拟南芥ICK基因家族功能分析
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摘要
ICK (Inhibitor of Cyclin-dependent Kinase)是CDK的抑制因子,在细胞周期调控中起着重要作用。现有研究表明,植物ICK蛋白通过与CDK复合体的结合而抑制CDK的活性,从而抑制细胞分裂,影响植物生长和发育。拟南芥基因组有7个ICK基因。现有对ICK/KRP功能的了解大多来自超表达研究,而对正常生理条件下植物ICK的功能还知之甚少。在这项研究中,我们利用RNAi技术和T-DNA插入突变体等反向遗传学方法,系统研究了ICK基因家族的功能。主要结果如下：
1.在分离ick1, ick2, ick7单突变体的基础上,我们通过杂交获得了ickl/2, ick2/7两个双突变体。基因表达分析的结果表明,这些突变体中相应的ICK基因没有表达。我们对突变体系ickl-1, ickl-2, ick2, ick7, ickl/2, ick2/7和两个野生型(Col-0和分离野生型)进行了莲座叶数目,分支数目,株高和鲜重分析,但没有发现明显差异。生长观测表明,双突变体系的生长有加强的趋势。
2.利用ICK全长CDS和ICK保守区段的序列为干涉片段构建了两个RNAi载体pFGC5941-ICK1和pFGC5941-ICK1△,并转化拟南芥。在100mmol/L NaCl, lOumol/L ABA, lOumol/L IAA和低温(4℃)的处理条件下对ickl-2, pFGC5941-ICKl, pFGC5941-ICK△和Wt的鲜重进行了分析。分析结果显示ick1-2突变体相对于Wt对NaCl和ABA的处理不敏感,两个RNAi转基因系的对NaCl和ABA的敏感程度介于他们之间。基因表达分析表明,这可能与ICK基因应对胁迫时候的诱导表达有关。我们还利用pHGRV载体系统构建了一系列的RNAi建构,并获得了相应的转基因系。对这些转基因家系的分析没有观察到明显的表现型变化。
3.我们利用ickl, ick2, ick7, ick5和ick6,通过杂交构建了18个突变体系,包括5个单突变体,5个双突变体,5个三突变体,2个四突变体和1个5突变体。基因表达分析表明,在这些突变体中,相应基因都被成功敲除。
4.表型分析结果显示,低阶突变体与野生型相比没有明显的表型。四突变体和五突变体的叶片较野生型的窄。这表明,敲除多个ICK基因能改变叶片形态。通过分析一系列突变体体的鲜重/干重,我们发现ickl/2/5/6四突变体和五突变体的生长加强。在对植株的叶片,花瓣和种子等器官大小的分子中。我们发现五突变体的这些器官较野生型明显增大。细胞学水平的分析表明,这些表型是由于五突变体中的细胞增殖加强导致的。作为对细胞数目增多的反馈,五突变体这些器官中的细胞大小变小。
5.互补分析表明,在ickl/2/5/6/7五突变体中引入ICK7基因,能部分互补五突变体鲜重增加和叶片性状改变的表形。
6.我们对一系列的10个系(ickl, ick2, ick5, ick6, ick7, ickl/2, ick6/7, ickl/2/6/7, ickl/2/5/6/7, Wild-type, and ICK1OE line)进行了激酶活性分析,发现五突变体的激酶活性最高,其次是四突变体,二突变体和单突变体。这个结果表明敲除ICK基因能累积性的增强激酶活性。
7. Real-time PCR的结果显示,在五突变体中E2F-诱导型基因的表达普遍上升,并同时伴有体内Rb蛋白和p-RB蛋白水平升高。因此,敲除ICK基因导致激酶活性升高。
综上所述,在ickl/2/5/6/7五突变体中,ICK基因的表达下调导致激酶活性增加,增加了RB蛋白磷酸化,上调了E2F代谢途径有关基因表达,激活了E2F转录因子活性,启动了E2F-诱导基因的表达,从而加快了细胞增殖,导致植物细胞数目增多,器官和种子变大。我们的结果首次提供了多个ICK基因在正常生理条件下行使其功能的证据。
The ICK/KRP cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors play pivotal roles in cell cycle regulation. Present studies revealed that ICK/KRP proteins can inhibit CDK activity through binding to the CDK complex, leading to the effects of inhibiting the cell division and altering the plant growth and development. There are seven ICK/KRP genes in Arabidopsis genome. Current understanding of ICK/KRP functions has mostly come from overexpression studies. We know little regarding the functions of ICK/KRPs in planta under normal physiological conditions. In this study, we took reverse genetic techniques including T-DNA inserted mutation and RNAi interference to systematically analyze the functions of ICK gene family. The main results are as follows:
1) Based on the identification of ick1, ick2, and ick7single mutants, we obtained two double mutants ickl/2and ick2/7. Gene expression analysis showed that the corresponding genes had no expressions in these mutants. We thus analyzed rosette leaf number, branch number, plant height and fresh weight on ick1-1, ick1-2, ick2, ick7, ickl/2, ick2/7, and two wild types (Col-0wild-type and segregated wild-type), and did not observe any significant differences, whereas, the surveys on plant growth showed a trend of growth enhancement in the double mutants.
2) Two RNAi vectors pFGC5941-ICK1and pFGC5941-ICK△were constructed using full length CDS of ICK1and the sequence of ICK1conserved region as interference fragments, respectively, and were used for transformation of Arabidopsis. Under100mmol/L NaCl,10umol/L ABA,10umol/L IAA and cold (4℃) treatment conditions, we conducted fresh weight analyses on ickl-2, pFGC5941-ICK1, pFGC5941-ICK△and wild-type. The results showed that ickl-2line was more insensitive to NaCl and ABA than the wild-type, whereas, the sensitivities of two RNAi transgenic lines to NaCl and ABA treatments were moderate in comparison with these of wild-type and ickl-2. Gene expression analyses by RT-PCR revealed that this observation may relate to the inducible expression of ICK genes in response to stress. We also prepared a series of RNAi constructs using pHGRV vector system, and obtained corresponding transgenic lines. No significant phenotypic changes have been observed in these transgenic lines.
3) Using ick1, ick2, ick7, ick5and ick6single mutants, we generated18T-DNA lines including five single mutants, five double mutants, five triple mutants, two quadruple mutants, and one quintuple mutant through crosses. Gene expression analysis showed that the corresponding genes were knocked out successfully in these mutants.
4) Phenotypically, while lower-order mutants showed no morphological changes compared to wild-type, the ick1/2/6/7quadruple mutant and the ick1/2/5/6/7quintuple mutant had narrower and longer leaves than wild-type, suggesting that down-regulation of multiple ICKs affected leaf shape. Fresh/dry weight analysis of a series lines showed significant growth enhancement in both ick1/2/5/6quadruple mutant and ick1/2/5/6/7quintuple mutant. Moreover, ick1/2/5/6/7quintuple mutant had larger leaves, petals, and seeds than wild-type control. Investigations on the cellular level revealed that the increase in cell proliferation was responsible for organ size increases. As feedback of increased cell proliferation, the cell sizes of all the organs surveyed in ick1/2/5/6/7quintuple mutant were decreased.
5) In complementation assay, re-introducing of ICK7gene to ick1/2/5/6/7quintuple can at least partially rescue the fresh weight increase and leaf shape alteration phenotypes observed in ick1/2/5/6/7quintuple mutant.
6) In CDK activity assay on10lines (ick1, ick2, ick5, ick6, ick7, ick1/2, ick6/7, ick1/2/6/7, ick1/2/5/6/7, Wild-type, and ICK1OE line), ick1/2/5/6/7quintuple mutant had the highest CDK activity, followed by ick1/2/5/6/7quadruple mutant, double mutant, single mutant, wild-type and ICK1E, suggesting that the knocking-out of ICK genes accumulatively increased CDK activity in planta.
7) In ick1/2/5/6/7quintuple mutant, real-time PCR results showed that most of the E2F-inducible genes investigated was up-regulated, which is accompanied by the protein level increases of both RB and p-RB. Therefore, knocking-out of ICK genes increases CDK activity.
Taken above data together, in the ick1/2/5/6/7quintuple mutant, down-regulation of ICK genes increases CDK activity, results in more phosphorylated RB protein, up-regulates the E2F pathway, stimulates transactivation activity of E2F, tunes up expressions of E2F-inducible genes and stimulates cell proliferation, which resulted in increased cell numbers, and larger organs and seeds. For the first time, we provided the evidence for the functions of multiple ICK genes in planta under normal physiological conditions.
1.在分离ick1, ick2, ick7单突变体的基础上,我们通过杂交获得了ickl/2, ick2/7两个双突变体。基因表达分析的结果表明,这些突变体中相应的ICK基因没有表达。我们对突变体系ickl-1, ickl-2, ick2, ick7, ickl/2, ick2/7和两个野生型(Col-0和分离野生型)进行了莲座叶数目,分支数目,株高和鲜重分析,但没有发现明显差异。生长观测表明,双突变体系的生长有加强的趋势。
2.利用ICK全长CDS和ICK保守区段的序列为干涉片段构建了两个RNAi载体pFGC5941-ICK1和pFGC5941-ICK1△,并转化拟南芥。在100mmol/L NaCl, lOumol/L ABA, lOumol/L IAA和低温(4℃)的处理条件下对ickl-2, pFGC5941-ICKl, pFGC5941-ICK△和Wt的鲜重进行了分析。分析结果显示ick1-2突变体相对于Wt对NaCl和ABA的处理不敏感,两个RNAi转基因系的对NaCl和ABA的敏感程度介于他们之间。基因表达分析表明,这可能与ICK基因应对胁迫时候的诱导表达有关。我们还利用pHGRV载体系统构建了一系列的RNAi建构,并获得了相应的转基因系。对这些转基因家系的分析没有观察到明显的表现型变化。
3.我们利用ickl, ick2, ick7, ick5和ick6,通过杂交构建了18个突变体系,包括5个单突变体,5个双突变体,5个三突变体,2个四突变体和1个5突变体。基因表达分析表明,在这些突变体中,相应基因都被成功敲除。
4.表型分析结果显示,低阶突变体与野生型相比没有明显的表型。四突变体和五突变体的叶片较野生型的窄。这表明,敲除多个ICK基因能改变叶片形态。通过分析一系列突变体体的鲜重/干重,我们发现ickl/2/5/6四突变体和五突变体的生长加强。在对植株的叶片,花瓣和种子等器官大小的分子中。我们发现五突变体的这些器官较野生型明显增大。细胞学水平的分析表明,这些表型是由于五突变体中的细胞增殖加强导致的。作为对细胞数目增多的反馈,五突变体这些器官中的细胞大小变小。
5.互补分析表明,在ickl/2/5/6/7五突变体中引入ICK7基因,能部分互补五突变体鲜重增加和叶片性状改变的表形。
6.我们对一系列的10个系(ickl, ick2, ick5, ick6, ick7, ickl/2, ick6/7, ickl/2/6/7, ickl/2/5/6/7, Wild-type, and ICK1OE line)进行了激酶活性分析,发现五突变体的激酶活性最高,其次是四突变体,二突变体和单突变体。这个结果表明敲除ICK基因能累积性的增强激酶活性。
7. Real-time PCR的结果显示,在五突变体中E2F-诱导型基因的表达普遍上升,并同时伴有体内Rb蛋白和p-RB蛋白水平升高。因此,敲除ICK基因导致激酶活性升高。
综上所述,在ickl/2/5/6/7五突变体中,ICK基因的表达下调导致激酶活性增加,增加了RB蛋白磷酸化,上调了E2F代谢途径有关基因表达,激活了E2F转录因子活性,启动了E2F-诱导基因的表达,从而加快了细胞增殖,导致植物细胞数目增多,器官和种子变大。我们的结果首次提供了多个ICK基因在正常生理条件下行使其功能的证据。
The ICK/KRP cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors play pivotal roles in cell cycle regulation. Present studies revealed that ICK/KRP proteins can inhibit CDK activity through binding to the CDK complex, leading to the effects of inhibiting the cell division and altering the plant growth and development. There are seven ICK/KRP genes in Arabidopsis genome. Current understanding of ICK/KRP functions has mostly come from overexpression studies. We know little regarding the functions of ICK/KRPs in planta under normal physiological conditions. In this study, we took reverse genetic techniques including T-DNA inserted mutation and RNAi interference to systematically analyze the functions of ICK gene family. The main results are as follows:
1) Based on the identification of ick1, ick2, and ick7single mutants, we obtained two double mutants ickl/2and ick2/7. Gene expression analysis showed that the corresponding genes had no expressions in these mutants. We thus analyzed rosette leaf number, branch number, plant height and fresh weight on ick1-1, ick1-2, ick2, ick7, ickl/2, ick2/7, and two wild types (Col-0wild-type and segregated wild-type), and did not observe any significant differences, whereas, the surveys on plant growth showed a trend of growth enhancement in the double mutants.
2) Two RNAi vectors pFGC5941-ICK1and pFGC5941-ICK△were constructed using full length CDS of ICK1and the sequence of ICK1conserved region as interference fragments, respectively, and were used for transformation of Arabidopsis. Under100mmol/L NaCl,10umol/L ABA,10umol/L IAA and cold (4℃) treatment conditions, we conducted fresh weight analyses on ickl-2, pFGC5941-ICK1, pFGC5941-ICK△and wild-type. The results showed that ickl-2line was more insensitive to NaCl and ABA than the wild-type, whereas, the sensitivities of two RNAi transgenic lines to NaCl and ABA treatments were moderate in comparison with these of wild-type and ickl-2. Gene expression analyses by RT-PCR revealed that this observation may relate to the inducible expression of ICK genes in response to stress. We also prepared a series of RNAi constructs using pHGRV vector system, and obtained corresponding transgenic lines. No significant phenotypic changes have been observed in these transgenic lines.
3) Using ick1, ick2, ick7, ick5and ick6single mutants, we generated18T-DNA lines including five single mutants, five double mutants, five triple mutants, two quadruple mutants, and one quintuple mutant through crosses. Gene expression analysis showed that the corresponding genes were knocked out successfully in these mutants.
4) Phenotypically, while lower-order mutants showed no morphological changes compared to wild-type, the ick1/2/6/7quadruple mutant and the ick1/2/5/6/7quintuple mutant had narrower and longer leaves than wild-type, suggesting that down-regulation of multiple ICKs affected leaf shape. Fresh/dry weight analysis of a series lines showed significant growth enhancement in both ick1/2/5/6quadruple mutant and ick1/2/5/6/7quintuple mutant. Moreover, ick1/2/5/6/7quintuple mutant had larger leaves, petals, and seeds than wild-type control. Investigations on the cellular level revealed that the increase in cell proliferation was responsible for organ size increases. As feedback of increased cell proliferation, the cell sizes of all the organs surveyed in ick1/2/5/6/7quintuple mutant were decreased.
5) In complementation assay, re-introducing of ICK7gene to ick1/2/5/6/7quintuple can at least partially rescue the fresh weight increase and leaf shape alteration phenotypes observed in ick1/2/5/6/7quintuple mutant.
6) In CDK activity assay on10lines (ick1, ick2, ick5, ick6, ick7, ick1/2, ick6/7, ick1/2/6/7, ick1/2/5/6/7, Wild-type, and ICK1OE line), ick1/2/5/6/7quintuple mutant had the highest CDK activity, followed by ick1/2/5/6/7quadruple mutant, double mutant, single mutant, wild-type and ICK1E, suggesting that the knocking-out of ICK genes accumulatively increased CDK activity in planta.
7) In ick1/2/5/6/7quintuple mutant, real-time PCR results showed that most of the E2F-inducible genes investigated was up-regulated, which is accompanied by the protein level increases of both RB and p-RB. Therefore, knocking-out of ICK genes increases CDK activity.
Taken above data together, in the ick1/2/5/6/7quintuple mutant, down-regulation of ICK genes increases CDK activity, results in more phosphorylated RB protein, up-regulates the E2F pathway, stimulates transactivation activity of E2F, tunes up expressions of E2F-inducible genes and stimulates cell proliferation, which resulted in increased cell numbers, and larger organs and seeds. For the first time, we provided the evidence for the functions of multiple ICK genes in planta under normal physiological conditions.
引文
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