高尔夫球场对北京永定河流域三种效益的研究
|
摘要
永定河是北京最大、最主要的水系,也是北京冬春季节主要的沙尘来源地。近年来永定河上出现了新的绿化形式——高尔夫球场。本研究主要通过对高尔夫球场生态效应和经济效应的分析,对球场存在的合理性加以探讨,并对其今后发展提出建议。
在对球场及其周边生态环境的研究中,采用样方法对当地植被种类和植被盖度进行了调查,调查结果显示,球场内部的植被盖度明显优于球场外部的,从功能区来分,植被盖度依次为：果岭>球道>高草区>河床无人管理区。果岭平均盖度在0.95以上,并且盖度稳定,球道和高草区的平均盖度均大于0.75,而河床无人管理区植被平均盖度小于0.50,部分区域甚至低于0.20,潜在风蚀可能大大超过球场内的果岭、球道和高草区。对植被种类的研究表明,被调查区乔木主要以毛白杨、刺槐、油松为主,共计27种,灌木以荆条为主,共计18种,草本植物种类丰富,主要有81种。
通过对周边社会经济环境的调查发现,该地区球场密度大、成本低、竞争激烈的特点,它们在创造产值的同时,为周边居民提供了就业岗位,优化周边投资环境。
最后文章以加州水郡为例,通过SWOT分析,对该球场的发展提出了建议,并以此推广到整个永定河流域高尔夫球场,提出了合理规划,保护球场周边生态环境；将采摘农业、体育休闲与旅游业相结合的发展的建议；并提出了个体球场和“高尔夫走廊”整体的经济发展策略。
Yongding River is considered one of the places where the sandstorms during spring and fall in Beijing originate as it has dried for years. In recent years golf courses have emerged as a protection of the land from wind erosion. Ecological effects and economic effects are mainly discussed to prove the rationality of golf-course-cluster in this research. Suggestions are made for the future planning.
In the research of ecological environment, sampling method was used to investigate the vegetation coverage and plant species. The results showed that vegetation coverage of areas inside the golf courses is higher than that of the wild samples. Among the four different areas on golf courses, vegetation coverage of green areas was the highest and the most stable with the average reached 94.5%. The average vegetation coverage of fairways and roughs were both above 75%. The vegetation coverage of wild areas was much lower than those three mentioned above. As the average vegetation coverage of the areas was below 50%,even some of those lower than 20%, this type of land was deemed to be more susceptible to wind erosion than green, fairway or rough.
Suvey of plant species indicated that, there are three species of arbores,18 species of shrubs and 81 species of main herb.
During the poll to social environment, the cluster was characterized as high density, low cost and fierce competition. It provided job opportunity and optimized investment environment while creating output value.
As an example, SWOT analysis was done on California County Club in order to give developing suggestions. In the end, advices on the whole cluster were offered, including rational planning, protecting ecological enviroment, sports development together with toursim and agriculture. Suggestiongs are given not only to individual courses but also the whole cluster.
在对球场及其周边生态环境的研究中,采用样方法对当地植被种类和植被盖度进行了调查,调查结果显示,球场内部的植被盖度明显优于球场外部的,从功能区来分,植被盖度依次为：果岭>球道>高草区>河床无人管理区。果岭平均盖度在0.95以上,并且盖度稳定,球道和高草区的平均盖度均大于0.75,而河床无人管理区植被平均盖度小于0.50,部分区域甚至低于0.20,潜在风蚀可能大大超过球场内的果岭、球道和高草区。对植被种类的研究表明,被调查区乔木主要以毛白杨、刺槐、油松为主,共计27种,灌木以荆条为主,共计18种,草本植物种类丰富,主要有81种。
通过对周边社会经济环境的调查发现,该地区球场密度大、成本低、竞争激烈的特点,它们在创造产值的同时,为周边居民提供了就业岗位,优化周边投资环境。
最后文章以加州水郡为例,通过SWOT分析,对该球场的发展提出了建议,并以此推广到整个永定河流域高尔夫球场,提出了合理规划,保护球场周边生态环境；将采摘农业、体育休闲与旅游业相结合的发展的建议；并提出了个体球场和“高尔夫走廊”整体的经济发展策略。
Yongding River is considered one of the places where the sandstorms during spring and fall in Beijing originate as it has dried for years. In recent years golf courses have emerged as a protection of the land from wind erosion. Ecological effects and economic effects are mainly discussed to prove the rationality of golf-course-cluster in this research. Suggestions are made for the future planning.
In the research of ecological environment, sampling method was used to investigate the vegetation coverage and plant species. The results showed that vegetation coverage of areas inside the golf courses is higher than that of the wild samples. Among the four different areas on golf courses, vegetation coverage of green areas was the highest and the most stable with the average reached 94.5%. The average vegetation coverage of fairways and roughs were both above 75%. The vegetation coverage of wild areas was much lower than those three mentioned above. As the average vegetation coverage of the areas was below 50%,even some of those lower than 20%, this type of land was deemed to be more susceptible to wind erosion than green, fairway or rough.
Suvey of plant species indicated that, there are three species of arbores,18 species of shrubs and 81 species of main herb.
During the poll to social environment, the cluster was characterized as high density, low cost and fierce competition. It provided job opportunity and optimized investment environment while creating output value.
As an example, SWOT analysis was done on California County Club in order to give developing suggestions. In the end, advices on the whole cluster were offered, including rational planning, protecting ecological enviroment, sports development together with toursim and agriculture. Suggestiongs are given not only to individual courses but also the whole cluster.
引文
[1]长江.北京开工建设防沙治沙绿色屏障.人民长江[J].2002：46.
[2]陈茂强.SWOT-CLPV理论及应用[J].浙江工商职业技术学院学报,2005,4(4)：9-13.
[3]崔英淑.我国高尔夫球场环境保护与土地政策研究[D].北京：中国农业大学,2005：36-37.
[4]董光荣,李长治,金炯,等.关于土壤风蚀风洞模拟实验的某些结果[J].科学通报,1987,32(4)：297-301.
[5]董治宝,陈渭南,李振山,等.风沙土开垦中的风蚀研究[J].土壤学报,1997,34(1)：74-80.
[6]冯晓静,高焕文,毛宁,等.永定河沙地播草盖沙效果的风洞试验研究[J].中国水土保持,2006,4：16-18.
[7]高庆先,张志刚.北京地区沙尘天气及其影响[J].中国环境科学,2002,22(5)：468-471.
[8]郭发辉,郝京莆,宣捷.北京风沙天气基本特征[J].气象,2002,28(8)：51-53.
[9]韩烈保,袁华莹.中国高尔夫消费状况及国际比较研究[R].北京：北京林业大学高尔夫研究中心,2004.
[10]韩烈保.高尔夫长廊在北京已逐渐形成[J].高尔夫周刊,2007,127：32.
[11]胡孟春,刘玉璋,乌兰,等. 科尔沁沙地土壤风蚀的风洞实验研究[J].中国沙漠,1991,11(1)：22-29.
[12]黄富祥,牛海山,王明星,等.毛乌素沙地植被覆盖率与风蚀输沙率定量关系[J].地理学报,2001,56(6)：700-710.
[13]黄富祥,王明星,王跃思.植被覆盖对风蚀地表保护作用研究的某些新进展[J].植物生态学报,2002,26(5)：627-633.
[14]记者.中美女子职业赛聚“东方”[N].人民日报海外版,2004-3-19(3).
[15]贾丹,岳德鹏.北京地区风沙现状、成因与防治对策[J].中国人口、资源环境,2004,6(4)：18-24.
[16]姜宏伟.诱人的威海高尔夫旅游[J]. 走向世界,2002,(01)：68-70.
[17]雷魁,马德昌.加快永定河治理充分发挥工程效益充分发挥工程效益.北京水利(J).2000,4：1-4.
[18]李秋兰.让永定河重放光彩[J].北京观察,2005,10：38-39.
[19]梁健, 卢元镇, 刘罡. 广东部分高尔夫俱乐部现状与发展对策[J]. 体育学刊,2005,04：32-34.
[20]廖宁.中国高尔夫球场数量预测和发展研究[D].北京：北京林业大学,2008：9-11.
[21]刘锋.市场调查中样本容量的确定[J].商业研究,2003,276：143-144
[22]刘树芳.永定河何时真正"永定”[J].北京水利,1996,6：60.
[23]刘赏翎.云南发展高尔夫球项目探讨[J].环境科学导刊.2007,26(增刊)：12-15.
[24]刘永兵.北京市永定河沙地土壤风蚀与人工植被防风阻沙效益研究[D].北京：北京林业大学,2004.
[25]刘玉璋,董光荣,李长治.影响土壤风蚀主要因素的风洞实验研究[J].中国沙漠,1992,12(4)：41-49.
[26]马士龙.植被覆盖对土壤风蚀影响机理的研究[D].北京：北京林业大学,2006.
[27]马友华,王桂苓,石润圭,等.低碳经济与农业可持续发展[J].生态经济,2009,06：116-118
[28]欧阳欣欣. 高尔夫风行日本探究[J]. 体育文史,2001,(01)：55-56.
[29]清珺,艳菊.北京地区沙尘暴的演变、成因和治理.科技智囊[J].2008,4：72-77.
[30]邱红,许鸣.从社会性别视角探析农村妇女向非农产业转移,人口学刊,2009(5)
[31]宋阳,刘连友.中国北方5种下垫面对沙尘暴的影响研究[J].水土保持学报,2005,19(6)：15-18.
[32]苏智先,王仁卿.生态学概论[M].修订版.北京：高等教育出版社,1993,75-96.
[33]孙东安,刘书广.永定河河管处建处30年成就回顾与展望[J].北京水利,2005,3：7-9.
[34]田平.永定河滞洪水库生态环境中沙生植物的引用[J].北京水务,2006,3：56-58.
[35]汪金洋,雷魁.管好永定河,为确保首都防洪安全作出新贡献[J].北京水利,1997,3：22-24.
[36]王绍瑛.永定河的治理成就与存在问题[J].北京水利,1997,(3)：25-27.
[37]王升堂,赵延治,邹学勇,等.北京郊区不同土地利用类型起沙起尘的特征研究[J].地理科学,2005,25(5)：601-605.
[38]王胜利. 对大连发展高尔夫经济的思考[J]. 辽宁经济,2003,(08)：24.
[39]王文凯,郭良,徐艳虹.我国保险业规模经济的探讨[J].知识经济,2009,12：47.
[40]王小波.北京“护城河”养护何其难[J].南风窗,2004,16(5)：36-38.
[41]王晓东,岳德鹏,刘永兵.北京市永定河流域风沙化土地成因及治理模式[J].湖南林业科技,2004,31(6)：36-38.
[42]王作成,高玉兰.满意度调查中样本数量的确定[J].市场研究,2005,4：31-33.
[43]吴克祥. 文化认同与高尔夫发展历程[J]. 特区经济,2004,(11)：82-83.
[44]焉莉,赵文吉.永定河河流湿地水环境现状研究[J].吉林地质,2004,23,(2)：32-38.
[45]杨光昱.永定河治理的进一步探讨[J].海河水利.1995,5：9-12.
[46]郁小平,何莽.珠三角高尔夫产业环境分析及发展对策[J].企业经济,2004,03：84-85.
[47]郁小平, 夏洪胜.高尔夫球俱乐部对我国城镇化建设的促进作用探讨[J].江西社会科学,2004a,(09)
[48]郁小平,夏洪胜.高尔夫球经济理论研究初探[J].价格月刊.2004d,9：43-44.
[49]郁小平,夏洪胜.高尔夫球运动对我国社会经济发展的促进作州[J].天津体育学院学报.2004b,19(3)：96-97.
[50]郁小平,夏洪胜.论高尔夫经济[J].商业时代.2004c,29：64.
[51]郁小平.高尔夫经济理论研究[M].北京：人民体育出版社,2005：209-210.
[52]袁华莹,韩烈保.从土地资源看高尔夫的发展[J].草业科学,2006,23(4)：105-110.
[53]岳德鹏,黄月艳,刘永兵,等.北京市永定河河滩流动沙地风沙活动分析[J].水土保持研究,2006,13(2)：102-104.
[54]张保华,陈慧敏.体育产业的经济属性分析[J].广州体育学院学报,2006,26(1)：29-32.
[55]张国祯.北京市沙化土地现状评价及其防治策略研究[D].北京：北京林业大学,2007.
[56]赵烨,海春兴,刘霄,等.滦河源区东沟小流域土壤风蚀特征分析[J].地理科学,2002,22(44)：436-440.
[57]周建忠.土壤风蚀及保护性耕作减轻沙尘暴的试验研究[D].北京：中国农业大学,2004.
[58]朱炳海,王鹏飞,束家鑫.气象学词典[M]. 上海：上海辞书出版社,1985.
[59]庄贵阳.气候变化挑战与中国经济低碳发展[J].国际经济评论,2009,9-10：50-52.
[60]A. Buerkert, J.P. A. Lalllers. Soil erosion and deposition effects on surface characteristic sand Pearl millet growth in the West African Sahel [J]. Plant and soil,1995,215:239-253.
[61]A. Quang Do, Gary Grudnitski.Golf courses and residential house prices:An empirical examination[J]. The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics.1995,10(3):261-270.
[62]A.Gelan. Local ecomomic impacts:the British Open[J]. Annals of Tourism Research,2003, 30(2):406-425.
[63]Allen T., Todd G. The Contribution of the Golf Industry to the Main Economy [R]. Maine: University of Maine,2001.
[64]B.H.Green, I.C. Marshall. An assessment of the role of golf courses in Kent, England, in protecting wildlife and landscapes[J]. Landsc Urban Plan,1987.,14:143-54.
[65]Balogh J.C and Watson J. R. Golf course management and construction, environmental Issues[M]. Chelsea:Lewis Publishers,1992.
[66]Blair RB, Launer AE. Butterfly diversity and human land use:species assemblages along an urban gradient[J]. Biology Conservation,1997,80:113-25.
[67]Blair RB. Birds and butterflies along urban gradients in two ecoregions of the Unites States:is urbanization creating a homogenous fauna? [J]. New York:Kluwer Academic Publishers. 2001b,33-36.
[68]Colding J, Lundberg J, Lundberg S. Urban golf courses can sustain wetland biodiversity. [D]. Sweden:Stockholm University,2006b:91-7155-312-6.
[69]Dair I, Schofield J. M.Nature conservation, legislation and environmental aspects of golf course management in England. In:cochran AJ, Ed. Science and Golf. London:E and FN spon.1990: 169-175.
[70]Dawn Thilmany, Philip Watson and Stephen Davies. The Economic Contribution of Colorado's Green Industry:Revenue and Employment Trends[R]. U.S:Colorado State University,2003: 31-34.
[71]F. F. Limehouse.Three essays on the golf inidustry[D]. US:Clemson University,2005:35-51.
[72]F. Pearce, Fred.How Green is your Golf?:Envionmental Effects of Golf Course[J]. New Scients,1993,139(9):30-35.
[73]Grantens P. F.& W. G. Nicking. Direct field measurement of wind dragon vegetation for application to wind bre ak design and modeling [J]. Land Degradation and Development,1998, 9:57-66.
[74]Hodgkison SC, Hero J-M, Warnken J. The conservation value of suburban golf courses in a rapidly urbanizing region of Australia[J]. Landsc Urban Plan,2007a,79:323-337.
[75]James T. Snow.Water Conservation on Golf Courses[A]. Water Right-Conserving Our Water Preserving Our Environment [C]. US:International Turf Producers Foundation,2001:48.
[76]John J. Haydu, Alan W. Hodges. Ecomnomic Impacts of Florida Golf Course Industry[R]. U.S: University of Florida, Institute of Food & Sgricultural Sciences.2002:8-21.
[77]Joyce S. Why the grass isn't always greener[J]. Environ Health Perspect,1998,106:379-385.
[78]Julie Flowers.The Economic Impact of Golf In South Carolina[R]. South Carolina:South Carolina Golf Course Owners Association.2009.
[79]KPMG Wider range of players starting to enter the golf course investment market in Japan[R]. Japan:KPMG FAS Co., Ltd.2006:2.
[80]KPMGBenchmark indicators and performance of golf courses in the Benelux region[R]. Europe: KPMG Advisory Ltd.,2007a.
[81]KPMGBenchmark indicators and performance of golf courses in the Central Europe[R]. Europe: KPMG Advisory Ltd.,2007c.
[82]KPMG.Benchmark indicators and performance of golf courses in the East Europe[R]. Europe: KPMG Advisory Ltd.,2007b.
[83]LeClerc JE, Che JPK, Swaddle JP, Cristol DA. Reproductive success and developmental stability of eastern bluebirds on golf courses:evidence that golf courses can be productive[J]. Wildl Soc Bull,2005,33:483-93.
[84]Maude Barlow, Tony Clarke.The Battle Against Corporate Theft of the world's Water,2004.
[85]Max R. Terman.Natural links:naturalistic golf courses as wildlife habitat.Landscape and Urban Planning[J]. Wildlife Habitats in Human-Dominated Landscapes,1997,38(3-4):183-197.
[86]Merola-Zwartjes M, De Long JP. Avian species assemblages on New Mexico golf courses: surrogate riparian habitat for birds? [J]. Wildl Soc Bull,2005,33:435-47.
[87]Michael P. Kenna and James T.Snow. Environmental Research:Past and Future, USGA Turfgrass and Environmental Research Online 2002,1(3):1-25.
[88]Mika Yasuda, Fumito Koike. Do golf courses provide a refuge for flora and fauna in Japanese urban landscapes?[J]. Landscape and Urban Planning,2006,75:58-68.
[89]NAGA.Economic impact study of golf for Canada[R]. Canada:NAGA:2009.
[90]Neo H. Sustaining the unsustainable? Golf in urban Singapore[J]. Int J Sust Dev World Ecol, 2001,8:191-202.
[91]NGF. The 2000 Golf Economy Research[R]. US:National Golf Foundation,2002a:12-13.
[92]NGF. The Golf Economy Report[R]. US:National Golf Foundation,2005:11-13.
[93]NGF.The Economic Contribution of the Golf Industry to the Oklahoma Economy[R]. Oklahoma:National Golf Foundation,2007:1-2.
[94]NGF.The Economic Contribution of the Golf Industry to the Pennsylvania Economy [R]. Pennsylvania:National Golf Foundation,2002b:2-4.
[95]Peter J. Japanese Investment in Golf Course Development [J]. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research,2007,18(2):234-255.
[96]Philip Watsonl, The Economic Contribution of Colorado's Golf Industry:Enciromental Aspects of Golf in Colorado[R].2003.
[97]R&A.Rules of Golf[M]. Scotland:R&A Rules Limited and The United States Golf Association, 2008:26-30.
[98]R.A. Tanner, A.C. Gange.Effects of golf courses on local biodiversity[J]. Landsc Urban Plan,2005,71:137-146.
[99]Rankin Cooter, Dustin Papendick, Nakia Washington. An Economic Impact Study of the Golf Industry on the State of Georgia[R].2003.Georgia:Georgia StateUniversity,2003.
[100]S.C. Hodgkison, J-M Hero, J. Warnken. The conservation value of suburban golf courses in a rapidly urbanizing region of Australia[J]. Landsc Urban Plan 2007a,79:323-337.
[101]Scott R. Templeton, Mark S. Henry, Bihui Jin.Economic Impacts of California's Golf Course Facilities in 2000[R]. U.S:University of California at Berkeley,2003.
[102]Smith M. D, Conway C.J, Ellis L. A. Burrowing owl nesting productivity:a comparison between artificial and natural burrows on and off golf courses [J]. Wildl Soc Bull,2005.33: 454-462.
[103]SRI.The california golf economy summary report[R]. US:SRI International,2006.
[104]SRI.The california golf economy summary report[R]. US:SRI International,2007.
[105]Stanback M. T, Seifert ML.2005. A comparison of eastern bluebird reproductive parameters in golf and rural habitats[J]. Wildl Soc Bull 33:471-482.
[106]Stuart Cohen, Amelia Svrjcek, Tom Durborow and N. LaJan Barnes.Water Quality Impacts by Golf Courses [J]. Journal of Environmental Quality,1999(28):798-809.
[107]Terman MR. Natural links:naturalistic golf courses as wildlife habitat [J]. Landsc Urban Plan,1997,38:183-197.
[108]Thomas G. Allen, Todd M. Gabe. The Contribution of the Golf Industry to the Maine Economy[R]. Maine:Maine Agricultual and Forest Experiment Station,2001:10-13.
[109]Tory G. Schmitz, Economic Impacts and Environmental Aspects of the Arizona Golf Course Industry[R]. Arizona:Arizona State University,2006:20-30.
[110]Van de Ven, T.A.M.D.W. Fryrear & W.P. Spaan. Vegetation characteristics and soil loss by wind[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,1989,44:347-349.
[111]W. D.Perreault, Jr, E.J. McCartcy.基础营销学[M].上海：上海人民山版社,2006：87-95.
[112]W.J. Florkwski, G. Landry and C. Waltz. Revenu Profile of Colf Course in Georgia[R]. U.S: The Georgia Agricultural Experiment Station,2002:2-20.
[113]Warnken J, Thompson D, Zakus DH. Golf course development in a major tourist destination:implications for planning and management [J]. Environ Manage,2001,27: 681-696.
[114]Wasson R. J, Nanninga P. M. Estimating wind transport of sand on vegetated surfaces [J]. Earth surface Processes and Landforms,1986,11:505-514.
[115]Winter J.G, Somers KM, Dillon PJ, Paterson C, Reid RA. Impacts on golf courses on macroinvertebrate community structure in Precambrian shield streams [J]. Jounal of Environal Quality,2002,31:2015-2025.
[116]Wolfe S.A.&W.GNickling. The Protective role of sparse vegetation in wind erosion [J]. Progress on Physical Geography,1993,17:50-68.
[2]陈茂强.SWOT-CLPV理论及应用[J].浙江工商职业技术学院学报,2005,4(4)：9-13.
[3]崔英淑.我国高尔夫球场环境保护与土地政策研究[D].北京：中国农业大学,2005：36-37.
[4]董光荣,李长治,金炯,等.关于土壤风蚀风洞模拟实验的某些结果[J].科学通报,1987,32(4)：297-301.
[5]董治宝,陈渭南,李振山,等.风沙土开垦中的风蚀研究[J].土壤学报,1997,34(1)：74-80.
[6]冯晓静,高焕文,毛宁,等.永定河沙地播草盖沙效果的风洞试验研究[J].中国水土保持,2006,4：16-18.
[7]高庆先,张志刚.北京地区沙尘天气及其影响[J].中国环境科学,2002,22(5)：468-471.
[8]郭发辉,郝京莆,宣捷.北京风沙天气基本特征[J].气象,2002,28(8)：51-53.
[9]韩烈保,袁华莹.中国高尔夫消费状况及国际比较研究[R].北京：北京林业大学高尔夫研究中心,2004.
[10]韩烈保.高尔夫长廊在北京已逐渐形成[J].高尔夫周刊,2007,127：32.
[11]胡孟春,刘玉璋,乌兰,等. 科尔沁沙地土壤风蚀的风洞实验研究[J].中国沙漠,1991,11(1)：22-29.
[12]黄富祥,牛海山,王明星,等.毛乌素沙地植被覆盖率与风蚀输沙率定量关系[J].地理学报,2001,56(6)：700-710.
[13]黄富祥,王明星,王跃思.植被覆盖对风蚀地表保护作用研究的某些新进展[J].植物生态学报,2002,26(5)：627-633.
[14]记者.中美女子职业赛聚“东方”[N].人民日报海外版,2004-3-19(3).
[15]贾丹,岳德鹏.北京地区风沙现状、成因与防治对策[J].中国人口、资源环境,2004,6(4)：18-24.
[16]姜宏伟.诱人的威海高尔夫旅游[J]. 走向世界,2002,(01)：68-70.
[17]雷魁,马德昌.加快永定河治理充分发挥工程效益充分发挥工程效益.北京水利(J).2000,4：1-4.
[18]李秋兰.让永定河重放光彩[J].北京观察,2005,10：38-39.
[19]梁健, 卢元镇, 刘罡. 广东部分高尔夫俱乐部现状与发展对策[J]. 体育学刊,2005,04：32-34.
[20]廖宁.中国高尔夫球场数量预测和发展研究[D].北京：北京林业大学,2008：9-11.
[21]刘锋.市场调查中样本容量的确定[J].商业研究,2003,276：143-144
[22]刘树芳.永定河何时真正"永定”[J].北京水利,1996,6：60.
[23]刘赏翎.云南发展高尔夫球项目探讨[J].环境科学导刊.2007,26(增刊)：12-15.
[24]刘永兵.北京市永定河沙地土壤风蚀与人工植被防风阻沙效益研究[D].北京：北京林业大学,2004.
[25]刘玉璋,董光荣,李长治.影响土壤风蚀主要因素的风洞实验研究[J].中国沙漠,1992,12(4)：41-49.
[26]马士龙.植被覆盖对土壤风蚀影响机理的研究[D].北京：北京林业大学,2006.
[27]马友华,王桂苓,石润圭,等.低碳经济与农业可持续发展[J].生态经济,2009,06：116-118
[28]欧阳欣欣. 高尔夫风行日本探究[J]. 体育文史,2001,(01)：55-56.
[29]清珺,艳菊.北京地区沙尘暴的演变、成因和治理.科技智囊[J].2008,4：72-77.
[30]邱红,许鸣.从社会性别视角探析农村妇女向非农产业转移,人口学刊,2009(5)
[31]宋阳,刘连友.中国北方5种下垫面对沙尘暴的影响研究[J].水土保持学报,2005,19(6)：15-18.
[32]苏智先,王仁卿.生态学概论[M].修订版.北京：高等教育出版社,1993,75-96.
[33]孙东安,刘书广.永定河河管处建处30年成就回顾与展望[J].北京水利,2005,3：7-9.
[34]田平.永定河滞洪水库生态环境中沙生植物的引用[J].北京水务,2006,3：56-58.
[35]汪金洋,雷魁.管好永定河,为确保首都防洪安全作出新贡献[J].北京水利,1997,3：22-24.
[36]王绍瑛.永定河的治理成就与存在问题[J].北京水利,1997,(3)：25-27.
[37]王升堂,赵延治,邹学勇,等.北京郊区不同土地利用类型起沙起尘的特征研究[J].地理科学,2005,25(5)：601-605.
[38]王胜利. 对大连发展高尔夫经济的思考[J]. 辽宁经济,2003,(08)：24.
[39]王文凯,郭良,徐艳虹.我国保险业规模经济的探讨[J].知识经济,2009,12：47.
[40]王小波.北京“护城河”养护何其难[J].南风窗,2004,16(5)：36-38.
[41]王晓东,岳德鹏,刘永兵.北京市永定河流域风沙化土地成因及治理模式[J].湖南林业科技,2004,31(6)：36-38.
[42]王作成,高玉兰.满意度调查中样本数量的确定[J].市场研究,2005,4：31-33.
[43]吴克祥. 文化认同与高尔夫发展历程[J]. 特区经济,2004,(11)：82-83.
[44]焉莉,赵文吉.永定河河流湿地水环境现状研究[J].吉林地质,2004,23,(2)：32-38.
[45]杨光昱.永定河治理的进一步探讨[J].海河水利.1995,5：9-12.
[46]郁小平,何莽.珠三角高尔夫产业环境分析及发展对策[J].企业经济,2004,03：84-85.
[47]郁小平, 夏洪胜.高尔夫球俱乐部对我国城镇化建设的促进作用探讨[J].江西社会科学,2004a,(09)
[48]郁小平,夏洪胜.高尔夫球经济理论研究初探[J].价格月刊.2004d,9：43-44.
[49]郁小平,夏洪胜.高尔夫球运动对我国社会经济发展的促进作州[J].天津体育学院学报.2004b,19(3)：96-97.
[50]郁小平,夏洪胜.论高尔夫经济[J].商业时代.2004c,29：64.
[51]郁小平.高尔夫经济理论研究[M].北京：人民体育出版社,2005：209-210.
[52]袁华莹,韩烈保.从土地资源看高尔夫的发展[J].草业科学,2006,23(4)：105-110.
[53]岳德鹏,黄月艳,刘永兵,等.北京市永定河河滩流动沙地风沙活动分析[J].水土保持研究,2006,13(2)：102-104.
[54]张保华,陈慧敏.体育产业的经济属性分析[J].广州体育学院学报,2006,26(1)：29-32.
[55]张国祯.北京市沙化土地现状评价及其防治策略研究[D].北京：北京林业大学,2007.
[56]赵烨,海春兴,刘霄,等.滦河源区东沟小流域土壤风蚀特征分析[J].地理科学,2002,22(44)：436-440.
[57]周建忠.土壤风蚀及保护性耕作减轻沙尘暴的试验研究[D].北京：中国农业大学,2004.
[58]朱炳海,王鹏飞,束家鑫.气象学词典[M]. 上海：上海辞书出版社,1985.
[59]庄贵阳.气候变化挑战与中国经济低碳发展[J].国际经济评论,2009,9-10：50-52.
[60]A. Buerkert, J.P. A. Lalllers. Soil erosion and deposition effects on surface characteristic sand Pearl millet growth in the West African Sahel [J]. Plant and soil,1995,215:239-253.
[61]A. Quang Do, Gary Grudnitski.Golf courses and residential house prices:An empirical examination[J]. The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics.1995,10(3):261-270.
[62]A.Gelan. Local ecomomic impacts:the British Open[J]. Annals of Tourism Research,2003, 30(2):406-425.
[63]Allen T., Todd G. The Contribution of the Golf Industry to the Main Economy [R]. Maine: University of Maine,2001.
[64]B.H.Green, I.C. Marshall. An assessment of the role of golf courses in Kent, England, in protecting wildlife and landscapes[J]. Landsc Urban Plan,1987.,14:143-54.
[65]Balogh J.C and Watson J. R. Golf course management and construction, environmental Issues[M]. Chelsea:Lewis Publishers,1992.
[66]Blair RB, Launer AE. Butterfly diversity and human land use:species assemblages along an urban gradient[J]. Biology Conservation,1997,80:113-25.
[67]Blair RB. Birds and butterflies along urban gradients in two ecoregions of the Unites States:is urbanization creating a homogenous fauna? [J]. New York:Kluwer Academic Publishers. 2001b,33-36.
[68]Colding J, Lundberg J, Lundberg S. Urban golf courses can sustain wetland biodiversity. [D]. Sweden:Stockholm University,2006b:91-7155-312-6.
[69]Dair I, Schofield J. M.Nature conservation, legislation and environmental aspects of golf course management in England. In:cochran AJ, Ed. Science and Golf. London:E and FN spon.1990: 169-175.
[70]Dawn Thilmany, Philip Watson and Stephen Davies. The Economic Contribution of Colorado's Green Industry:Revenue and Employment Trends[R]. U.S:Colorado State University,2003: 31-34.
[71]F. F. Limehouse.Three essays on the golf inidustry[D]. US:Clemson University,2005:35-51.
[72]F. Pearce, Fred.How Green is your Golf?:Envionmental Effects of Golf Course[J]. New Scients,1993,139(9):30-35.
[73]Grantens P. F.& W. G. Nicking. Direct field measurement of wind dragon vegetation for application to wind bre ak design and modeling [J]. Land Degradation and Development,1998, 9:57-66.
[74]Hodgkison SC, Hero J-M, Warnken J. The conservation value of suburban golf courses in a rapidly urbanizing region of Australia[J]. Landsc Urban Plan,2007a,79:323-337.
[75]James T. Snow.Water Conservation on Golf Courses[A]. Water Right-Conserving Our Water Preserving Our Environment [C]. US:International Turf Producers Foundation,2001:48.
[76]John J. Haydu, Alan W. Hodges. Ecomnomic Impacts of Florida Golf Course Industry[R]. U.S: University of Florida, Institute of Food & Sgricultural Sciences.2002:8-21.
[77]Joyce S. Why the grass isn't always greener[J]. Environ Health Perspect,1998,106:379-385.
[78]Julie Flowers.The Economic Impact of Golf In South Carolina[R]. South Carolina:South Carolina Golf Course Owners Association.2009.
[79]KPMG Wider range of players starting to enter the golf course investment market in Japan[R]. Japan:KPMG FAS Co., Ltd.2006:2.
[80]KPMGBenchmark indicators and performance of golf courses in the Benelux region[R]. Europe: KPMG Advisory Ltd.,2007a.
[81]KPMGBenchmark indicators and performance of golf courses in the Central Europe[R]. Europe: KPMG Advisory Ltd.,2007c.
[82]KPMG.Benchmark indicators and performance of golf courses in the East Europe[R]. Europe: KPMG Advisory Ltd.,2007b.
[83]LeClerc JE, Che JPK, Swaddle JP, Cristol DA. Reproductive success and developmental stability of eastern bluebirds on golf courses:evidence that golf courses can be productive[J]. Wildl Soc Bull,2005,33:483-93.
[84]Maude Barlow, Tony Clarke.The Battle Against Corporate Theft of the world's Water,2004.
[85]Max R. Terman.Natural links:naturalistic golf courses as wildlife habitat.Landscape and Urban Planning[J]. Wildlife Habitats in Human-Dominated Landscapes,1997,38(3-4):183-197.
[86]Merola-Zwartjes M, De Long JP. Avian species assemblages on New Mexico golf courses: surrogate riparian habitat for birds? [J]. Wildl Soc Bull,2005,33:435-47.
[87]Michael P. Kenna and James T.Snow. Environmental Research:Past and Future, USGA Turfgrass and Environmental Research Online 2002,1(3):1-25.
[88]Mika Yasuda, Fumito Koike. Do golf courses provide a refuge for flora and fauna in Japanese urban landscapes?[J]. Landscape and Urban Planning,2006,75:58-68.
[89]NAGA.Economic impact study of golf for Canada[R]. Canada:NAGA:2009.
[90]Neo H. Sustaining the unsustainable? Golf in urban Singapore[J]. Int J Sust Dev World Ecol, 2001,8:191-202.
[91]NGF. The 2000 Golf Economy Research[R]. US:National Golf Foundation,2002a:12-13.
[92]NGF. The Golf Economy Report[R]. US:National Golf Foundation,2005:11-13.
[93]NGF.The Economic Contribution of the Golf Industry to the Oklahoma Economy[R]. Oklahoma:National Golf Foundation,2007:1-2.
[94]NGF.The Economic Contribution of the Golf Industry to the Pennsylvania Economy [R]. Pennsylvania:National Golf Foundation,2002b:2-4.
[95]Peter J. Japanese Investment in Golf Course Development [J]. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research,2007,18(2):234-255.
[96]Philip Watsonl, The Economic Contribution of Colorado's Golf Industry:Enciromental Aspects of Golf in Colorado[R].2003.
[97]R&A.Rules of Golf[M]. Scotland:R&A Rules Limited and The United States Golf Association, 2008:26-30.
[98]R.A. Tanner, A.C. Gange.Effects of golf courses on local biodiversity[J]. Landsc Urban Plan,2005,71:137-146.
[99]Rankin Cooter, Dustin Papendick, Nakia Washington. An Economic Impact Study of the Golf Industry on the State of Georgia[R].2003.Georgia:Georgia StateUniversity,2003.
[100]S.C. Hodgkison, J-M Hero, J. Warnken. The conservation value of suburban golf courses in a rapidly urbanizing region of Australia[J]. Landsc Urban Plan 2007a,79:323-337.
[101]Scott R. Templeton, Mark S. Henry, Bihui Jin.Economic Impacts of California's Golf Course Facilities in 2000[R]. U.S:University of California at Berkeley,2003.
[102]Smith M. D, Conway C.J, Ellis L. A. Burrowing owl nesting productivity:a comparison between artificial and natural burrows on and off golf courses [J]. Wildl Soc Bull,2005.33: 454-462.
[103]SRI.The california golf economy summary report[R]. US:SRI International,2006.
[104]SRI.The california golf economy summary report[R]. US:SRI International,2007.
[105]Stanback M. T, Seifert ML.2005. A comparison of eastern bluebird reproductive parameters in golf and rural habitats[J]. Wildl Soc Bull 33:471-482.
[106]Stuart Cohen, Amelia Svrjcek, Tom Durborow and N. LaJan Barnes.Water Quality Impacts by Golf Courses [J]. Journal of Environmental Quality,1999(28):798-809.
[107]Terman MR. Natural links:naturalistic golf courses as wildlife habitat [J]. Landsc Urban Plan,1997,38:183-197.
[108]Thomas G. Allen, Todd M. Gabe. The Contribution of the Golf Industry to the Maine Economy[R]. Maine:Maine Agricultual and Forest Experiment Station,2001:10-13.
[109]Tory G. Schmitz, Economic Impacts and Environmental Aspects of the Arizona Golf Course Industry[R]. Arizona:Arizona State University,2006:20-30.
[110]Van de Ven, T.A.M.D.W. Fryrear & W.P. Spaan. Vegetation characteristics and soil loss by wind[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,1989,44:347-349.
[111]W. D.Perreault, Jr, E.J. McCartcy.基础营销学[M].上海：上海人民山版社,2006：87-95.
[112]W.J. Florkwski, G. Landry and C. Waltz. Revenu Profile of Colf Course in Georgia[R]. U.S: The Georgia Agricultural Experiment Station,2002:2-20.
[113]Warnken J, Thompson D, Zakus DH. Golf course development in a major tourist destination:implications for planning and management [J]. Environ Manage,2001,27: 681-696.
[114]Wasson R. J, Nanninga P. M. Estimating wind transport of sand on vegetated surfaces [J]. Earth surface Processes and Landforms,1986,11:505-514.
[115]Winter J.G, Somers KM, Dillon PJ, Paterson C, Reid RA. Impacts on golf courses on macroinvertebrate community structure in Precambrian shield streams [J]. Jounal of Environal Quality,2002,31:2015-2025.
[116]Wolfe S.A.&W.GNickling. The Protective role of sparse vegetation in wind erosion [J]. Progress on Physical Geography,1993,17:50-68.