颗粒除草药肥的配伍特性及异速扩散过程研究
|
摘要
药肥是农药与肥料结合所形成的一类功能一体化复合型肥料。异速除草药肥是除草剂和缓释肥料结合而形成的多功能肥料,既增加了除草剂的扩散速度又减缓了肥料养分的释放速度。它不仅能减少除草剂残留,提高除草剂利用率,同时也提高肥料的利用率,保护环境、降低生产成本。本文主要研究了苄嘧磺隆和苯噻酰草胺除草剂与常见的几种化学肥料的配伍性,分析了填料结构以及除草剂在填料上的吸附特性,探讨了崩解材料的基本特性,然后以尿素颗粒为核心,以麦饭石、滑石粉、白土为包裹材料,以柠檬酸和碳酸钾为崩解材料,制备了一系列泡腾除草药肥,较全面地探讨了泡腾除草药肥的制备工艺,并优化了制备条件,以染色剂代替除草剂表现了泡腾现象和效果。在泡腾除草药肥的制备基础之上,进一步制备了异速除草药肥,并对其药分与养分的释放机理进行了探讨。本文的研究为异速除草药肥的深入开发和推广应用提供理论和实践依据。主要研究结果如下：
(1)考察了除草剂苄嘧磺隆和苯噻酰草胺与常见的几种化学肥料的配伍性,根据农药与肥料的混配原则,把除草剂与肥料在溶解的状态下进行混合并恒温静置。实验结果表明,苄嘧磺隆与磷酸二氢铵混配后与苯噻酰草胺与氯化钾混配后都能使药效降低。苄嘧磺隆和苯噻酰草胺可与其他肥料混配
(2)本文研究了包裹材料如麦饭石、滑石粉和白土对药肥颗粒性能的影响以及对除草剂吸附特性的影响,进一步探讨了崩解材料对肥料性能的影响。分析了麦饭石、滑石粉、白土的物化性能,颗粒分布及比表面积；分别对苄嘧磺隆和苯噻酰草胺在麦饭石中的吸附性质进行了研究,比较了其在滑石粉和白土中的不同吸附性为白土>滑石粉>麦饭石。
(3)探讨了实验室制备泡腾除草药肥的工艺条件。以除草药肥的崩解时间、颗粒强度和包裹率为考察标准,以圆盘造粒机为主要设备,以尿素颗粒为包裹核心,通过调节粘结剂浓度、包裹材料在不同包裹层中的比例、崩解材料占总物料的比例,进行包裹造粒不同工艺条件的考察,得到最优惠条件为：夹层量15%、粘结剂量0.2%、酸碱量10.4%。
(4)论文考察泡腾颗粒快速释放性能。用染色剂代替除草剂包裹造粒,直观测试并分析泡腾效果。在浸水实验中,得到泡腾颗粒染色剂在15s时达到扩散平衡,而无泡腾作用的颗粒染色剂在180s时才达到平衡,扩散速度对比明显,符合除草剂快速扩散的要求。
(5)论文对异速除草药肥制备的工艺条件进行了考察,并进行了异速释放药肥中药分和养分释放机理研究。通过浸水实验,对缓释颗粒的养分扩散时间进行测试,最终确定最优惠条件为：粘结剂量为60%、矿物量为10%、包裹时间为10min；对异速颗粒中药分扩散时间进行测试,得到苄嘧磺隆在10min达到溶解平横,苯噻酰草胺在15min达到溶解平衡,溶解速度均是普通颗粒1/3；异速颗粒药肥中养分的溶解时间是普通颗粒尿素的12倍,符合肥料缓释的要求；同时建立药分与养分的释放数学Logistic模型,表明除草药肥颗粒有效成分具有异速释放的特性。
Medicine fertilizer was a compound-type fertilizer with integrative functions by the combination of pesticides and fertilizers. In addition, allometric herbicide medicine fertilizer was the combination of herbicide and slow-release fertilizer. This kind of fertilizer in the study could not only increase the diffusion rate of herbicide and slow down the release rate of fertilizer nutrients to enhance the utilization rate of fertilizer and herbicide, but also reduce herbicide residues to protect the environment and cut down production costs. In this paper, it studied on the compatibility of bensulfuron-methyl and benzene thiophene acyl amine with several comprehensive analyses was done on packing structures and adsorption characteristics of herbicides on chemical fertilizers. On the basis of exploring the properties of disintegration materials, it prepared the herbicide medicine fertilizer with effervescent characteristics in which urea particles were the cores. In addition, medical stone, talc and white clay were coating materials and citric acid and potassium carbonate were the collapse of materials. The production process and conditions of herbal fertilizer was be fully studied and optimized then the effervescent effect could be directly showed off by colorants instead of herbicides. And on the basis of effervescent herbicide medicine fertilizer, the paper prepared the allometric herbicide medicine fertilizer and studied the mechanisms of release of its medicines and nutrients in order to provide a theoretic and practical basis for the further research and application.
The results were listed as follows:
(1) Studying on the compatibility of bensulfuron-methyl and benzene thiophene acyl amine with several common fertilizers. According to the principle of mixing pesticide and fertilizer, herbicide and fertilizer were mixed after being dissolved, then held these samples on test bed at a constant temperature. The results show that bensulfuron-methyl mixed with ammonium dihydrogen phosphate and benzene thiophene acyl amine mixed potassium chloride all could reduce drug effects. Then bensulfuron-methyl and benzene thiophene acyl amine could mix with other common fertilizers.
(2) the paper discussed the effect of coating materials which were medical stone, talc and white clay on particle properties and the adsorption of herbicide. And the effect of collapse materials on the properties of fertilizer was also discussed. Most properties of medical stone, talc and white clay such as main component, particle size distribution and specific surface area were also studied. The adsorption properties of benbbensulfuron-methyl and benzene thiophene acyl amine in medical stone were investigated respectively, which was made contrast with the adsorption of the same systems in talc and white clay. And talc and clay in the adsorption were compared. The results showed that white clay> talc>medical stone.
(3) It was studied the conditions of preparation of herbicide medicine fertilizer with effervescent additives in the lab. And the collapse of time, particle strength and package rate were all investigated, it prepared the coating particles in disc granulator with the core of urea particles by changing the conditions, such as the binder, concentration, the different proportion of coating material in the parcel layer, the mass ratio of collapse materials.The best results showed that coating material in the parcel layer is 5%, the concentration of binder is 0.2%, the mass ratio of collapse materials is 10.4%.
(4) The rapid release properties of effervescent granules was directly measured and analyzed. In the system of parcel granulation, methylene blue dye instead of herbicides was wrapped in effervescent granules. And the results showed that effervescent effect is good for the rapid diffusion of herbicide.
(5) In this paper, the preparation process of allometric herbicide fertilizer was investigated. And the release mechanism of herbicides and nutrients in this fertilizer was also studied. The best results from the water immersion test showed that the concentration of binder is 60%, coating material is 10%, the coating time is 10min. The banlance times of bensulfuron-methyl and benzene thiophene acyl amine 10min in water are 10 min and 15min which are one third of common granular. However release rate of nutritious parts of herbicide fertilizer is 12 times than that of common fertilizer. The mathematical logistic models about release of herbicides and nutrients were established in order to prove the characteristic of different release rates of herbicides and nutrients in the fertilizer.
(1)考察了除草剂苄嘧磺隆和苯噻酰草胺与常见的几种化学肥料的配伍性,根据农药与肥料的混配原则,把除草剂与肥料在溶解的状态下进行混合并恒温静置。实验结果表明,苄嘧磺隆与磷酸二氢铵混配后与苯噻酰草胺与氯化钾混配后都能使药效降低。苄嘧磺隆和苯噻酰草胺可与其他肥料混配
(2)本文研究了包裹材料如麦饭石、滑石粉和白土对药肥颗粒性能的影响以及对除草剂吸附特性的影响,进一步探讨了崩解材料对肥料性能的影响。分析了麦饭石、滑石粉、白土的物化性能,颗粒分布及比表面积；分别对苄嘧磺隆和苯噻酰草胺在麦饭石中的吸附性质进行了研究,比较了其在滑石粉和白土中的不同吸附性为白土>滑石粉>麦饭石。
(3)探讨了实验室制备泡腾除草药肥的工艺条件。以除草药肥的崩解时间、颗粒强度和包裹率为考察标准,以圆盘造粒机为主要设备,以尿素颗粒为包裹核心,通过调节粘结剂浓度、包裹材料在不同包裹层中的比例、崩解材料占总物料的比例,进行包裹造粒不同工艺条件的考察,得到最优惠条件为：夹层量15%、粘结剂量0.2%、酸碱量10.4%。
(4)论文考察泡腾颗粒快速释放性能。用染色剂代替除草剂包裹造粒,直观测试并分析泡腾效果。在浸水实验中,得到泡腾颗粒染色剂在15s时达到扩散平衡,而无泡腾作用的颗粒染色剂在180s时才达到平衡,扩散速度对比明显,符合除草剂快速扩散的要求。
(5)论文对异速除草药肥制备的工艺条件进行了考察,并进行了异速释放药肥中药分和养分释放机理研究。通过浸水实验,对缓释颗粒的养分扩散时间进行测试,最终确定最优惠条件为：粘结剂量为60%、矿物量为10%、包裹时间为10min；对异速颗粒中药分扩散时间进行测试,得到苄嘧磺隆在10min达到溶解平横,苯噻酰草胺在15min达到溶解平衡,溶解速度均是普通颗粒1/3；异速颗粒药肥中养分的溶解时间是普通颗粒尿素的12倍,符合肥料缓释的要求；同时建立药分与养分的释放数学Logistic模型,表明除草药肥颗粒有效成分具有异速释放的特性。
Medicine fertilizer was a compound-type fertilizer with integrative functions by the combination of pesticides and fertilizers. In addition, allometric herbicide medicine fertilizer was the combination of herbicide and slow-release fertilizer. This kind of fertilizer in the study could not only increase the diffusion rate of herbicide and slow down the release rate of fertilizer nutrients to enhance the utilization rate of fertilizer and herbicide, but also reduce herbicide residues to protect the environment and cut down production costs. In this paper, it studied on the compatibility of bensulfuron-methyl and benzene thiophene acyl amine with several comprehensive analyses was done on packing structures and adsorption characteristics of herbicides on chemical fertilizers. On the basis of exploring the properties of disintegration materials, it prepared the herbicide medicine fertilizer with effervescent characteristics in which urea particles were the cores. In addition, medical stone, talc and white clay were coating materials and citric acid and potassium carbonate were the collapse of materials. The production process and conditions of herbal fertilizer was be fully studied and optimized then the effervescent effect could be directly showed off by colorants instead of herbicides. And on the basis of effervescent herbicide medicine fertilizer, the paper prepared the allometric herbicide medicine fertilizer and studied the mechanisms of release of its medicines and nutrients in order to provide a theoretic and practical basis for the further research and application.
The results were listed as follows:
(1) Studying on the compatibility of bensulfuron-methyl and benzene thiophene acyl amine with several common fertilizers. According to the principle of mixing pesticide and fertilizer, herbicide and fertilizer were mixed after being dissolved, then held these samples on test bed at a constant temperature. The results show that bensulfuron-methyl mixed with ammonium dihydrogen phosphate and benzene thiophene acyl amine mixed potassium chloride all could reduce drug effects. Then bensulfuron-methyl and benzene thiophene acyl amine could mix with other common fertilizers.
(2) the paper discussed the effect of coating materials which were medical stone, talc and white clay on particle properties and the adsorption of herbicide. And the effect of collapse materials on the properties of fertilizer was also discussed. Most properties of medical stone, talc and white clay such as main component, particle size distribution and specific surface area were also studied. The adsorption properties of benbbensulfuron-methyl and benzene thiophene acyl amine in medical stone were investigated respectively, which was made contrast with the adsorption of the same systems in talc and white clay. And talc and clay in the adsorption were compared. The results showed that white clay> talc>medical stone.
(3) It was studied the conditions of preparation of herbicide medicine fertilizer with effervescent additives in the lab. And the collapse of time, particle strength and package rate were all investigated, it prepared the coating particles in disc granulator with the core of urea particles by changing the conditions, such as the binder, concentration, the different proportion of coating material in the parcel layer, the mass ratio of collapse materials.The best results showed that coating material in the parcel layer is 5%, the concentration of binder is 0.2%, the mass ratio of collapse materials is 10.4%.
(4) The rapid release properties of effervescent granules was directly measured and analyzed. In the system of parcel granulation, methylene blue dye instead of herbicides was wrapped in effervescent granules. And the results showed that effervescent effect is good for the rapid diffusion of herbicide.
(5) In this paper, the preparation process of allometric herbicide fertilizer was investigated. And the release mechanism of herbicides and nutrients in this fertilizer was also studied. The best results from the water immersion test showed that the concentration of binder is 60%, coating material is 10%, the coating time is 10min. The banlance times of bensulfuron-methyl and benzene thiophene acyl amine 10min in water are 10 min and 15min which are one third of common granular. However release rate of nutritious parts of herbicide fertilizer is 12 times than that of common fertilizer. The mathematical logistic models about release of herbicides and nutrients were established in order to prove the characteristic of different release rates of herbicides and nutrients in the fertilizer.
引文
[1]汤建伟,王小会,化全县等.除草型颗粒药肥合剂的研制[J].化工矿物与加工,2008(5)：14-16
[2]本谷耕一.五氯苯酚(PCP)的利用研究[J].土壤译从,1969(3-4)：16-99
[3]Yeomans J C, Bremner J M. Denitrification in soil:Effects of herbicides [J]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry.1985,17(4):447-452
[4]Dave Seghers, Steven D.Siciliano, et al. Combined effect of fertilizer and herbicide applications on the abundance, community structure and performance of the soil methanotrophic community [J]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry.2005,37 (2):187-193
[5]Monday O Ahonsi, Dana K Berner, et al. Effects of ALS-inhibitor herbicides, crop sequence and fertilization on natural soil suppressiveness to Striga hermonthica[J]. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment.2004,104 (3):453-463
[6]Lisa M McInnis, Brian P Oswald, et al. Growth response of Pinus taeda L to herbicide, prescribed fire, and fertilizer[J]. Forest Ecology and Management,2004,199 (2-3):231-242
[7]Panno S V, Kelly W R. Nitrate and herbicide loading in two groundwater basins of Illinois'sinkhole plain[J]. Journal of Hydrology,2004,290(3-4):229-242
[8]Christian Vargel, Michel Jacques, Dr. Martin P Schmidt. Fertilisers and Herbicides [J]. Corrosion of Aluminium,2004, (2):565-567
[9]Schreffler A M, Sharpe W E. Effects of lime, fertilizer and herbicide on forest soil and soil solution chemistry, hardwood regeneration and hardwood growth following shelterwood harvest[J]. Forest Ecologyand Management,2003,177 (1-3):471-484
[10]Craig L Ramsey, Shibu Jose, et al. Growth response of longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill) seedlings to fertilization and herbaceous weed control in an old field in southern USA[J]. Forest Ecology and Management,2003,172(2-3):281-289
[11]Kenneth E. Hyer, George M. Hornberger, et al. Processes controlling the episodic streamwater transport of atrazine and other agrichemicals in an agricultural watershed [J]. Journal of Hydrology.2001,254 (1-4):47-66
[12]Azevedo A S, Kanwar R S. Atrazine Transport in Irrigated Heavy and Coarse-Textured Soils, Part Ⅰ:Field Studies [J]. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research,2000,76 (2):165-174
[13]Eugenia Gimeno-Garcia, Vicente Andreu. Heavy metals incidence in the application of inorganic fertilizers and pesticides to rice farming soils[J]. Environmental pollution.1996, 92(1):19-25
[14]Elizabeth Dyck, Matt Liebman. Crop-weed interference as influenced by a leguminous or synthetic fertilizer nitrogen source:Doublecropping experiments with crimson clover, sweet corn, and lambsquarters [J]. Agriculture, Ecosystems&Environment,1995,56(2):93- 108
[15]Angus J F, Tasic R C. Between-farm variability in yield responses to inputs of fertilizers and herbicide applied to rainfed lowland rice in the Philippines [J]. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment.1990,30(3-4):219-234
[16]Chessin D A, Hicks J R. The effect of nitrogen fertilizer, herbicides and cultivar on nitrogen components of carrot roots[J]. Scientia Horticulturae.1987,33(1-2):67-73
[17]Jouni Mikola. Effects of fertilizer and herbicide application on the growth and cone production of Scots pine seed orchards in Finland[J]. Forest Ecology and Management, 1987,19(1-4):183-188
[18]Miki Aida, Hiroaki Ikeda, etal. Effects of five rice herbicides on the growth of two threatened aquatic ferns[J]. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2006,63(3):463-468
[19]Guang-Xi Wang, Hiroaki Watanabe, etal. Response of a Sulfonylurea (SU)-Resistant Biotype of Limnophila sessiliflora to Selected SU and Alternative Herbicides [J]. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology.2000,68 (2):59-66
[20]Yong In Kuk, Oh Do Kwon, etal. Cross-resistance pattern and alternative herbicides for Rotala indica resistant to imazosulfuron in Korea[J]. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology,2002,74(3):129-138
[21]Lan Wu, Mingzhu Liu. Preparation and properties of chitosan-coated NPK compound fertilizer with controlled-release and water-retention[J]. Carbohydrate polymers.2008, 72(2,5):240-247
[22]Jasinski S M. Chapter 22 Societal relevance, processing and material flow of western phosphate-refreshments, fertilizer and weed killer[J]. Handbook of Exploration and Environmental Geochemistry.2004, (8):599-610
[23]Salam M A. Nitrogenous activity of the rhizo sphere treated with granular insecticides, urea and Zinc [J]. Indian J of Micro-biology.1988, (4):243-246
[24]廖炎.日本复合肥料的应用现状及发展趋势[J].江苏作物通讯.1998,(6)：16
[25]曹广峰.多功能专用复混肥的开发与应用[J].化肥工业.1998,23(3)：17-20
[26]高贤彪,卢丽萍.新型肥料施用技术[M].山东科学技术出版社.1997,180
[27]张玉聚.小麦田除草剂混用技术[J].农药.1998,37(3)：38-39
[28]郑雪生,郑果华.黄尿素除草效果试验[J].福建稻麦科技.1998,16(4)：34-35,42
[29]刘广余,陈秀东,李淑英.沸石裹尿素、农药长效药肥制备工艺[P].中国专利92110951.2.1992-09-25
[30]郝明德.缓释药肥的制备方法[P].中国专利,00135602.x.2005
[31]蔡清权,吴细明,董素钦等.0.32%苄·丁药肥颗粒剂防除水稻抛秧田杂草田间药效试验[J].安徽农学通报.2007,13(9)：101-102
[32]武兴战.一种纳米级缓、控施药肥及其制作方法[P].中国专利,03134555.2005-03-16
[33]徐博,韦志军,李卫国等.一种药肥以及制备药肥的方法[P].中国专利,200810132625.2008-11-12
[34]奚振邦.化学肥科学[M].科学出版社.1994,405
[35]张民,史衍玺.控释和缓释肥的研究现状与进展[J]。化肥工业.2001,28(5),27- 30
[36]李庆逵,朱兆良,,于天仁.中国农业持续发展中的肥料问题[M].江西科学技术出版社,1998,1-5
[37]刘炳根.药肥混用有讲究[J].中国农村科技.2001,(10)：59
[38]亚军.药肥混施的注意事项[J].垦殖与稻作.1997,(2)：46
[39]杨每宁.果树药肥混用十忌[J].山西果树.1998,(2)：46-47
[40]秀平.药肥混施三不宜[J].河南科技报.2005,6(2)：1
[41]肖冀华.肥料与农药混合时应注意的事项[J].知识库.1995,(5)：45
[42]张瑞亭.农药的混用与混剂[M].化学工业出版社.1984,312-319
[43]朱富春.药肥混用技术[J].河南农业.2002,(1)：21
[44]慕康国,张文吉,李建强等.农药与肥料相互作用的研究与实践[J].世界农业.2000,(4)：39-41
[45]华南农业大学主编.植物化学保护(第二版)[M].北京农业出版社.1990
[46]董翥飞.15%苯噻-苄泡腾片剂的研制与生物测定[D].[硕士学位论文].吉林：吉林农业大学,2006
[47]蓝亿亿,茶正早.药肥的研究进展[J].农业市场信息,2008,(3)：19-21
[48]Susan Nicosia, Chris Collison, Paul Lee. Bensulfuron Methyl Dissipation in California Rice Fields and Residue Levels in Agricultural Drains and the Sacramento River[J]. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.1991, (47):131-137
[49]刘江华,戚苏明,曹燕锋等.宫颈宁阴道泡腾片制备工艺的研究[J].职业圈.2007,15(67)：195-196
[50]罗延红,王艳华等.吡喹酮固体分散体泡腾片的制备[J].中国农学通报.2005,21(6)：5-7
[51]杨南如,徐玲玲.粘土的结构特点和开发利用[J].建筑材料报.2003,6(4)：337-344
[52]王小会.新型农药-肥料功能合剂的研究与开发[D].[硕士学位论文].郑州：郑州大学,2008
[53]王淑华,林永强.泡腾片的常用辅料及制备方法[J].食品与药品.2006,8(3)：70-72
[54]孙海燕,罗兵等.柠檬酸钾对小麦种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响[J].常熟理工学院学报.2005,19(2)：77-80
[55]P. Chairidchai等.柠檬酸盐和pH值对小麦zn吸收的影响[J].国外农业一麦类作物.1994,(3)：21-27
[56]刘国顺,徐向云,时向东等.钾水平对烤烟漂浮育苗烟苗生长发育的影响[J].河南农业科学,2003(1)：14-17
[57]王旭东,于振文,王东等.钾对小麦旗叶蔗糖和子粒淀粉积累的影响[J].植物生态学报.2003,27(2)：196-201
[58]胡海燕.羧甲基纤维素钠速溶方法探讨[J].中国医药工业杂志.1994,24(5)：208-209
[59]莫世清,陈衍夏,施亦东等.羧甲基纤维素钠对蒙脱土分散性能的影响[J].印染助剂,2009,26(3)：27-31
[60]余爱华.Logistic模型的研究[D].[硕士学位论文].南京：南京林业大学,2003
[61]薛正平.水稻群体密度增长模型探讨—一种具有时迟效应的Logistic模型[J].中国农业气 象.1989,10(2)：1-4
[62]喻建刚,樊小林,李宁等.Richards方程在描述包膜控释肥料氮素释放特征中的运用[J].中国农业科学.2006,39(9)：1853-1858
[2]本谷耕一.五氯苯酚(PCP)的利用研究[J].土壤译从,1969(3-4)：16-99
[3]Yeomans J C, Bremner J M. Denitrification in soil:Effects of herbicides [J]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry.1985,17(4):447-452
[4]Dave Seghers, Steven D.Siciliano, et al. Combined effect of fertilizer and herbicide applications on the abundance, community structure and performance of the soil methanotrophic community [J]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry.2005,37 (2):187-193
[5]Monday O Ahonsi, Dana K Berner, et al. Effects of ALS-inhibitor herbicides, crop sequence and fertilization on natural soil suppressiveness to Striga hermonthica[J]. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment.2004,104 (3):453-463
[6]Lisa M McInnis, Brian P Oswald, et al. Growth response of Pinus taeda L to herbicide, prescribed fire, and fertilizer[J]. Forest Ecology and Management,2004,199 (2-3):231-242
[7]Panno S V, Kelly W R. Nitrate and herbicide loading in two groundwater basins of Illinois'sinkhole plain[J]. Journal of Hydrology,2004,290(3-4):229-242
[8]Christian Vargel, Michel Jacques, Dr. Martin P Schmidt. Fertilisers and Herbicides [J]. Corrosion of Aluminium,2004, (2):565-567
[9]Schreffler A M, Sharpe W E. Effects of lime, fertilizer and herbicide on forest soil and soil solution chemistry, hardwood regeneration and hardwood growth following shelterwood harvest[J]. Forest Ecologyand Management,2003,177 (1-3):471-484
[10]Craig L Ramsey, Shibu Jose, et al. Growth response of longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill) seedlings to fertilization and herbaceous weed control in an old field in southern USA[J]. Forest Ecology and Management,2003,172(2-3):281-289
[11]Kenneth E. Hyer, George M. Hornberger, et al. Processes controlling the episodic streamwater transport of atrazine and other agrichemicals in an agricultural watershed [J]. Journal of Hydrology.2001,254 (1-4):47-66
[12]Azevedo A S, Kanwar R S. Atrazine Transport in Irrigated Heavy and Coarse-Textured Soils, Part Ⅰ:Field Studies [J]. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research,2000,76 (2):165-174
[13]Eugenia Gimeno-Garcia, Vicente Andreu. Heavy metals incidence in the application of inorganic fertilizers and pesticides to rice farming soils[J]. Environmental pollution.1996, 92(1):19-25
[14]Elizabeth Dyck, Matt Liebman. Crop-weed interference as influenced by a leguminous or synthetic fertilizer nitrogen source:Doublecropping experiments with crimson clover, sweet corn, and lambsquarters [J]. Agriculture, Ecosystems&Environment,1995,56(2):93- 108
[15]Angus J F, Tasic R C. Between-farm variability in yield responses to inputs of fertilizers and herbicide applied to rainfed lowland rice in the Philippines [J]. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment.1990,30(3-4):219-234
[16]Chessin D A, Hicks J R. The effect of nitrogen fertilizer, herbicides and cultivar on nitrogen components of carrot roots[J]. Scientia Horticulturae.1987,33(1-2):67-73
[17]Jouni Mikola. Effects of fertilizer and herbicide application on the growth and cone production of Scots pine seed orchards in Finland[J]. Forest Ecology and Management, 1987,19(1-4):183-188
[18]Miki Aida, Hiroaki Ikeda, etal. Effects of five rice herbicides on the growth of two threatened aquatic ferns[J]. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2006,63(3):463-468
[19]Guang-Xi Wang, Hiroaki Watanabe, etal. Response of a Sulfonylurea (SU)-Resistant Biotype of Limnophila sessiliflora to Selected SU and Alternative Herbicides [J]. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology.2000,68 (2):59-66
[20]Yong In Kuk, Oh Do Kwon, etal. Cross-resistance pattern and alternative herbicides for Rotala indica resistant to imazosulfuron in Korea[J]. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology,2002,74(3):129-138
[21]Lan Wu, Mingzhu Liu. Preparation and properties of chitosan-coated NPK compound fertilizer with controlled-release and water-retention[J]. Carbohydrate polymers.2008, 72(2,5):240-247
[22]Jasinski S M. Chapter 22 Societal relevance, processing and material flow of western phosphate-refreshments, fertilizer and weed killer[J]. Handbook of Exploration and Environmental Geochemistry.2004, (8):599-610
[23]Salam M A. Nitrogenous activity of the rhizo sphere treated with granular insecticides, urea and Zinc [J]. Indian J of Micro-biology.1988, (4):243-246
[24]廖炎.日本复合肥料的应用现状及发展趋势[J].江苏作物通讯.1998,(6)：16
[25]曹广峰.多功能专用复混肥的开发与应用[J].化肥工业.1998,23(3)：17-20
[26]高贤彪,卢丽萍.新型肥料施用技术[M].山东科学技术出版社.1997,180
[27]张玉聚.小麦田除草剂混用技术[J].农药.1998,37(3)：38-39
[28]郑雪生,郑果华.黄尿素除草效果试验[J].福建稻麦科技.1998,16(4)：34-35,42
[29]刘广余,陈秀东,李淑英.沸石裹尿素、农药长效药肥制备工艺[P].中国专利92110951.2.1992-09-25
[30]郝明德.缓释药肥的制备方法[P].中国专利,00135602.x.2005
[31]蔡清权,吴细明,董素钦等.0.32%苄·丁药肥颗粒剂防除水稻抛秧田杂草田间药效试验[J].安徽农学通报.2007,13(9)：101-102
[32]武兴战.一种纳米级缓、控施药肥及其制作方法[P].中国专利,03134555.2005-03-16
[33]徐博,韦志军,李卫国等.一种药肥以及制备药肥的方法[P].中国专利,200810132625.2008-11-12
[34]奚振邦.化学肥科学[M].科学出版社.1994,405
[35]张民,史衍玺.控释和缓释肥的研究现状与进展[J]。化肥工业.2001,28(5),27- 30
[36]李庆逵,朱兆良,,于天仁.中国农业持续发展中的肥料问题[M].江西科学技术出版社,1998,1-5
[37]刘炳根.药肥混用有讲究[J].中国农村科技.2001,(10)：59
[38]亚军.药肥混施的注意事项[J].垦殖与稻作.1997,(2)：46
[39]杨每宁.果树药肥混用十忌[J].山西果树.1998,(2)：46-47
[40]秀平.药肥混施三不宜[J].河南科技报.2005,6(2)：1
[41]肖冀华.肥料与农药混合时应注意的事项[J].知识库.1995,(5)：45
[42]张瑞亭.农药的混用与混剂[M].化学工业出版社.1984,312-319
[43]朱富春.药肥混用技术[J].河南农业.2002,(1)：21
[44]慕康国,张文吉,李建强等.农药与肥料相互作用的研究与实践[J].世界农业.2000,(4)：39-41
[45]华南农业大学主编.植物化学保护(第二版)[M].北京农业出版社.1990
[46]董翥飞.15%苯噻-苄泡腾片剂的研制与生物测定[D].[硕士学位论文].吉林：吉林农业大学,2006
[47]蓝亿亿,茶正早.药肥的研究进展[J].农业市场信息,2008,(3)：19-21
[48]Susan Nicosia, Chris Collison, Paul Lee. Bensulfuron Methyl Dissipation in California Rice Fields and Residue Levels in Agricultural Drains and the Sacramento River[J]. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.1991, (47):131-137
[49]刘江华,戚苏明,曹燕锋等.宫颈宁阴道泡腾片制备工艺的研究[J].职业圈.2007,15(67)：195-196
[50]罗延红,王艳华等.吡喹酮固体分散体泡腾片的制备[J].中国农学通报.2005,21(6)：5-7
[51]杨南如,徐玲玲.粘土的结构特点和开发利用[J].建筑材料报.2003,6(4)：337-344
[52]王小会.新型农药-肥料功能合剂的研究与开发[D].[硕士学位论文].郑州：郑州大学,2008
[53]王淑华,林永强.泡腾片的常用辅料及制备方法[J].食品与药品.2006,8(3)：70-72
[54]孙海燕,罗兵等.柠檬酸钾对小麦种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响[J].常熟理工学院学报.2005,19(2)：77-80
[55]P. Chairidchai等.柠檬酸盐和pH值对小麦zn吸收的影响[J].国外农业一麦类作物.1994,(3)：21-27
[56]刘国顺,徐向云,时向东等.钾水平对烤烟漂浮育苗烟苗生长发育的影响[J].河南农业科学,2003(1)：14-17
[57]王旭东,于振文,王东等.钾对小麦旗叶蔗糖和子粒淀粉积累的影响[J].植物生态学报.2003,27(2)：196-201
[58]胡海燕.羧甲基纤维素钠速溶方法探讨[J].中国医药工业杂志.1994,24(5)：208-209
[59]莫世清,陈衍夏,施亦东等.羧甲基纤维素钠对蒙脱土分散性能的影响[J].印染助剂,2009,26(3)：27-31
[60]余爱华.Logistic模型的研究[D].[硕士学位论文].南京：南京林业大学,2003
[61]薛正平.水稻群体密度增长模型探讨—一种具有时迟效应的Logistic模型[J].中国农业气 象.1989,10(2)：1-4
[62]喻建刚,樊小林,李宁等.Richards方程在描述包膜控释肥料氮素释放特征中的运用[J].中国农业科学.2006,39(9)：1853-1858