复杂环境下硅橡胶绝缘子老化与闪络现象研究
|
摘要
随着西部开发战略的实施以及超高压输电工程的启动,大跨度、长距离输电线路将运行在各种环境条件下。由于输电线路广泛采用复合绝缘子,对复合绝缘子在各种环境条件下的老化及闪络研究也愈为迫切。
在我国高原地区,紫外线辐射强度大,紫外辐射对复合绝缘子的影响不容忽视。超高压输电线路中电晕放电现象较为严重,复合绝缘子的电晕老化现象尤为突出,不同海拔条件下的电晕老化特征仍待研究。同时,在高山地区雾凇天气容易导致绝缘子表面发生局部放电甚至引发闪络故障。针对这些不利的复杂运行环境,本文采用RTV硅橡胶绝缘子为试样在实验室条件下研究了环境因素对表面憎水性和闪络特性的影响。
针对日照中的紫外线辐射,采用UV-A,UV-B,UV-C三种波段紫外光源进行模拟,对绝缘子试样进行5000小时的紫外辐射,总辐射量可达36~54 kJ/cm~2,相当于高原地区5年左右的紫外辐射量,然后采用静态接触角法测量试样表面憎水性的变化。结果表明:UV-A,UV-B紫外辐射后的试样表面接触角基本保持不变,UV-C辐射下表面接触角降低约20°。
在电晕老化实验中,通过减压容器模拟不同海拔下的大气条件,采用多针-板电晕放电模型对硅橡胶绝缘子试样进行600 min的电晕老化试验。研究发现:随着环境气压的下降,表面憎水性丧失愈为严重,试样在60 kPa环境下老化后憎水性丧失最多,表面接触角降低60°以上,之后,随着气压继续降低,憎水性丧失减缓;在开始电晕老化的60 min内,接触角下降速度最快。
针对雾凇环境,在实验室条件下模拟雾凇环境,将试样垂直悬挂于人工雾室中,待雾凇在绝缘子表面凝结后施加电压直至发生闪络。根据对闪络现象的观察与分析将闪络过程分为六个阶段,通过对闪络过程中泄漏电流均值、方差以及频谱图进行综合分析发现:随着闪络过程的发展,泄漏电流幅值呈不断上升的趋势,电流脉冲冲击起伏不断增大;电流信号在前三个阶段时低次谐波较多,在临闪阶段电流信号及谐波能量均大幅增加,但低次谐波含量减少,高次谐波含量增加。
With implementation of western developm ent, completion of Qingzang railway as well as developm ent of ultra-H V tr ansmission project, long distance power transmission lines will be in service under dif ferent environm ents. As polym er insulators are widely accepted in these lines, it is ur gent to investigate the aging and flashover problems under different conditions.
UV-light source with dif ferent wave ba nds UV-A, UV-B, UV-C were adopted to simulate the ultraviolet radiation in sun light, after radiation of 5,000 hours, contact angle of silicone rubber specim ens was m easured to get changing tendency of the hydrophobicity. Results showed that afte r being irradiated by UV -C, surface hydrophobicity of the samples declined appr eciably, while samples under UV-A and UV-B did not change apparently . Meanwhile, the rig idity and co lor varia tion of samples were observed.
In corona aging experiments, a decompression chamber was employed to simulate different ambient pressures ass ociated with various high-al titude regions. Multi-needles to pla te ele ctrode model were used to produce corona dischar ge. Results sho wed that surface hydrophobicity got worse with the d ecrease of environmental pressure to 60 kPa, whereafter the deterioration situation got better.
In rime flashover experim ent, an artificial chamber was applied to simulate the rime conditions with the specim ens vertically hung in the cham ber. Once the rime was condensed on the insulator su rface, the source voltage was applied until th e flashover occurred. Accord ing to visual observation, the flashover process was separated into six stages. Mean value, variance and frequency spectrum of leakage current were analyzed. It is found that amplitude of the current increased and signal pulse got sharper in the process. There were more low frequency components in first three stages while less in the following sections.
在我国高原地区,紫外线辐射强度大,紫外辐射对复合绝缘子的影响不容忽视。超高压输电线路中电晕放电现象较为严重,复合绝缘子的电晕老化现象尤为突出,不同海拔条件下的电晕老化特征仍待研究。同时,在高山地区雾凇天气容易导致绝缘子表面发生局部放电甚至引发闪络故障。针对这些不利的复杂运行环境,本文采用RTV硅橡胶绝缘子为试样在实验室条件下研究了环境因素对表面憎水性和闪络特性的影响。
针对日照中的紫外线辐射,采用UV-A,UV-B,UV-C三种波段紫外光源进行模拟,对绝缘子试样进行5000小时的紫外辐射,总辐射量可达36~54 kJ/cm~2,相当于高原地区5年左右的紫外辐射量,然后采用静态接触角法测量试样表面憎水性的变化。结果表明:UV-A,UV-B紫外辐射后的试样表面接触角基本保持不变,UV-C辐射下表面接触角降低约20°。
在电晕老化实验中,通过减压容器模拟不同海拔下的大气条件,采用多针-板电晕放电模型对硅橡胶绝缘子试样进行600 min的电晕老化试验。研究发现:随着环境气压的下降,表面憎水性丧失愈为严重,试样在60 kPa环境下老化后憎水性丧失最多,表面接触角降低60°以上,之后,随着气压继续降低,憎水性丧失减缓;在开始电晕老化的60 min内,接触角下降速度最快。
针对雾凇环境,在实验室条件下模拟雾凇环境,将试样垂直悬挂于人工雾室中,待雾凇在绝缘子表面凝结后施加电压直至发生闪络。根据对闪络现象的观察与分析将闪络过程分为六个阶段,通过对闪络过程中泄漏电流均值、方差以及频谱图进行综合分析发现:随着闪络过程的发展,泄漏电流幅值呈不断上升的趋势,电流脉冲冲击起伏不断增大;电流信号在前三个阶段时低次谐波较多,在临闪阶段电流信号及谐波能量均大幅增加,但低次谐波含量减少,高次谐波含量增加。
With implementation of western developm ent, completion of Qingzang railway as well as developm ent of ultra-H V tr ansmission project, long distance power transmission lines will be in service under dif ferent environm ents. As polym er insulators are widely accepted in these lines, it is ur gent to investigate the aging and flashover problems under different conditions.
UV-light source with dif ferent wave ba nds UV-A, UV-B, UV-C were adopted to simulate the ultraviolet radiation in sun light, after radiation of 5,000 hours, contact angle of silicone rubber specim ens was m easured to get changing tendency of the hydrophobicity. Results showed that afte r being irradiated by UV -C, surface hydrophobicity of the samples declined appr eciably, while samples under UV-A and UV-B did not change apparently . Meanwhile, the rig idity and co lor varia tion of samples were observed.
In corona aging experiments, a decompression chamber was employed to simulate different ambient pressures ass ociated with various high-al titude regions. Multi-needles to pla te ele ctrode model were used to produce corona dischar ge. Results sho wed that surface hydrophobicity got worse with the d ecrease of environmental pressure to 60 kPa, whereafter the deterioration situation got better.
In rime flashover experim ent, an artificial chamber was applied to simulate the rime conditions with the specim ens vertically hung in the cham ber. Once the rime was condensed on the insulator su rface, the source voltage was applied until th e flashover occurred. Accord ing to visual observation, the flashover process was separated into six stages. Mean value, variance and frequency spectrum of leakage current were analyzed. It is found that amplitude of the current increased and signal pulse got sharper in the process. There were more low frequency components in first three stages while less in the following sections.
引文
[1] CIGRE WG 22.03. Worldwide service experience with HV composite insulators. Electra, 2000,No.191:27-43
[2] Andrew Phillips. EPRI Survey of Application of Overhead T ransmission Line Polymer Insulators in North Am erica & Summary of EPRI Polym er Insulator Failure Database. Proceedings of 2003 World Conference on Insulators, Arresters & Bushings, 2003: 147-157
[3] Zhao T. and Bernstorf R.A. Aging te sts of polym eric housing m aterials for non-ceramic insulators. IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, 1998, V ol.14, No2:26-33
[4] R.S.Gorur, R.S.Thallam. Ef fect of ultraviolet radiation and high tem perature on polymer insulating m aterials. 7 th International Sym posium on High V oltage Engineering, Dresden, 1991, Paper 24.01
[5]王绍武.合成绝缘子外绝缘状况的监测与评估. [工学硕士学位论文].北京.清华大学电机系,1998.
[6]道科学研究院机车车辆研究所.隧道用硅橡胶合成绝缘子研究报告. 1984.7.
[7]铁道科学院供电研究室,清华大学高电压教研室。合成绝缘子机电性能的研究。高电压技术,1983,30(4):26-32
[8]黄齐嵩.合成绝缘子的材料和试验.高电压技术,1983,27(1):19-22
[9]黄齐嵩等.合成绝缘子材料及金属端头的特性和研究。高电压技术,1984,31(1):38-42
[10]宿志一.大气环境对输变电设备抗污闪能力的影响.北京.电力部电力科学研究院研究报告G9534,1995.
[11]湖北合成绝缘子研究组.高压合成绝缘子鉴定资料. 1985.10.
[12]梁曦东. 1 10kV棒形悬式合成绝缘子的研制. [工学硕士学位论文].北京.清华大学电机系, 1987.11.
[13]李京. 220kV线路棒形合成绝缘子的研制. [工学硕士学位论文].北京.清华大学电机系, 1989.6.
[14]梁曦东. 500kV合成绝缘子的研究. [工学博士学位论文].北京.清华大学电机系, 1990.11
[15]宿志一.运行中合成绝缘子存在的问题与原因分析.中国电力, 1995, 28(7):2-6, 32
[16]崔江流,宿志一,易辉.我国硅橡胶合成绝缘子的应用与展望.中国电力,1999,32(1):38-41
[17] Liang X.D., Wang S.W., et al. The development of composite insulators in China. IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, 1999, V ol.6, No.5: 586-594
[18] CIGRE WG 22.03. World wide service experience with HV composite insulators. Electra, 2000, No.191: 27-43
[19] 96年底97年初各电网污闪事故报告.防污专家组会议资料.东莞. 1997.
[20]刘兆林. 1996年来华东电网污闪事故分析及对策.电网技术,1997,21(8):63-66
[21]杨引虎.大面积污闪事故原因分析与防范对策.中国电力, 1998 , No. 4:74-75
[22]王朝旭.今冬明春福建防污闪形式分析及对策.福建电力与电工,1998,No.12:1-4
[23]张开贤,岳桥.京津唐电网合成绝缘子运行分析.华北电力技术,1999,No.2:1-3
[24] CIGRE WG 22.03. Guide for the identificatio n of brittle fracture of composite insulator FRP rod. Electra, 1992, No.143: 60-66
[25]程传煊.表面物理化学.北京:科学技术文献出版社,1995.
[26] Karady G.G, Schneider H.M. and Rizk F.A.M. Review of CIGRE a nd IEEE research into pollution performance of non-ceramic insulators: field aging effects and laboratory test technique s. In: Proceedings of the 35 th Inte rnational Conference on Large High Voltage Electric Systems, Part2, 1994. Paper 33-103
[27] Karady G .G. Outdoor insulation. In: proceedings of the 6 th International Symposium on High Voltage Engineering, 1989. Paper 30.01.
[28] Hackam R. Outdoor HV composite polymeric insulator. IEEE T ransactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, 1999, Vol.6, No.5: 557-585
[29] Reynders J.P., Jandrell I.R., et al. Review of aging and recovery of silicone rubber insulation for outdoor use0 IEEE T ransactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, 1999, Vol.6, No.5: 620-631
[30] Goror R.S., Karady G .G., et al. Aging in silicone rubber used for outdoor insulation. IEEE Transaction on Power Delivery, 1992, Vol.7, No.2: 525-538.
[31] Kim S.H., Cherney E.A., et al. Hydrophobic behavior of insulators coated with RTV silicone rubber . IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation, 1992, Vol.27, No.3: 610-622
[32]张俊锋,单组分RTV涂料在防污闪中的应用,福建电力与电工,2004,24(1):8～l0
[33]陈洪波,钟聪,何松,浅析RTV防污闪涂料在电力系统的应用,四川电力技术,2003,26(1):39～40
[34]耿瑞香,RTV涂料的憎水迁移特性与老化特性分析,绝缘材料通讯,1999,3(6):16～19
[35] T.G.Gustavsson, S.M.Gubanski, H.Hillborg et a1, Aging of Silicone Rubber under AC or DC Voltages in a Coastal Environm ent, IEEE Trans. Dielectr.Electr.Insul,2001,Vol.8,No.6,pp: 1029～1039
[36] S.M.Gubanski and A.E.Vlastos, W ettability of Naturally Aged Silico ne and EPDM Composite Insulators,IEE E Trans.Power Del, 1990, Vol.5, No.3, pp:1527～1533
[37] B.Marungsri, H.Komiya, H.Shinokubo et a1, Effect of Salt Fog Conditions on Deterioration of Housing Materials for Polymer Insulators in Salt Fog Aging Test, IEE Japan Trans. Power and Energy, 2005,Vol.125, No.3, pp: 309～314
[38]李光亮,有机硅高分子化学,北京:能源电力公司,1995
[39] Wu S. Polymer interface and adhesion. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, 1982.
[40]电力行业标准DL××××-××××. 500kV直流棒形悬式复合绝缘子技术条件(送审稿).电力行业绝缘子标准化委员会,2000.
[41] H.Homma, T.Kuroyagi, K.Izum i et a1, Diffusion of Low Molecular W eight Siloxane from Bulk to S urface, IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul, 1999, Vol.6,No.3, pp: 370～375
[42] J.Kim, M.K.Chaudhury and M.J.O wen, Hydrophobicity L oss and Recovery of Silicone HV Insulation, IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul, 1999, Vol.6, No.5, pp: 695～702
[43] H.Hillborg and U.W.Gedde, Hydrophobicity Changes in Silicone Rubbers, IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul, 1999, Vol.6, No.9, pp: 708～710
[44] STRI Guide 92/1. Hydrophobicity classi fication guide. S wedish T ransmission Research Institute, 1992.
[45] S.Kumagai and N.Yoshim ura, Hydr ophobic Transfer of RTV Silicone Rubber Aged in Single and Multiple Environmental Stresses and the Behavior of LM W Silicone Fluid, IEEE Trans. Power Del, 2003,Vol.18,No.2, pp:506～516
[46] G.Karady, H.M.Schneider, Review of Cigr e and IEEE Re search into Pollution Performance of Non-ceram ic Insulators : Field Ageing Effects and Laboratory Test Techniques, Cigre Technical Session 1994, Paris, pp: 93～103
[47] S.M.Reynders, J.P.Reynders, I.R.Jandrell, Recovery of Corona-Aged Silicone Rubber Insulation, South African Univer sities Power Engineering C onference 1998 Stellen bosch 20-21,January 1998,pp: 149～150
[48]孙才新。大气环境与电气外绝缘(第一版),北京:中国电力出版社,2002年9月
[49]张志劲,蒋兴良,孙才新。污秽绝缘子闪络特性研究现状[J].电网技术,2006,30(2):35-40
[50]张建辉,绝缘子污秽闪络机理及影响因素的研究,重庆大学博士学位论文,1991
[2] Andrew Phillips. EPRI Survey of Application of Overhead T ransmission Line Polymer Insulators in North Am erica & Summary of EPRI Polym er Insulator Failure Database. Proceedings of 2003 World Conference on Insulators, Arresters & Bushings, 2003: 147-157
[3] Zhao T. and Bernstorf R.A. Aging te sts of polym eric housing m aterials for non-ceramic insulators. IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, 1998, V ol.14, No2:26-33
[4] R.S.Gorur, R.S.Thallam. Ef fect of ultraviolet radiation and high tem perature on polymer insulating m aterials. 7 th International Sym posium on High V oltage Engineering, Dresden, 1991, Paper 24.01
[5]王绍武.合成绝缘子外绝缘状况的监测与评估. [工学硕士学位论文].北京.清华大学电机系,1998.
[6]道科学研究院机车车辆研究所.隧道用硅橡胶合成绝缘子研究报告. 1984.7.
[7]铁道科学院供电研究室,清华大学高电压教研室。合成绝缘子机电性能的研究。高电压技术,1983,30(4):26-32
[8]黄齐嵩.合成绝缘子的材料和试验.高电压技术,1983,27(1):19-22
[9]黄齐嵩等.合成绝缘子材料及金属端头的特性和研究。高电压技术,1984,31(1):38-42
[10]宿志一.大气环境对输变电设备抗污闪能力的影响.北京.电力部电力科学研究院研究报告G9534,1995.
[11]湖北合成绝缘子研究组.高压合成绝缘子鉴定资料. 1985.10.
[12]梁曦东. 1 10kV棒形悬式合成绝缘子的研制. [工学硕士学位论文].北京.清华大学电机系, 1987.11.
[13]李京. 220kV线路棒形合成绝缘子的研制. [工学硕士学位论文].北京.清华大学电机系, 1989.6.
[14]梁曦东. 500kV合成绝缘子的研究. [工学博士学位论文].北京.清华大学电机系, 1990.11
[15]宿志一.运行中合成绝缘子存在的问题与原因分析.中国电力, 1995, 28(7):2-6, 32
[16]崔江流,宿志一,易辉.我国硅橡胶合成绝缘子的应用与展望.中国电力,1999,32(1):38-41
[17] Liang X.D., Wang S.W., et al. The development of composite insulators in China. IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, 1999, V ol.6, No.5: 586-594
[18] CIGRE WG 22.03. World wide service experience with HV composite insulators. Electra, 2000, No.191: 27-43
[19] 96年底97年初各电网污闪事故报告.防污专家组会议资料.东莞. 1997.
[20]刘兆林. 1996年来华东电网污闪事故分析及对策.电网技术,1997,21(8):63-66
[21]杨引虎.大面积污闪事故原因分析与防范对策.中国电力, 1998 , No. 4:74-75
[22]王朝旭.今冬明春福建防污闪形式分析及对策.福建电力与电工,1998,No.12:1-4
[23]张开贤,岳桥.京津唐电网合成绝缘子运行分析.华北电力技术,1999,No.2:1-3
[24] CIGRE WG 22.03. Guide for the identificatio n of brittle fracture of composite insulator FRP rod. Electra, 1992, No.143: 60-66
[25]程传煊.表面物理化学.北京:科学技术文献出版社,1995.
[26] Karady G.G, Schneider H.M. and Rizk F.A.M. Review of CIGRE a nd IEEE research into pollution performance of non-ceramic insulators: field aging effects and laboratory test technique s. In: Proceedings of the 35 th Inte rnational Conference on Large High Voltage Electric Systems, Part2, 1994. Paper 33-103
[27] Karady G .G. Outdoor insulation. In: proceedings of the 6 th International Symposium on High Voltage Engineering, 1989. Paper 30.01.
[28] Hackam R. Outdoor HV composite polymeric insulator. IEEE T ransactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, 1999, Vol.6, No.5: 557-585
[29] Reynders J.P., Jandrell I.R., et al. Review of aging and recovery of silicone rubber insulation for outdoor use0 IEEE T ransactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, 1999, Vol.6, No.5: 620-631
[30] Goror R.S., Karady G .G., et al. Aging in silicone rubber used for outdoor insulation. IEEE Transaction on Power Delivery, 1992, Vol.7, No.2: 525-538.
[31] Kim S.H., Cherney E.A., et al. Hydrophobic behavior of insulators coated with RTV silicone rubber . IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation, 1992, Vol.27, No.3: 610-622
[32]张俊锋,单组分RTV涂料在防污闪中的应用,福建电力与电工,2004,24(1):8～l0
[33]陈洪波,钟聪,何松,浅析RTV防污闪涂料在电力系统的应用,四川电力技术,2003,26(1):39～40
[34]耿瑞香,RTV涂料的憎水迁移特性与老化特性分析,绝缘材料通讯,1999,3(6):16～19
[35] T.G.Gustavsson, S.M.Gubanski, H.Hillborg et a1, Aging of Silicone Rubber under AC or DC Voltages in a Coastal Environm ent, IEEE Trans. Dielectr.Electr.Insul,2001,Vol.8,No.6,pp: 1029～1039
[36] S.M.Gubanski and A.E.Vlastos, W ettability of Naturally Aged Silico ne and EPDM Composite Insulators,IEE E Trans.Power Del, 1990, Vol.5, No.3, pp:1527～1533
[37] B.Marungsri, H.Komiya, H.Shinokubo et a1, Effect of Salt Fog Conditions on Deterioration of Housing Materials for Polymer Insulators in Salt Fog Aging Test, IEE Japan Trans. Power and Energy, 2005,Vol.125, No.3, pp: 309～314
[38]李光亮,有机硅高分子化学,北京:能源电力公司,1995
[39] Wu S. Polymer interface and adhesion. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, 1982.
[40]电力行业标准DL××××-××××. 500kV直流棒形悬式复合绝缘子技术条件(送审稿).电力行业绝缘子标准化委员会,2000.
[41] H.Homma, T.Kuroyagi, K.Izum i et a1, Diffusion of Low Molecular W eight Siloxane from Bulk to S urface, IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul, 1999, Vol.6,No.3, pp: 370～375
[42] J.Kim, M.K.Chaudhury and M.J.O wen, Hydrophobicity L oss and Recovery of Silicone HV Insulation, IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul, 1999, Vol.6, No.5, pp: 695～702
[43] H.Hillborg and U.W.Gedde, Hydrophobicity Changes in Silicone Rubbers, IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul, 1999, Vol.6, No.9, pp: 708～710
[44] STRI Guide 92/1. Hydrophobicity classi fication guide. S wedish T ransmission Research Institute, 1992.
[45] S.Kumagai and N.Yoshim ura, Hydr ophobic Transfer of RTV Silicone Rubber Aged in Single and Multiple Environmental Stresses and the Behavior of LM W Silicone Fluid, IEEE Trans. Power Del, 2003,Vol.18,No.2, pp:506～516
[46] G.Karady, H.M.Schneider, Review of Cigr e and IEEE Re search into Pollution Performance of Non-ceram ic Insulators : Field Ageing Effects and Laboratory Test Techniques, Cigre Technical Session 1994, Paris, pp: 93～103
[47] S.M.Reynders, J.P.Reynders, I.R.Jandrell, Recovery of Corona-Aged Silicone Rubber Insulation, South African Univer sities Power Engineering C onference 1998 Stellen bosch 20-21,January 1998,pp: 149～150
[48]孙才新。大气环境与电气外绝缘(第一版),北京:中国电力出版社,2002年9月
[49]张志劲,蒋兴良,孙才新。污秽绝缘子闪络特性研究现状[J].电网技术,2006,30(2):35-40
[50]张建辉,绝缘子污秽闪络机理及影响因素的研究,重庆大学博士学位论文,1991