文化视角下的英汉动物隐喻研究
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摘要
对隐喻的研究可追溯到古希腊的亚里士多德,直到二十世纪的“隐喻热”,可谓是观点众多,学派林立。自George Lakoff和Johnson Mark合著的《我们赖以生存的隐喻》(Metaphors We Live By)发表以来,对隐喻的研究开创了认知的全新视角,诸多中国学者也投身于此研究领域。比如:胡壮鳞的语法隐喻研究,束定芳的《隐喻学研究》,以及对隐喻某一部分的英汉对比研究,比如,蓝纯对英汉空间隐喻的对比研究,陈家旭对英汉人体隐喻的对比研究等。关于动物隐喻的对比研究有的研究者是从文化的角度出发,也有部分研究者从认知着手。
本文在前人隐喻理论研究基础上,从文化视角切入,侧重于英汉动物隐喻的对比研究。动物隐喻与文化的密切关联是由其自身的特点、形成渊源以及实际用法决定的。本文以英汉动物隐喻的语言结构,价值观体现以及动物形象对比研究为基础,进一步分析其内在的文化差异,对英汉动物隐喻异同的文化内涵包括生活条件、宗教信仰、风俗习惯、历史进程以及文学因素作出对比分析。在外语学习中,与文化内涵密切联系的动物隐喻必然是一大难点,从而在交流和翻译中也会带来一定的障碍。最后本文在对英汉动物隐喻的文化内涵异同分析的基础之上,尝试提出了英汉动物隐喻翻译的参考策略——形象保留,形象借入,形象增加,形象省略以及直译加注。针对不同特点的动物隐喻,采用不同的翻译策略,从而求得跨语言、跨文化交流的顺利进行。
Study on metaphor could be traced back to Aristotle in Ancient Greek and witnessed multischools with different viewpoints until today. Since George Lakoff and Johnson Mark published their masterpiece Metaphors We Live By in 1980s, study on metaphor has initialed an anew angle from the cognitive perspective. More and more Chinese scholars also began their studies in this field. Hu Zhuanglin contributed to the part of grammatical metaphor. Shu Dingfang developed the metaphorical study, by publishing his famous work Metaphorical Study. A detailed study on one subpart of metaphor also appeared in China, i.e. A Cognitive Approach to Spatial Metaphors in English and Chinese by Lan Chun. Some of the present contrastive studies of animal metaphors between English and Chinese are from the cultural perspective and some from the cognitive perspective. Based upon the former metaphorical theories, this paper mainly focuses on the contrastive study of animal metaphors between English and Chinese from the cultural perspective. By analyzing their linguistic structures, reflected values and animal images, this paper further explores the cultural connotative factors of animal metaphors such as living conditions, religious beliefs, literary factor, historical process and customary cultures. In foreign language learning, animal metaphors closely linked with cultural connotations are difficult to understand, which often causes hindrance in the cross-cultural communication and translation. Based on the analysis of differences and similarities of Chinese and English animal metaphors, this paper tentatively puts forth some translating strategies between English and Chinese animal metaphors including image keeping, image borrowing, image increasing, image omitting and literal translation with note. Aiming at different animal metaphors with different features, different strategies might be adopted so as to keep cross-cultural communication and translation smoothly.
本文在前人隐喻理论研究基础上,从文化视角切入,侧重于英汉动物隐喻的对比研究。动物隐喻与文化的密切关联是由其自身的特点、形成渊源以及实际用法决定的。本文以英汉动物隐喻的语言结构,价值观体现以及动物形象对比研究为基础,进一步分析其内在的文化差异,对英汉动物隐喻异同的文化内涵包括生活条件、宗教信仰、风俗习惯、历史进程以及文学因素作出对比分析。在外语学习中,与文化内涵密切联系的动物隐喻必然是一大难点,从而在交流和翻译中也会带来一定的障碍。最后本文在对英汉动物隐喻的文化内涵异同分析的基础之上,尝试提出了英汉动物隐喻翻译的参考策略——形象保留,形象借入,形象增加,形象省略以及直译加注。针对不同特点的动物隐喻,采用不同的翻译策略,从而求得跨语言、跨文化交流的顺利进行。
Study on metaphor could be traced back to Aristotle in Ancient Greek and witnessed multischools with different viewpoints until today. Since George Lakoff and Johnson Mark published their masterpiece Metaphors We Live By in 1980s, study on metaphor has initialed an anew angle from the cognitive perspective. More and more Chinese scholars also began their studies in this field. Hu Zhuanglin contributed to the part of grammatical metaphor. Shu Dingfang developed the metaphorical study, by publishing his famous work Metaphorical Study. A detailed study on one subpart of metaphor also appeared in China, i.e. A Cognitive Approach to Spatial Metaphors in English and Chinese by Lan Chun. Some of the present contrastive studies of animal metaphors between English and Chinese are from the cultural perspective and some from the cognitive perspective. Based upon the former metaphorical theories, this paper mainly focuses on the contrastive study of animal metaphors between English and Chinese from the cultural perspective. By analyzing their linguistic structures, reflected values and animal images, this paper further explores the cultural connotative factors of animal metaphors such as living conditions, religious beliefs, literary factor, historical process and customary cultures. In foreign language learning, animal metaphors closely linked with cultural connotations are difficult to understand, which often causes hindrance in the cross-cultural communication and translation. Based on the analysis of differences and similarities of Chinese and English animal metaphors, this paper tentatively puts forth some translating strategies between English and Chinese animal metaphors including image keeping, image borrowing, image increasing, image omitting and literal translation with note. Aiming at different animal metaphors with different features, different strategies might be adopted so as to keep cross-cultural communication and translation smoothly.
引文
Aristotle. Poetics. Trans. S.H. Butcher. New York: Penguin Group, 1997.
Black, M. Models and Metaphors. Cornell: Cornell University Press. 1962
Cameron, L & Low, G. (Ed.). Researching and Applying Metaphor. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press., 2001.
Deignan Alice. Metaphor and Corpus Linguistics. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2005.
Fauconnier, Gilles., Turner, Mark. The Way We Think: Conceptual Blending and the Mind’s Hidden Complexities. Basic Books, 2002.
Hawkes, T. Terence Metaphor .New York: Matheune & Co.Ltd, 1980, .
http://www.o-bible.com/kjv.html, The Holy Bible.King James Verson. 2005
Kramsch, C. Language and culture. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Languages Publishing House, 2000.
Kovesces, Z. Metaphor– A Practical Introduction. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002.
Kroeber A L. & Kluckhohn C. Culture: a Critical Review of Concepts and Definitions. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1952.
Lakoff, G. Woman, Fire, and Dangerous Things: What Categories Reveal About the Mind.Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987.
Lakoff, G. & M. Johnson. Metaphors We Live By. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press,1980.
Leech, G. Semantics. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1981.
Nida, Eugene A. Language culture and translating. Inner Mongolia: Inner Mongolia University Press, 2001.
Richard, I.A. The Philosophy of Rhetoric. Oxford: Cambridge University press.1936.
Ricoeur, Paul. The Rule of Metaphor. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul,1978.
Samovar, larry A, Porter, Richard E. & Stefani Lisa A. Communication between cultures. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2000.
Sperber, D. & Wilson,D. Relevance: Communication and Cognition. Oxford: Blackwell, 1986/1995.
包惠南,包昂.中国文化与汉英翻译.北京:外文出版社.2004.
曹雪芹,高颚.红楼梦.长沙:岳麓书社. 1994.
戴昭铭.文化语言学.北京:语文出版社.1996.
邓炎昌,刘润清.语言与文化.北京:外语教学与研究出版社.1991.77
邸丰.英汉动物词语隐喻的认知对比分析,2006
郭著章.翻译名家研究武汉:湖北教育出版社.1999.7
何善芬.英汉语言对比研究.上海:上海外语教育出版社.2003
胡文仲.超越文化的障碍.北京:外语教学与研究出版社.2002
胡文仲.英语习语与英美文化.北京:外语教学与研究出版社. 2000:103-177.
胡文仲.文化与交际.北京:外语教学与研究出版社. 1994:395-402,418-426.
胡文仲.英美文化词典.北京:外语教学与研究出版社.1995.
胡文仲.跨文化交际面面观.北京:外语教学与研究出版社.1999.
胡壮麟.语言学教程.北京:北京大学出版社.2004.
冀一志.从跨文化角度看习语翻译语言与文化多学科研究. 1993:16-23.
廖光蓉.英汉文化动物对比.外国语1993.(5).
李悦.英汉动物词的文化内涵比较及其翻译.中南大学学报. 2003:9(5).708
李佐文,郑朝红.语言与文化.保定:河北大学出版社.2005
刘川.跨文化差异与词汇翻译.中国翻译.1996.
林明金.简明英汉语言与文化词典.上海:上海外语教育出版社. 2003.
刘卓.论英汉两种语言中与动物相关的习语.东北大学学报. 2000,(3):200-202.
马振国.从汉英习语的文化内涵看汉英动物文化差异.辽宁工学院学报. 2004,(2):76-77.
孙雪梅.英汉词义的差异---浅谈英汉动物习语的文化色彩.滁州职业技术学院报. 2003,(1):77-78.
束定芳.试论现代隐喻学的研究目标、方法和任务.外国语.1996(2).
束定芳.论隐喻的本质及语义特征.外国语. 1998 (6).
束定芳.隐喻学研究.上海:上海外语教育出版社,2000.
束定芳,汤本庆. Issues and research directions in metaphor studies.上海外国语大学.2002
严世清.隐喻论.苏州:苏州大学出版社,2000.
阎伟静.汉英动物习语的跨文化研究,2006.
王寅.认知语言学.上海:上海外语教育出版社,2007.
王寅,李弘.中西隐喻对比及隐喻机制分析.解放军外国语学院学报.2003.(3).
韦森.英汉动物词的文化内涵.广西师范学院学报. 2003.(1):139
詹蓓.英汉动物喻体语用含义的对比分析.外语研究.2003.(3): 35
Black, M. Models and Metaphors. Cornell: Cornell University Press. 1962
Cameron, L & Low, G. (Ed.). Researching and Applying Metaphor. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press., 2001.
Deignan Alice. Metaphor and Corpus Linguistics. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2005.
Fauconnier, Gilles., Turner, Mark. The Way We Think: Conceptual Blending and the Mind’s Hidden Complexities. Basic Books, 2002.
Hawkes, T. Terence Metaphor .New York: Matheune & Co.Ltd, 1980, .
http://www.o-bible.com/kjv.html, The Holy Bible.King James Verson. 2005
Kramsch, C. Language and culture. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Languages Publishing House, 2000.
Kovesces, Z. Metaphor– A Practical Introduction. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002.
Kroeber A L. & Kluckhohn C. Culture: a Critical Review of Concepts and Definitions. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1952.
Lakoff, G. Woman, Fire, and Dangerous Things: What Categories Reveal About the Mind.Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987.
Lakoff, G. & M. Johnson. Metaphors We Live By. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press,1980.
Leech, G. Semantics. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1981.
Nida, Eugene A. Language culture and translating. Inner Mongolia: Inner Mongolia University Press, 2001.
Richard, I.A. The Philosophy of Rhetoric. Oxford: Cambridge University press.1936.
Ricoeur, Paul. The Rule of Metaphor. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul,1978.
Samovar, larry A, Porter, Richard E. & Stefani Lisa A. Communication between cultures. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2000.
Sperber, D. & Wilson,D. Relevance: Communication and Cognition. Oxford: Blackwell, 1986/1995.
包惠南,包昂.中国文化与汉英翻译.北京:外文出版社.2004.
曹雪芹,高颚.红楼梦.长沙:岳麓书社. 1994.
戴昭铭.文化语言学.北京:语文出版社.1996.
邓炎昌,刘润清.语言与文化.北京:外语教学与研究出版社.1991.77
邸丰.英汉动物词语隐喻的认知对比分析,2006
郭著章.翻译名家研究武汉:湖北教育出版社.1999.7
何善芬.英汉语言对比研究.上海:上海外语教育出版社.2003
胡文仲.超越文化的障碍.北京:外语教学与研究出版社.2002
胡文仲.英语习语与英美文化.北京:外语教学与研究出版社. 2000:103-177.
胡文仲.文化与交际.北京:外语教学与研究出版社. 1994:395-402,418-426.
胡文仲.英美文化词典.北京:外语教学与研究出版社.1995.
胡文仲.跨文化交际面面观.北京:外语教学与研究出版社.1999.
胡壮麟.语言学教程.北京:北京大学出版社.2004.
冀一志.从跨文化角度看习语翻译语言与文化多学科研究. 1993:16-23.
廖光蓉.英汉文化动物对比.外国语1993.(5).
李悦.英汉动物词的文化内涵比较及其翻译.中南大学学报. 2003:9(5).708
李佐文,郑朝红.语言与文化.保定:河北大学出版社.2005
刘川.跨文化差异与词汇翻译.中国翻译.1996.
林明金.简明英汉语言与文化词典.上海:上海外语教育出版社. 2003.
刘卓.论英汉两种语言中与动物相关的习语.东北大学学报. 2000,(3):200-202.
马振国.从汉英习语的文化内涵看汉英动物文化差异.辽宁工学院学报. 2004,(2):76-77.
孙雪梅.英汉词义的差异---浅谈英汉动物习语的文化色彩.滁州职业技术学院报. 2003,(1):77-78.
束定芳.试论现代隐喻学的研究目标、方法和任务.外国语.1996(2).
束定芳.论隐喻的本质及语义特征.外国语. 1998 (6).
束定芳.隐喻学研究.上海:上海外语教育出版社,2000.
束定芳,汤本庆. Issues and research directions in metaphor studies.上海外国语大学.2002
严世清.隐喻论.苏州:苏州大学出版社,2000.
阎伟静.汉英动物习语的跨文化研究,2006.
王寅.认知语言学.上海:上海外语教育出版社,2007.
王寅,李弘.中西隐喻对比及隐喻机制分析.解放军外国语学院学报.2003.(3).
韦森.英汉动物词的文化内涵.广西师范学院学报. 2003.(1):139
詹蓓.英汉动物喻体语用含义的对比分析.外语研究.2003.(3): 35