我国海上责任保险第三人权益保护问题研究
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摘要
随着责任保险理念向“填补受害人之损害”转变,受害第三人权益因责任保险而得到特别的尊重,世界各国责任保险立法无不日益倾向于保护第三人的权益。海上责任保险既属于海上保险的范畴,也是责任保险的一种,理应也顺应这种趋势。
然而,我国对海上责任保险第三人权益保护的系统研究和法律规范都略显滞后,因此如何加强我国海上责任保险第三人权益保护,是摆在我们面前的一个具有理论和现实双重意义的重要课题。
针对我国保护海上责任保险第三人权益存在的问题,笔者写此文的目的是为了更好地保护海上责任保险第三人的权益,完善我国保护海上责任保险第三人权益的制度体系。本文首先对海上责任保险第三人进行了界定,并明确了其范围和在保险合同中的法律地位,将其界定为受益第三人;其次从现代责任保险理念出发,立足于我国有关海上责任保险第三人权益保护的规定,客观地分析了我国相关海上责任保险立法对第三人权益保护的现状,指出了其中存在的问题;然后详细分析了国际上有关海上责任保险第三人权益保护的制度,即第三人直接请求权制度和强制责任保险制度,主要是分析了第三人直接请求权的法理基础、行使及其合理性和强制责任保险在海上保险中的适用范围及该制度下的直接诉讼制度,以期对我国有所启示;最后在借鉴国际上有关海上责任保险第三人权益保护先进制度的基础上,积极探讨我国对海上责任保险第三人权益保护的途径,提出完善我国海上责任保险第三人权益保护的立法建议,建议在我国建立第三人直接请求权制度,适度推行强制责任保险制度,力求全面、有效地构筑我国海上责任保险第三人权益保护的屏障,充分实现海上责任保险基本的制度价值。
As the liability insurance concept turns to compensate the loss of the injured third party, the benefits of the injured third party gains special respect and the legislation concerning liability insurance of every country is inclined to protect the benefits of the third party. Marine liability insurance not only belongs to marine insurance but also is one of liability insurance, which should comply with the trend.
However, our country's systematic research and legal norm for protecting third party's benefits of marine liability insurance lag behind. So how to strengthen the protection for third party is an important subject of dual meaning in theory and practice.
Facing the open question in protecting the third party of our country, this article aims at better protecting the benefits of the third party in marine liability insurance and completing the system of protecting the third party in our country. This article firstly defines the third party, makes clear its scope and legal status in insurance contract and defines it as beneficiary ; secondly, established in the concept of modern liability insurance and correlative provision of our country, the author objectively analyzes the current situation of the protection for third party in our country and points out the question; then analyzes in detail the institution of the protection for third party of marine liability insurance on the international plane, namely the third party's direct right against liability insurer and compulsory liability insurance, mainly analyzes the legal basis, exercise, rationality of the third party's direct right and sphere of application of compulsory liability insurance in marine insurance as well as its direct right, in order to enlighten our legislation; finally, in the light of advanced institution on the protection for third party, positively investigate the channel of the protection for third party in our country and points out the legislation suggestion of completing the protection for the third party of marine liability insurance in our country, this article suggests we should construct the system of the third party's direct right against liability insurer, moderately carry out the institution of compulsory liability insurance, in order to construct protective screen for third party's rights and benefits, and fully realize the basic value of marine liability insurance.
然而,我国对海上责任保险第三人权益保护的系统研究和法律规范都略显滞后,因此如何加强我国海上责任保险第三人权益保护,是摆在我们面前的一个具有理论和现实双重意义的重要课题。
针对我国保护海上责任保险第三人权益存在的问题,笔者写此文的目的是为了更好地保护海上责任保险第三人的权益,完善我国保护海上责任保险第三人权益的制度体系。本文首先对海上责任保险第三人进行了界定,并明确了其范围和在保险合同中的法律地位,将其界定为受益第三人;其次从现代责任保险理念出发,立足于我国有关海上责任保险第三人权益保护的规定,客观地分析了我国相关海上责任保险立法对第三人权益保护的现状,指出了其中存在的问题;然后详细分析了国际上有关海上责任保险第三人权益保护的制度,即第三人直接请求权制度和强制责任保险制度,主要是分析了第三人直接请求权的法理基础、行使及其合理性和强制责任保险在海上保险中的适用范围及该制度下的直接诉讼制度,以期对我国有所启示;最后在借鉴国际上有关海上责任保险第三人权益保护先进制度的基础上,积极探讨我国对海上责任保险第三人权益保护的途径,提出完善我国海上责任保险第三人权益保护的立法建议,建议在我国建立第三人直接请求权制度,适度推行强制责任保险制度,力求全面、有效地构筑我国海上责任保险第三人权益保护的屏障,充分实现海上责任保险基本的制度价值。
As the liability insurance concept turns to compensate the loss of the injured third party, the benefits of the injured third party gains special respect and the legislation concerning liability insurance of every country is inclined to protect the benefits of the third party. Marine liability insurance not only belongs to marine insurance but also is one of liability insurance, which should comply with the trend.
However, our country's systematic research and legal norm for protecting third party's benefits of marine liability insurance lag behind. So how to strengthen the protection for third party is an important subject of dual meaning in theory and practice.
Facing the open question in protecting the third party of our country, this article aims at better protecting the benefits of the third party in marine liability insurance and completing the system of protecting the third party in our country. This article firstly defines the third party, makes clear its scope and legal status in insurance contract and defines it as beneficiary ; secondly, established in the concept of modern liability insurance and correlative provision of our country, the author objectively analyzes the current situation of the protection for third party in our country and points out the question; then analyzes in detail the institution of the protection for third party of marine liability insurance on the international plane, namely the third party's direct right against liability insurer and compulsory liability insurance, mainly analyzes the legal basis, exercise, rationality of the third party's direct right and sphere of application of compulsory liability insurance in marine insurance as well as its direct right, in order to enlighten our legislation; finally, in the light of advanced institution on the protection for third party, positively investigate the channel of the protection for third party in our country and points out the legislation suggestion of completing the protection for the third party of marine liability insurance in our country, this article suggests we should construct the system of the third party's direct right against liability insurer, moderately carry out the institution of compulsory liability insurance, in order to construct protective screen for third party's rights and benefits, and fully realize the basic value of marine liability insurance.
引文
[1]邹海林.责任保险论.北京:法律出版社,1999:30.
[2]邹海林.责任保险论.北京:法律出版社,1999:46.
[3]郑玉波.民商法问题研究(二).台湾:三民书局,1980:194.
[4]Marine liability insurance is recognized later in the 1906 Act when dealing with the measure of indemnity,where section 74 provides:where the assured effected an insurance in express provision in the policy,is the amount paid or payable by him to such third party in respect of such liability.'---Steven J.Hazelwood.P&I Clubs-Law and Practice.3ed.LLP,2000:145
[5]Hull clubs also covered liability for collision as can be seen from the case in 1814 of Delanoy v.Robson where the court addressed itself to the issue of the legality of insurance against damages that a shipowner may be liable to pay in consequence of his ship colliding with another…In that case the Solicitor-General said(ibid.,at p.606)that in the County of Durham there were 'numerous societies of persons,who insured each other's vessels,not only against sea risks,but also against all sums which the owners might be obliged to pay for damages done by their vessels'.---Steven J.Hazelwood.P&I Clubs-Law and Practice.3~(rd) ed.LLP,2000:7.
[6]Donald O'may & Juliam Hill 著.郭玉汀等译.OMAY海上保险---法律与保险单.北京:法律出版社,2002:252
[7]司玉琢.国际海事立法趋势及对策研究.北京:法律出版社,2002:351.
[8]英国1906年海上保险法3.2(c) "Any liability to a third party may be incurred by the owner of,or other person interested in or responsible for,insurance property,by reason of marine perils."
[9]参看:中国人民保险公司船东保障和赔偿责任险(1993/1/1)条款第三节、中国船东互保协会保险条款第五条
[10]苏同江.海上保险实务与法律.大连:大连海事大学出版社,2005:108.
[11]此处行政责任是指部分行政责任,如罚款,通常是指因下列原因,任何法院、法庭或主管当局根据所在国法律或有关规定向船东或其被保险船舶、船员征收的各项罚款,对船员的罚款系指船东依法律规定而为之负责的罚款。罚款主要是下列原因引起:船上未能保持安全的工作条件;申报的货物与单证上列明的不一致,或短缺、溢卸或溢交;违反海关规定;违反当地移民法规;油污或其他物质造成的污染;船员或船舶代理人在执行工作时的疏忽或错误。但是,并非所有罚款都可以作为海上责任保险承保的标的,对于因超载、走私、 违禁捕鱼、不符合卫生设备要求、没有将规定的文件配置在船上以及违反《1973年防止船舶污染的国际公约》规定的船舶建造、改造和设计的规定,由此而导致的罚款一般不予承保。参见:中国人民保险公司《船东保障和赔偿责任条款》第三节(19)
[12]苟菁.论海商法218条第三人和海上责任保险合同的关系:(硕士论文).大连:大连海事大学,2006.
[13]“为第三人利益的合同”又称“利他合同”,是当事人约定的,由债务人向第三人履行,第三人因此而取得请求给付权利的合同。--翟云岭 郭洁.新合同法论.大连:大连海事大学出版社,2000:137.
[14]戴维.M.沃克著.李双元等译.牛津法律大辞典.北京:法律出版社,2003:1101.
[15]参见:我国保险法第44条规定:“因第三者对保险标的的损害而造成保险事故的,保险人自向被保险人赔偿保险金之日起,在赔偿金额范围内代位行使被保险人对第三者请求赔偿的权利。”
[16]苟菁.论《海商法》218条第三人与海上责任保险合同:(硕士论文).大连:大连海事大学,2006.
[17]邹海林.责任保险论.北京:法律出版社,1999:224.
[18]郑云瑞.财产保险法.北京:中国人民公安大学出版社,2004:283.
[19]参见:中国人民保险公司《船东保障和赔偿责任条款》第三节(一)、(二)
[20]傅静坤.二十世纪契约法.北京:法律出版社,1997:153.
[21]吴荣清.财产保险概要.台湾:三民书局出版社,1992:225.
[22]科林.史密斯著.陈彩芬译.责任保险.北京:中国金融出版社,1993:151-152.
[23]叶金强.第三人利益合同研究.民商法学.2002年,第1期.
[24]傅静坤.二十世纪契约法.北京:法律出版社,1997:156.
[25]海因.克茨著.周忠海等译.欧洲合同法(上卷).北京:法律出版社,2001:357.
[26]林勋发.保险论著译作选集[G].台湾:五南图书出版公司,1991:133.
[27]江朝国.保险法基础理论[M].北京:中国政法大学出版社,2002.
[28]同21
[29]李玉泉.保险法.北京:法律出版社,1997:110.
[30]邹海林.保险法教程.北京:首都经济贸易大学出版社,2002:23.
[31]李玉泉.保险法.北京:法律出版社,1997:112.
[32]此种区分的前提范围是在我国法体系中,被保险人既可能为关系人,也可能为当事人。而在英美法系中,无投保人概念,投保人和被保险人统称为“被保险人”。
[33]依照不得诉讼条款,受害之第三人有权向保险人请求给付保险赔偿金,但第三人应当先行请求被保险人赔偿,而后可以请求保险人给付保险赔偿金,不得直接请求保险人给付保险赔偿金。
[34]意大利民法典第1917条、韩国商法典第724条、台湾地区保险法第95条都规定了“必须经被保险人同意或通知的限制性条款”。
[35]徐卫东.保险法学.北京:科学出版社,2004:266.
[36]邹海林.责任保险论.北京:法律出版社,1999:244.
[37]邹海林.责任保险论.北京:法律出版社,1999:245.
[38]邹海林.责任保险论.北京:法律出版社,1999:246.
[39]Post Office v.Norwich Union Fire Ins.Sy Ltd.(1967)2 QB 363,375
[40]李薇.日本机动车事故损害赔偿法律制度研究.北京:法律出版社,1997:246.
[41]邹海林.责任保险论.北京:法律出版社,1999:254.
[42]王利明.侵权行为法归责原则研究.北京:中国政法大学出版社,1997:410.
[43]邹海林.责任保险论[M].北京:法律出版社,1999:258.
[44]Malcolm A.Clarke.The Law of Insurance Contracts.Lloyd's of London Press Ltd.,1989:111.
[45]参见CLC92 article7,Bunker2001 article7
[46]李可.海上责任保险及其发展趋势:(硕士论文).上海:上海海事大学,2005.
[47]邹海林.责任保险论.北京:法律出版社,1999:49.
[48]初北平.海上强制责任保险研究.中国海商法年刊.2004年01期.
[49]司玉琢.海商法专题研究.大连:大连海事大学出版社,1999:305.
[50]刘铁光.责任保险受害之第三人直接请求权探讨.http://www.3edu.net/lw/baox/lw 62276.html
[51]李凤宁.我国海上责任保险的立法完善研究.广州大学学报.2007,第6卷(第3期):40.
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[60]Steven J.Burton.Principles of Contract Law.West Publishing Co.,1995.
[61] Raoul Colinvaux. The Law of Insurance. 5~(th) ed, Sweet&Maxwell, 1984.
[62] W. I. B. Eright. Professional Indemnity Insurance Law. Sweet&Maxwell, 1996.
[63] R. J. Lambeth. Templeman on Marine Insurance, 5~(th) edition. London:1981.
[64] Sedwick. Protection &Indemnity Review 1997. USA, 1998.
[65] E. R. Hardy Ivamy. Dictionary of Insurance Law, Butterworths, 1981.
[66] William L Prosser. Law of Tort, 4~(th) edition. West Publishing Co.
[67] UK P&I Club. The Risks Coverd. London, 1994.
[68] E. R. Hardy Ivamy. Marine Insurance, 3~(rd) edition. London:Butterworths, 1979.
[69] Robert H. Brown. Marine Insurance, Vol1, Principles&Basic Practice, 5~(th) edition. London:Witherby&Co. Ltd, 1986.
[70] Shipping and The Enviroment. Law and Practice. LLP London,1998.
[71] Prevention of Marine Pollution Conventions. http//www. imo. org/home. asp
[72] John F.Dobby. Insurance Law. 北京：法律出版社,2001.
[73] Edwin W.Patterson, Essentials of Insurance Law,1957.
[74] Kenneth Cannar, Essential Cases in Insurance Law, Woodhead-Faulkner, 1985.
[75] Ray Hodgin, Professional Liability and Law Insurance, Lloyd's of London Press Ltd., 1996.
[76] Kenneth S. Abraham, Insurance Law and Regulation, The Foundation Press, Inc., 1990.
[77] Ivar Strahl, Tort Liability and Insurance, Scandinavian Studies In Law, 1959, Volume 3.
[78] L.Solyom, The Decline of Civil Law Liability, Budapest, 1980.
[79] Jan Hellner, Tort Liability and Liability Insurance, Scandinavian Studies In Law, 1962, Volume 6.
[80] Malcolm Clark, Liability Insurance on Pollution Damage, The Journal of Business Law, November 1994.
[81] John Birds, Contractual Subrogation in Insurance, The Journal of Business Law, April 1979.
[82] John R. Birds, Contracts(Rights of The Third Parties) Bill and Insurance, The Journal of Business Law, May 1997.
[83] A. J. Peck, Legal Liability, The Chartered Insurance Institute,1991.
[2]邹海林.责任保险论.北京:法律出版社,1999:46.
[3]郑玉波.民商法问题研究(二).台湾:三民书局,1980:194.
[4]Marine liability insurance is recognized later in the 1906 Act when dealing with the measure of indemnity,where section 74 provides:where the assured effected an insurance in express provision in the policy,is the amount paid or payable by him to such third party in respect of such liability.'---Steven J.Hazelwood.P&I Clubs-Law and Practice.3ed.LLP,2000:145
[5]Hull clubs also covered liability for collision as can be seen from the case in 1814 of Delanoy v.Robson where the court addressed itself to the issue of the legality of insurance against damages that a shipowner may be liable to pay in consequence of his ship colliding with another…In that case the Solicitor-General said(ibid.,at p.606)that in the County of Durham there were 'numerous societies of persons,who insured each other's vessels,not only against sea risks,but also against all sums which the owners might be obliged to pay for damages done by their vessels'.---Steven J.Hazelwood.P&I Clubs-Law and Practice.3~(rd) ed.LLP,2000:7.
[6]Donald O'may & Juliam Hill 著.郭玉汀等译.OMAY海上保险---法律与保险单.北京:法律出版社,2002:252
[7]司玉琢.国际海事立法趋势及对策研究.北京:法律出版社,2002:351.
[8]英国1906年海上保险法3.2(c) "Any liability to a third party may be incurred by the owner of,or other person interested in or responsible for,insurance property,by reason of marine perils."
[9]参看:中国人民保险公司船东保障和赔偿责任险(1993/1/1)条款第三节、中国船东互保协会保险条款第五条
[10]苏同江.海上保险实务与法律.大连:大连海事大学出版社,2005:108.
[11]此处行政责任是指部分行政责任,如罚款,通常是指因下列原因,任何法院、法庭或主管当局根据所在国法律或有关规定向船东或其被保险船舶、船员征收的各项罚款,对船员的罚款系指船东依法律规定而为之负责的罚款。罚款主要是下列原因引起:船上未能保持安全的工作条件;申报的货物与单证上列明的不一致,或短缺、溢卸或溢交;违反海关规定;违反当地移民法规;油污或其他物质造成的污染;船员或船舶代理人在执行工作时的疏忽或错误。但是,并非所有罚款都可以作为海上责任保险承保的标的,对于因超载、走私、 违禁捕鱼、不符合卫生设备要求、没有将规定的文件配置在船上以及违反《1973年防止船舶污染的国际公约》规定的船舶建造、改造和设计的规定,由此而导致的罚款一般不予承保。参见:中国人民保险公司《船东保障和赔偿责任条款》第三节(19)
[12]苟菁.论海商法218条第三人和海上责任保险合同的关系:(硕士论文).大连:大连海事大学,2006.
[13]“为第三人利益的合同”又称“利他合同”,是当事人约定的,由债务人向第三人履行,第三人因此而取得请求给付权利的合同。--翟云岭 郭洁.新合同法论.大连:大连海事大学出版社,2000:137.
[14]戴维.M.沃克著.李双元等译.牛津法律大辞典.北京:法律出版社,2003:1101.
[15]参见:我国保险法第44条规定:“因第三者对保险标的的损害而造成保险事故的,保险人自向被保险人赔偿保险金之日起,在赔偿金额范围内代位行使被保险人对第三者请求赔偿的权利。”
[16]苟菁.论《海商法》218条第三人与海上责任保险合同:(硕士论文).大连:大连海事大学,2006.
[17]邹海林.责任保险论.北京:法律出版社,1999:224.
[18]郑云瑞.财产保险法.北京:中国人民公安大学出版社,2004:283.
[19]参见:中国人民保险公司《船东保障和赔偿责任条款》第三节(一)、(二)
[20]傅静坤.二十世纪契约法.北京:法律出版社,1997:153.
[21]吴荣清.财产保险概要.台湾:三民书局出版社,1992:225.
[22]科林.史密斯著.陈彩芬译.责任保险.北京:中国金融出版社,1993:151-152.
[23]叶金强.第三人利益合同研究.民商法学.2002年,第1期.
[24]傅静坤.二十世纪契约法.北京:法律出版社,1997:156.
[25]海因.克茨著.周忠海等译.欧洲合同法(上卷).北京:法律出版社,2001:357.
[26]林勋发.保险论著译作选集[G].台湾:五南图书出版公司,1991:133.
[27]江朝国.保险法基础理论[M].北京:中国政法大学出版社,2002.
[28]同21
[29]李玉泉.保险法.北京:法律出版社,1997:110.
[30]邹海林.保险法教程.北京:首都经济贸易大学出版社,2002:23.
[31]李玉泉.保险法.北京:法律出版社,1997:112.
[32]此种区分的前提范围是在我国法体系中,被保险人既可能为关系人,也可能为当事人。而在英美法系中,无投保人概念,投保人和被保险人统称为“被保险人”。
[33]依照不得诉讼条款,受害之第三人有权向保险人请求给付保险赔偿金,但第三人应当先行请求被保险人赔偿,而后可以请求保险人给付保险赔偿金,不得直接请求保险人给付保险赔偿金。
[34]意大利民法典第1917条、韩国商法典第724条、台湾地区保险法第95条都规定了“必须经被保险人同意或通知的限制性条款”。
[35]徐卫东.保险法学.北京:科学出版社,2004:266.
[36]邹海林.责任保险论.北京:法律出版社,1999:244.
[37]邹海林.责任保险论.北京:法律出版社,1999:245.
[38]邹海林.责任保险论.北京:法律出版社,1999:246.
[39]Post Office v.Norwich Union Fire Ins.Sy Ltd.(1967)2 QB 363,375
[40]李薇.日本机动车事故损害赔偿法律制度研究.北京:法律出版社,1997:246.
[41]邹海林.责任保险论.北京:法律出版社,1999:254.
[42]王利明.侵权行为法归责原则研究.北京:中国政法大学出版社,1997:410.
[43]邹海林.责任保险论[M].北京:法律出版社,1999:258.
[44]Malcolm A.Clarke.The Law of Insurance Contracts.Lloyd's of London Press Ltd.,1989:111.
[45]参见CLC92 article7,Bunker2001 article7
[46]李可.海上责任保险及其发展趋势:(硕士论文).上海:上海海事大学,2005.
[47]邹海林.责任保险论.北京:法律出版社,1999:49.
[48]初北平.海上强制责任保险研究.中国海商法年刊.2004年01期.
[49]司玉琢.海商法专题研究.大连:大连海事大学出版社,1999:305.
[50]刘铁光.责任保险受害之第三人直接请求权探讨.http://www.3edu.net/lw/baox/lw 62276.html
[51]李凤宁.我国海上责任保险的立法完善研究.广州大学学报.2007,第6卷(第3期):40.
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[2]郑玉波.民商法问题研究(二).台湾:三民书局,1980.
[3]Steven J.Hazelwood.P&I Clubs-Law and Practice.3ed.LLP,2000.
[4]Donald O'may & Juliam Hill著.郭国汀等译.OMAY海上保险---法律与保险单.北京:法律出版社,2002.
[5]司玉琢主编.国际海事立法趋势及对策研究.北京:法律出版社,2002.
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[7]苟菁.论《海商法》218条第三人与海上责任保险合同:(硕士论文).大连:大连海事大学,2006.
[8]翟云岭,郭洁.新合同法论.大连:大连海事大学出版社,2000.
[9]戴维.M.沃克著.李双元等译.牛津法律大辞典.北京:法律出版社,2003.
[10]郑云瑞.财产保险法.北京:中国人民公安大学出版社,2004.
[11]傅静坤.二十世纪契约法.北京:法律出版社,1997.
[12]吴荣清.财产保险概要.台湾:三民书局出版社,1992.
[13]科林.史密斯著.陈彩芬译.责任保险.北京:中国金融出版社,1993.
[14]叶金强.第三人利益合同研究.民商法学.2002年,第1期.
[15]海因.克茨著.周忠海等译.欧洲合同法(上卷).北京:法律出版社,2001.
[16]林勋发.保险论著译作选集[G].台湾:五南图书出版公司,1991..
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[21]李薇.日本机动车事故损害赔偿法律制度研究.北京:法律出版社,1997.
[22]王利明.侵权行为法归责原则研究.北京:中国政法大学出版社,1997.
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[25]初北平.海上强制责任保险研究.中国海商法年刊.2004,01期.
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[61] Raoul Colinvaux. The Law of Insurance. 5~(th) ed, Sweet&Maxwell, 1984.
[62] W. I. B. Eright. Professional Indemnity Insurance Law. Sweet&Maxwell, 1996.
[63] R. J. Lambeth. Templeman on Marine Insurance, 5~(th) edition. London:1981.
[64] Sedwick. Protection &Indemnity Review 1997. USA, 1998.
[65] E. R. Hardy Ivamy. Dictionary of Insurance Law, Butterworths, 1981.
[66] William L Prosser. Law of Tort, 4~(th) edition. West Publishing Co.
[67] UK P&I Club. The Risks Coverd. London, 1994.
[68] E. R. Hardy Ivamy. Marine Insurance, 3~(rd) edition. London:Butterworths, 1979.
[69] Robert H. Brown. Marine Insurance, Vol1, Principles&Basic Practice, 5~(th) edition. London:Witherby&Co. Ltd, 1986.
[70] Shipping and The Enviroment. Law and Practice. LLP London,1998.
[71] Prevention of Marine Pollution Conventions. http//www. imo. org/home. asp
[72] John F.Dobby. Insurance Law. 北京：法律出版社,2001.
[73] Edwin W.Patterson, Essentials of Insurance Law,1957.
[74] Kenneth Cannar, Essential Cases in Insurance Law, Woodhead-Faulkner, 1985.
[75] Ray Hodgin, Professional Liability and Law Insurance, Lloyd's of London Press Ltd., 1996.
[76] Kenneth S. Abraham, Insurance Law and Regulation, The Foundation Press, Inc., 1990.
[77] Ivar Strahl, Tort Liability and Insurance, Scandinavian Studies In Law, 1959, Volume 3.
[78] L.Solyom, The Decline of Civil Law Liability, Budapest, 1980.
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[80] Malcolm Clark, Liability Insurance on Pollution Damage, The Journal of Business Law, November 1994.
[81] John Birds, Contractual Subrogation in Insurance, The Journal of Business Law, April 1979.
[82] John R. Birds, Contracts(Rights of The Third Parties) Bill and Insurance, The Journal of Business Law, May 1997.
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