摘要
有机非线性光学材料特别是偶氮类非线性光学材料,由于其二阶非线性光学特性优良,成为光电子学、光通信等领域研究的热点。本文利用旋涂法制备了偶氮掺杂聚合物薄膜,通过测量紫外-可见吸收谱、厚度及折射率表征其物理特征,用电晕极化的方法对聚合物薄膜极化,测量了其宏观非线性光学特性。主要内容如下:
1.选取了取代基不同三种偶氮材料作为客体,采用溶胶-凝胶技术制备了主客体掺杂的旋涂膜,并采用电晕极化使薄膜极化,研究客体材料取代基对偶氮掺杂薄膜的二次谐波产生(SHG)的影响,研究结果表明,含有不同取代基的偶氮材料,取代基给(受)电子能力越强,二次谐波产生强度的极化饱和值越大。用马克条纹法测量各体系的有效倍频系数,发现其倍频系数的大小关系是NDMA/PMMA薄膜最大,其值为4.420 pm/V,IDMA/PMMA薄膜次之,其值为0.794 pm/V,DEA/PMMA薄膜最小,其中为0.748 pm/V。分析认为由于偶氮苯不同取代基给(受)电子能力不同,导致微观一阶超极化率β不同,从而使得偶氮分子被极化的难易程度不同,最终决定了有效倍频系数不同。
2.研究了IDMA/PMMA薄膜在主客体材料掺杂比不同及温度不同的情况下对于二次谐波产生的变化的影响。实验发现随着客体浓度的增大,SHG表现出先是增大然后变小的变化规律,分析认为在掺杂浓度较低时,二次谐波产生的增大是由于偶氮分子含量的增加所致,当浓度较高时,分子间相互作用不可忽略,致使偶氮材料的结构发生扭转,一阶超极化率β变小,使得SHG降低;随着温度的升高SHG先增大后减小,存在一个最佳值,其值为90℃,分析认为,这个温度接近薄膜的玻璃转变温度,薄膜处于粘滞态,其中的偶氮分子很容易在高电场下取向。
3.研究了极化温度和薄膜厚度对IDMA/PMM薄膜的SHG弛豫特性,并对其弛豫曲线用Origin软件进行了拟合。实验发现,平均驰豫时间随温度的增大而变短;随着薄膜厚度的增加,平均弛豫时间增加。
4.研究了薄膜厚度和极化温度对薄膜中偶氮分子偏转角度的影响。实验发现,随温度的增大,分子偏转的程度增大;而随着厚度的增大,分子偏转程度是不断的减小的。
Because of its excellent second-order nonlinear properties, Optical nonlinear organic materials especially azo class nonlinear optical materials have been extensity studied In optoelectronics, optical communication researches. In this paper, The PMMA doped azo compound films were prepared by using spin coating method. Their thickness, index of refractive and UV-Vis spectra were measured. The films were poled by corona poling method. The main works were as follows:
1. The PMMA doped three different azo compound films were prepared by using spin coating method. Second harmonic generation (SHG) density were detected by real-time corona poling method. For azobenzene molecule with different substituent, the stronger the ability of push (pull) electron is, the bigger the value of SHG is. For the three systems the effective frequency-doubling coefficient is different. The result was disused: because of the ability of push (pull) electron is different; the first-order hyperpolarizability is different which determine the molecule will be poled easily or not.
2. Nonlinear optical properties of IDMA/PMMA films were studied in different density, experimental result shows that the SHG raise at first then decline as the density of Azo-Dye molecules rise. Analyzed we know that at lower density the SHG raise because Azo-Dye molecules manifold, when the density is larger enough, intermolecular repulsion and intermolecular attraction which made the second order Polariabilityβsmaller can’t be ignored, and SHG decline.
3. Decay property of poled IDMA/PMMA film was detected at different temperatures, and Decay curve were fitted by Origin software. Results show that the average relaxation time becomes shorter with temperature increase; Decay property of poled IDMA/PMMA film was also detected at different thickness, Results show that the average relaxation time becomes longer with thickness increase.
4. The effection of Molecular deflection angle at different thickness films and different temperature were studied. Result shows that the average alignment factor becomes bigger with temperature increase and For the films with different thickness, with the thickness increase the average alignment factor decrease.
引文
[1] P. A. Franken, A. E. Hill, C. W. Peters etc. Generation of Optical Harmonics [J]. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1961, 7:118~119.
[2]钱士雄,王恭明.非线性光学—原理与进展[M].上海:复旦大学出版社, 2002,1~4.
[3]过巳吉.非线性光学[M].西安:西北电讯工程学院出版社,1986,1-5.
[4] Bloembergen, Nicolaas. Nonlinear Optics [M]. Benjamin: World Scientific Pub Co Inc,1~10.
[5] S. T.Yang, R.C. Eckardt, and R. L. Byer. Continuous-wave singly resonant optical parametric oscillator pumped by a single-frequency resonantly doubled Nd:YAG laser[J]. Optics Letters, 1993, 18(12):971~973.
[6] S. T. Yang, R. C.Eckardt, and R. L.Byer. Power and spectral characteristics of continuous-wave parametric oscillators: the doubly to singly resonant transition [J]. JOSA B, 1993, 10(9): 1684~1695.
[7] X. Liu, L. J. Qian, and F.W. Wise. Generation of Optical Spatiotemporal Solitons[J]. Phys.Rev.Lett, 1999, 82:4631~4634.
[8] E.S. Polzik, J. Carri,and H.J. Kimble. Atomic Spectroscopy with Squeezed Light for Sensitivity Beyond the Vacuum-State Limit [J]. Appl.Phys.B, 1992, 55:279~290.
[9] James Dunn, Joseph Nilsen, etc. Demonstration of transient gain x-ray lasers near 20nm for nickellike yttrium, zirconium, niobium, and molybdenum [J]. Optics Letters, 1999,24( 2):101~103.
[10] H. Daido, S. Sebban, N.Sakaya, etc. Experimental characterization of short-wavelength Ni-like soft-x-ray lasing toward the water window [J]. 1999, JOSA B, 16(12): 2295~2299.
[11] R. Janssen-van Rosmalen and P. Bennema. The role of hydrodynamics and supersaturation in the formation of liquid inclusions in KDP [J]. Journal of Crystal Growth, 1977, 42:224~227.
[12] Richard A. Phillips. Temperature Variation of the Index of Refraction of ADP, KDP, and Deuterated KDP [J]. JOSA, 1966, 56(5):629~632.
[13] L. A. Laimins, D. B. Rhoads, and W. Epstein. Osmotic control of kdp operon expression in Escherichia coli [J]. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1981, 78(1):464~468.
[14] Ronald W. Estabrook. Mitochondrial respiratory control and the polarographic measurement of ADP: O ratios [J]. Methods in Enzymology, 1967, 10:41~47.
[15] Keith W. Caldecott, Said Aoufouchi, Penny Johnson etc. XRCC1 polypeptide interacts with DNA polymeraseβand possibly poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase, and DNA ligase III is a novel molecular‘nick-sensor’in vitro[J]. Nucleic Acids Research, 1996, 24(22):4387~4394.
[16] R. DeSalvo, D. J. Hagan, M. Sheik-Bahae, etc. Self-focusing and self-defocusing by cascaded second-order effects in KTP [J].Optics Letters, 1992, 17 (1):28~30.
[17] K. Kitamura, J.K. Yamamoto, N. Iyi, S. Kirnura etc. Stoichiometric LiNbO3 single crystal growth by double crucible Czochralski method using automatic powder supply system [J]. Journal of Crystal Growth, 1992, 116(3-4):327~332.
[18] A. Rosenzweig and B. Morosin. A reinvestigation of the crystal structure of LiIO3 [J] Acta Crystallographica, 1966, 20:758~761.
[19] R. Comes, M. Lambert and A. Guinier. The chain structure of BaTiO3 and KNbO3 [J]. Solid State Communications, 1968, 6(10):715~719.
[20] A.Dubietis,G.Jonus auskas and A.Piskarskas. Powerful femtosecond pulse generation by chirped and stretched pulse parametric amplification in BBO crystal [J]. Optics Communications, 1992, 88(4-6):437~440.
[21] David J. Denis. Organizational form and the consequences of highly leveraged transactions: Kroger's recapitalization and Safeway's LBO [J]. Journal of Financial Economics, 1994, 36(2):193~224.
[22] Baichang Wu, Dingyuen Tang, Ning Ye etc. Linear and nonlinear optical properties of the KBe2BO3F2 (KBBF) crystal [J]. Optical Materials, 1996, 5(1-2):105~109.
[23] By W. M. Mackenzie, A. H. Clyne, and L. S. MacDonald. Ethyl Carbamate formation in grain based spirits part II The identification and determination of cyanide related species involved in ethyl carbamate formation in scotch grain whsky[J]. J. Inst. Brew. 1990, 96: 223~232.
[24] Liberato Manna, Erik C. Scher, and A. Paul Alivisatos. Synthesis of Soluble and Processable Rod-, Arrow-, Teardrop-, and Tetrapod-Shaped CdSe Nanocrystals[J]. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122: 12700 ~12706.
[25] Gerald R. Meredith, John G.Van Dusen. And David J. Williams. Optical and Nonlinear OpticalCharacterization of Molecularly Doped Thermotropic Liquid crystalline Polymers [J]. Macromolecules, 1982, 15:1385~1389.
[26] Dong Choo Lee, Lee Wook Jang. Preparation and characterization of PMMA–Clay hybrid composite by emulsion polymerization [J]. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 1996, 61 (7):1117~1122.
[27] Naohiro Sonobe,Takashi Kyotani and Akira Tomita. Carbonization of polyfurfuryl alcohol and polyvinyl acetate between the lamellae of montmorillonite[J]. Carbon, 1990, 28(4):483~488.
[28] Moon-Sung Kang, Young-Jin Choi and Seung-Hyeon Moon. Water-swollen cation-exchange membranes prepared using poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/poly(styrene sulfonic acid-co-maleic acid) (PSSA-MA)[J]. Journal of Membrane Science, 2002, 207(2):157~170.
[29] Aruna V. Krishnan, Peter Stathis, Suzanne F. Permuth,Laszlo Tokes and David Feldman. Bisphenol-A: An Estrogenic Substance Is Released from Polycarbonate Flasks during Autoclaving [J]. Endo, 1993, 132(6):2279~2286.
[30] C. Genies, R. Mercier, B. Sillion, R. Petiaud, N. Cornet, G. Gebel and M. Pineri. Stability study of sulfonated phthalic and naphthalenic polyimide structures in aqueous medium [J]. Polymer, 2001, 42 (12): 5097~5105.
[31] Marilyn S. Pollack, Lenore S. Levine, Geoffrey J. Oneill, Songja Pang,Franziska Lorenzen, Brenda Konhn,Gian Filippo Rondanini, Giuseppe Chiumello,Maria I. New and Bo Dupont. Hla link and B14, DR1, Bfs Haplotypy Assocaicion with the Genes for Late Onset and Cryptic 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency[J].Am J Hum Genet,1981,33:540~550.
[32]范希智.分散橙25掺杂的聚合物PMMA薄膜全光极化的研究[J].光子学报,2005, 34(8):1190~1194.
[33]李慧,王文军,高学喜等.分散橙3掺杂聚合物薄膜的全光极化特性及其驰豫过程研究[J].原子与分子物理学报,2010,27(1:):123~127.
[34] Wei Shi,Changshui Fang, Zhiling Xu, Qiwei Pan, Qintian GU, Dong Xu,Hongzheng Wei, Jinzhong Yu. Poling and characterization of nonlinear polymer DCNP/PEK-c Tin films[J]. Solid State Communications, 2000, 113(9):483~487.
[35] Wei Shi, Changshui Fang , Yu Sui, Jie Yin , Qiwei Pan , Qingtian Gu ,Dong Xu , Hongzhen Wei, Hui Hu , Jinzhong Yu. Thermal stability and transmission losses of the poled polyimide side-chainthin films [J]. Optics Communications, 2000, 183: 299~306.
[36] Hyein Jeonga, Dechun Zoub, Tetsuo Tsutsui, Chang-Sik Ha. Short-term degradation behaviors of light emitting diodes made of polyurethane derivative with large permanent dipoles on the side chain [J]. Thin Solid Films, 2000, 363:279~281.
[37] Dong Wook Kim, SungⅡHong, Soo Yong Park and Nakjoong Kim. Synthesis of Side-Chain Nonlinear Optical Polymers with Carbazolylnitrostilbene Chromophore[J].Bull. Korean Chem.Soc.1997, 18(2):198~203.
[38] Dong Seon Won, Won Taek Jung, Ju Yeon Lee. Synthesis of novel T-type nonlinear optical polyester with enhanced thermal stability of second harmonic generation for electro-optic applications [J]. Polym.Bull, 2009, 62:433~443.
[39] Jin Hyang Kim, Han Na Jang, Ju Yeon Lee. Preparation of novel polyimides with high thermal stability of dipole alignment for electro-optic applications. Polymer Bulletin, 2008, 60:181–189.
[40] S.K.Asha, Paresh Chandra Ray,S.Ramakrishnan. Odd-even oscillations of SHG efficiencies in twin NLO chromophores[J]. Polymer Bulletin 1997, 39,481~487.
[41]王坚,梁兆熙.二阶非线性光学聚合物材料[J].功能高分子学报, 1999, 12(4): 479~485.
[42] Dina Svaldi Muggli, Amy K. Burkoth, Kristi S. Anseth. Crosslinked polyanhydrides for use in orthopedic applications: Degradation behavior and mechanics [J]. J Biomed Mater Res, 1999, 46(2): 271~278.
[43]徐建东,鲍信先,李淳飞.非线性光学聚合物的极化技术[J].高技术通讯,1997,10:59-61.
[44]王良涛,恽斌峰,胡国华等. DR19/PMMA掺杂型聚合物的电晕极化研究[J].光电子技术,2007,27(4):231~234.
[45] A. Samoc M. Samoc B. Luther-DaviesIn etc. Situ Second Harmonic Generation in Disperse Red 1-Doped Polymer and Sol-Gel Films [J]. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., 2006, Vol. 446:123~140.
[46]徐建东,王瑞波,张雷,李淳飞.非线性光学聚合物的电晕极化与弛豫特性研究[J].光子学报,1995,24(1):30~34.
[47] Wei Shi, Changshui Fang et. al. Measurement of the optical transmission modes and losses of the poled guest-host polymet NAEC/PEK-c planar waveguides [J]. Optics and Lasers in Engineering, 2000, 33:21~28.
[48]李梅,高伟男,孙杰等.掺杂型有机/无机杂化材料的接触极化技术研究[J].光电子·激光,2009, 20(1):56~58.
[49]郭斌.偶氮聚合物的全光极化及其二阶非线性光学特性[D],安徽,中国科学技术大学,2005.
[50]吴永红,胡国华,崔一平.基于三波导耦合的聚合物光电可调光衰减器[J].光学学报,2006,26(9):1397~1399.
[51] H. E. Katz, M. L. Schilling, G. E. Washington. Solution-phase dielectric characterization of the 4-amino-4’-dicyanovinylazobenzene nonlinear-optical chromophore [J]. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, 1989.7(3)309~312.
[52] Naoto Tsutsumi, Mikio Morishima, and Wataru Sakai. Nonlinear Optical (NLO) Polymers. 3. NLO Polyimide with Dipole Moments Aligned Transverse to the Imide Linkage [J]. Macromolecules 1998, 31: 7764~7769.
[53] Wei Shi,Changshui Fang et.al. Poling optimization and optical loss measurement of the polyetherketone polymer films [J]. Solid State Communications .2000,116 : 67~71
[54] Ki-Hong Kim, Min-Suk Kwon, Sang-Yung Shin etc. Vertical digital thermo optic switch in polymer [J].Photonics Technology Letters, IEEE, 2004, 16(3): 783~785.
[55] C. J. Leo, P. V. Ramana, K. Sudharsanam. Design of polymer arrayed waveguide gratings for access networks and CWDM applications[C].Electronics Packaging Technology, 2003, 5th Conference, 2003. 647~651.
[56]刘子龙,朱大庆.包层调制的聚合物电光调制器及其理论分析[J].光学学报,2004,4(11): 1516-1520
[57]秦志辉,房昌水,潘奇伟等.偶氮类电光聚合物薄膜非线性定量研究[J].光电子·激光, 2002,13(10):1013~1017.
[58]唐翔,唐先忠,王洋等.新型有机非线性光学材料的制备及性能研究[J].光电子·激光, 2010, 21(8):1113~1198
[59]高学喜,王文军,刘云龙等.“推拉”型偶氮分子LB膜的二次谐波产生[J].中国激光,2006,33(增刊):334~335
[60] Ph. Pretre, L.-M. Wu and A. Knoesen. Optical properties of nonlinear optical polymers: a method for calculation [J]. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 1998, 15(1):359~368.
[61] P. W. Atkins. Physics Chemistry [M]. New York : W. H. Freeman and Company, 1982:766.
[62] Sergei Tretiak, Vladimir Chernyak, Shaul Mukamel. Origin, scaling, and saturation of second orderpolarizabilities indonorracceptor polyenes [J]. Chemical Physics Letters, 1998, 287: 75~82.
[63] A. Dulcic and C. Satuteret. The regularities observed in the second order hyperpolarizabilities of variously disubstituted benzenes [J]. J. Chem. Phys. 1978, 69(8) :3453~3457.
[64] J. L. Oudar and D. S. Chemla. Theory of second-order optical susceptibilities of benzene substituent [J]. Opt. commun: 1975, 13:164~168
[65]李云,王文军,刘云龙等.分子结构对偶氮化合物薄膜全光极化特性的影响[J].中国激光: 2009,36(8):2140~2143.
[66] M. A. Mortazavi, A. Knoesen and S. T. Kowel et.al. . Second-harmonic generation and absorption studies of polymer-dye films oriented by corona-onset poling at elevated temperatures [J]. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B: 1989, 6(4):733~741.
[67] Jung-Hyuk Im , Jae-Ho Kim , Jongsik Jang , Suck-Hyun Lee. Electric poling in ultra-thin films of side group non-linear optical polymers studied by surface-enhanced Raman scattering [J]. Thin Solid Films 2001, 396: 250~254.
[68]高福斌,张平.极化聚合物薄膜取向有序度及极化寿命的表征[J].发光学报. 2000, 21(2):165~167.
[69] R. H. Page, M. C. Jurich, B. Reck, A. Sen, R. J. Twieg, J. D. Swalen, G. C. Bjorklund,C.G. Willson. Electrochromic and optical waveguide studies of corona-poled electro-optic polymer films [J]. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B. 1990, 7(7):1239~1250.
[70] Zhanjia Hou, Liying Liu, Lei Xu, Jie Chen, Zhilin Xu, Wencheng Wang, Fuming Li, Mingxin Ye. In situ second-harmonic generation measurement study of poled phenylhydrazone doped polymer films [J]. Thin Solid Films. 1999, 354: 232~236.
[71] M. Casalboni, F. Sarcinelli, R. Pizzoferrato, R. D’Amato, A. Furlani, M.V. Russo. Second-harmonic generation and absorption spectra of platinum organ metallic complexes incorporated in PMMA films [J]. Chemical Physics Letters. 2000, 319:107~112.
[72] Hong-Quan Xie, Zhi-Hong Liu, Xu-Dong Huang, Jun-Shi Guo. Synthesis and non-linear optical properties of four polyurethanes containing different chromophore groups [J]. European Polymer Journal .2001, 37:497~505.
[73] F. K. RATSAVONG, G. O. CARLISLE, D. R. MARTINEZ. Large stable order parameter in an azo dye-attached polymer oriented by corona poling [J].Journal of Materials Science: materials inelectronics, 1992, 3:187~190.
[74] Xuan Cao and Jeanne L. McHale. Electric Poling of 4-(Dimethylamino)-4′-nitrostilbene in Poly(methyl methacrylate) Studied by Polarized Absorption Spectroscopy [J]. J. Phys. Chem. B 1997, 101:8843~8849.
[75]叶成沈德言王加斌等.测定极化聚合物膜的二阶非线性光学系数的新方法——偏振红外光法[J].功能高分子学报. 1993,6(4):289~297.
[76] M. Makowska-anusik,H. Reis, and M. G. Papadopoulos. Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Electric Field Poled Nonlinear Optical Chromophores Incorporated in a Polymer Matrix [J]. J. Phys. Chem. B.2004, 108:88~596.
[77] F. Wan, G. O. Carlisle,K, Koch, D. R. Martinez. Enhanced second-harmonic response and stability of corona-poled guest-host polycarbonate thin films [J].Journal of Materials Science: Materials in electronics. 1995,6:228~234.
[78] M. Makowska-anusik, H. Reis, and M. G. Papadopoulos. Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Electric Field Poled Nonlinear Optical Chromophores Incorporated in a Polymer Matrix [J]. J. Phys. Chem. B. 2004, 108:88~596.
[79]卓蓉晖,胡言,陈文怡.用不同方法测定材料的玻璃化转变温度[J].现代仪器. 2004,4:25~26.
[80] J. L. Keddie, R. A. L. Jon, and R. A. Cor. Size-Dependent Depression of the Glass Transition Temperature in Polymer Films [J]. Europhys. Lett, 1994, 27(1):59~64.
[81] J. A. Forrest, K. Dalnoki-Veress, and J. R. Dutcher. Interface and chain confinement effects on the glass transition temperature of thin polymer films [J]. Physical Review E, 1997, 56(5):5705~5716.
[82] James A. Forrest, Johan Mattsson. Reductions of the glass transition temperature in thin polymer films: Probing the length scale of cooperative dynamics [J]. Physical Review E, 2000, 61(1):53~56.
[83] Bob L. Henson. Toward a fundamental model for steady point-plane corona discharges [J]. J. Appl. Phys.1984, 55 (1):150~157.
[84] S. K. Asha, K. Kavita, P. K. Das,and S. Ramarkrishnan. Relaxation Behavior of Twin Nonlinear Optical Chromophores:Effect of the Spacer Length[J].Chem. Mater. 1999, 11: 3352~3358.
[85] Lynden A. Archer, Javier Sanchez-Reyes, and Juliani. Relaxation Dynamics of Polymer Liquids in Nonlinear Step Shear [J]. Macromolecules, 2002, 35:10216~10224.
[86] F. Alvarez, A. Alegria, and J. Colmenero. Relationship between the time-domain Kohlrausch-Williams-Watts and frequency-domain Havriliak-Negami relaxation functions [J]. Physical Review B, 1991, 44(14):7306~7312.
[87] Yuri Feldman, Alexander Puzenko, Yaroslav Ryabov. Non-Debye dielectric relaxation in complex materials [J]. Chemical Physics 2002, 84: 139~168.
[88] S. H. Chung and J. R. Stevens. Time-dependent correlation and the evaluation of the stretched exponential or Kohlrausch-Williams-Watts function [J]. Am. J. Phys. 1991, 59(11):1024~1030.
[89] F. Alvarez, A. Alegria, and J. Colmenero. Interconnection between frequency-domain Havriliak-Negami and time-domain Kohlrausch-Williams-Watts relaxation functions [J]. Physical Review B.1993, 47(1):125~130.
[90] S. C. Kuebler, A. Heuer, and H. W. Spiess. Glass transition of polymers: Memory effects in structural relaxation of polystyrene [J]. PHYSICAL REVIEW E, 1997, 556(1):741~749.
[91] Geoffrey A. Lindsay, Ronald A. Henry, and James M. Hoover Andre Knoesen Mohammad A. Mortazavi Sub-Tg Relaxation Behavior of Corona-Poled Nonlinear Optical Polymer Films and Views on Physical Aging [J]. Macromolecules 1992, 25:4888~4894.
[92] Yuanjing Cui, Guodong Qian , Lujian Chen, Zhiyu Wang, Minquan Wang.Second-order nonlinear optical properties of cross-linked silica films prepared through sol–gel process [J]. Thin Solid Films 2008,516 : 5483~5487.
[93] Millicent A. Firestone, Mark A. Ratner, and Tobin J. Marks. Chromophore-Functionalized Glassy Polymers with Large Second-Order Nonlinear Optical Responses. Transient Dynamics and Local Microstructure of Poly(p-hydroxystyrenes) As Assessed by in-Situ Second Harmonic Generation Techniques[J]. Macromolecules 1995,28:2260~2269.
[94] Wei Shi,Zhiling Xu, Changshui Fang, Qiwei Pan,Qintian Gu, Dong Xu, Hongzhen Wei, Jinzhong Yu. Investigation of the polyetherketone guest-host DR1/PEK-c polymer films by real-time monitoring of the second-harmonic generation [J]. Optics and Lasers in Engineering,1999,32:139~145.
[95] Rana Karmakar and Anunay Samanta. Steady-State and Time-Resolved Fluorescence Behavior of C153 and PRODAN in Room-Temperature Ionic Liquids [J]. J. Phys. Chem. A 2002, 106: 6670~6675.
[96] Edward L. Quitevis, Andrew H. Marcus, and Michael D. Fayer. Dynamics of Ionic Lipophilic Probes in Micelles: Picosecond Fluorescence Depolarization Measurements [J]. J. Phys. Chem. 1993, 97: 5762~5769.
[97] Hélène Goudket, Michael Canva, and Yves Lévy, Frédéric Chaput and Jean-Pierre Boilot. Temperature dependence of second-order nonlinear relaxation of a poled chromophore-doped sol-gel material [J]. Journal of Appled Physics 2001, 12:6044~6047.
[98]范瑞瑛,范正修.薄膜应力分析及一些测量结果[J].光学仪器. 2001,23(5-6):84~91
[99]吴玉喜,李腾,胡智向.应力对Co掺杂光学性质的影响[J].徐州工程学院学报.2008, 23(4):48~51.
[100]吴平,邱宏,姜德怀,等.用干涉方法测量薄膜应力[J].物理实验. 2006, 26(9):7~9.