A. Mead. Analog VLSI Phototransduction by continuous-time,adaptive, logarithmic photoreceptor circuits[M].CNS Memo #30 California Institute of Technology, Pasadena,CA,1994.
[53] T. Delbrück and D. Oberhoff. Self-biasing low-power adaptive photoreceptor[J]. 2004 International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, 2004, IV-844-847.
[54] S. C. Liu. Silicon retina with adaptive Filteringproperties[J]. Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing, 1999,18:243–254.
[55] A. G. Andreou, R. C. Meitzler, K. Strohbehn, and K. A. Boahen. Analog VLSI neuromorphic image acquisition and pre-processing systems[J]. Neural Networks, 1995,8:1323–1347.
[56] K. A. Boahen and A. G. Andreou. A contrast sensitive silicon retina with reciprocal synapses [J]. Advances in Neural information processing Systems 4, 1992,764-772.
[57] A. Leuciuc and O. Carnu. Offset averaging in flash and folding A/D converters usingsecond-order active resistive networks[J]. Electronics Letters, 2004, 40(10):587-588.
[58] Massoud Momeni, Albert H. Titus. An Analog VLSI Chip Emulating Polarization Vision of Octopus Retina[J]. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NEURAL NETWORKS,2006,17(1):222 -231.
[59] Keng Hoong Wee, Ji-jon Sit, Rahul Sarpeshkar. Biasing techniques for subthreshold MOS resistive grids[J]. IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst,2005,3:2164-2167.
[60] Ming-Han Lei, Tzi-Dar Chiueh. An Analog Motion Field Detection Chip for Image Segmentation[J]. IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol,2002,12(5):299-308.
[61] Alan A. Stocker. Analog Integrated 2-D Optical Flow Sensor[J]. Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing,2006,46:121-138.
[62] R.Wang and R. Harjani. Partial positive feedback for gain enhancement flow-power CMOS OTAs[J]. Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing, 1995, 8:21-35.
[63]赖小峰,孟丽娅,陈坤,袁祥辉.一种新型大动态范围CMOS图像传感器[J].光电子·激光, 2010.21(4):533-536.
[64]赖小峰,孟丽娅,刘昊,袁祥辉.一种低延时、低功耗电压比较器[J].电子器件,2009,32(4): 746-748.
[65]张仁富.基于自组装膜生物传感微阵列的数字电路研究[D].重庆:重庆大学光电工程学院.2009.
[66]刘昊.高动态范围CMOS图像传感器技术研究[D].重庆:重庆大学光电工程学院.2009.
[67]林聚承.新型CMOS图像传感器的研究[D].重庆:重庆大学光电工程学院.2006.
[68] Christopher Saint, Judy Saint.集成电路版图基础-实用指南[M].李伟华,孙伟锋,译.北京:清华大学出版社,2006.
[69]石春琦等.LVS版图验证方法的研究.电子器件[J],2002, 25(2):165-169.