小麦套作玉米周年土壤保护性耕作及轮耕模式研究
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摘要
本试验于2005～2006年在山东省龙口市中村镇中村试验地进行,采用5种不同的土壤耕作模式(常规耕作无秸秆还田、常规耕作秸秆还田、旋耕秸秆还田、缺口圆盘耙耕秸秆还田、免耕秸秆覆盖),并在此五种耕作方式的基础上,进行了深松耕试验和不同施氮量处理,以不同耕作施肥措施对作物生长发育、土壤理化性状的影响,以及最佳轮耕年限和施肥量的探讨。研究以大田为主,结合室内生理生化分析,研究本地区的保护性耕作和轮耕模式对农田生态效应的影响。
主要结果如下:
1不同耕作措施对土壤物理性状的影响
不同耕作方式的土壤贮水量表层波动剧烈,深层变化平缓,在冬小麦拔节期前一直呈下降趋势,拔节至收获缓慢升高。保护性耕作拔节期前表层保水功能较为明显,后期则低于常规耕作,而深层土壤贮水量几乎没有差异。保护性耕作在小麦生育前期土壤贮水量高于常规耕作,到后期群体增大,根系吸水及叶片茎秆保水功能增强,水分纵向移动能力明显,土壤贮水量比常规耕作低12%,水分利用效率常规耕作比保护性耕作高2.73kg/(hm2·mm)。经深松后组成的轮耕处理与对应的耕作处理的土壤贮水量差异较小。
保护性耕作表现出在低温时具有增温效应,高温时有降温效应,以免耕处理温度调节效应最优。仅就CT、CS而言,秸秆还田也表现出较好的温度调节效应。并且在10cm处的温度调节作用迟于在5cm处的温度调节作用,这可能与当时的生育期(返青期)在5-10cm土壤土壤含水量大,温度变化慢有关。耕作对表层温度影响较大,5cm地温变化范围大于10cm大于15cm。深松后提高了土壤温度,尤其是5cm和10cm的土壤温度。
对0～20cm土壤容重的影响是保护性耕作容重高于常规耕作,以HS最高,总孔隙度则低于常规耕作。深松后的轮耕模式中,0～20cm土壤容重降低,孔隙度增加。
2不同耕作方式对土壤化学性状的影响
秸秆还田初期(小麦起身期、拔节期、开花期)能显著提高土壤呼吸速率;秸秆还田后期(小麦播种期、收获期)能降低土壤呼吸速率。除起身期外,在小麦整个生育期中,保护性耕作的呼吸速率一直比常规耕作高,其中免耕和耙还最高,旋还较低。深松后土壤呼吸变小。土壤呼吸速率与土壤贮水量极显著负相关,与土壤毛管孔隙度显著负相关,而与温度没有相关性。
冬小麦整个生育期硝态氮的含量拔节期前持续下降,到收获期又逐渐上升。不同施肥处理0~40cm的硝态氮含量保护性耕作高于常规耕作,以免耕处理最高,深层土壤硝态氮的累积量常规耕作高于保护性耕作。深松后的轮耕处理在土壤各层次的硝态氮含量均高于对应的耕作处理,差异显著,其中RS×PS处理最高,分别比RS、CT分别高39kg·hm-2、97.42kg·hm-2。
本实验条件下,不同处理1m土层土壤铵态氮累积量在小麦收获期达到最高值,耙还和免耕处理较高。RS和HS在开小麦生长比较旺盛的生育后期能提高土壤0～40cm的铵态氮含量,从而有利于小麦根系的吸收利用,而在40～100cm则是CT铵态氮含量较高。深松处理后的铵态氮含量均小于对应的耕作处理,在对土壤1m土层累积量的分析中,不同耕作方式之间差异不显著,但比对应的轮耕处理平均高出93.66 kg·hm-2。
就小麦整个生育期平均值而言,在0～20cm土层中,土壤全氮含量CS>RS>CT>HS>NS;在20～40cm土层中,CT高于CS高于浅耕高于免耕。CS在0～40cm土层碱解氮含量高于CT,高于少耕高于免耕,且其差距在20～40cm差距变大。0～20cm土层速效磷小麦全生育期平均值CT>CS,其次为NS,而RS最低。20～40cm处的速效磷含量常规耕作高于保护性耕作处理,并且其差距大于0～20cm。
经过深松耕后,土壤全氮、碱解氮和速效磷总体来说是上升的,说明深松打破了犁底层,促进了土壤养分的吸收。
全量施氮已造成肥料的浪费,而半量施氮则造成土壤肥力衰减,最经济的施氮量介于半量和全量之间。
3不同耕作措施对作物生长发育的影响
冬小麦干物质积累和籽粒灌浆符合“S”型变化趋势,用Logistic生长方程进行模拟得出,冬小麦平均灌浆速率保护性耕作高于常规耕作,但是最大灌浆速率常规最高,出现的时间为花后16天,而保护性耕作则比常规处理出现的时间晚2～4天。从各器官的移动量和转换率来看,总器官干物质转换率常规耕作为91%,保护性耕作为69.2%,免耕处理的最低,表明保护性耕作能增大光合产物向生殖器官转移的比率。
不同耕作方式冬小麦的产量差异不显著,常规耕作的略高,免耕处理的最低。全量施肥中小麦产量是CT>HS>CS>RS>NS,但处理之间产量差异不显著。对冬小麦产量及产量构成因素进行分析,耕作措施对产量的影响极显著,施肥×耕作的交互作用对千粒重和产量作用力大,施肥是最重要的变异源,大于耕作和施肥×耕作的交互作用力,耕作因素的独立因素小于施肥处理。
保护性耕作能提高夏玉米的叶面积指数,且最大灌浆速率出现的时间比常规耕作晚一天。少耕处理尤其是耙耕还田玉米产量显著高于常规耕作无秸秆还田处理和免耕覆盖处理。
经过深松处理后的玉米产量比对应的耕作处理降低,其中CT降低幅度最大,达到16.52%,其次为RS,降低13.4%,HS降低幅度最小,仅为1.16%,深松后玉米产量的降低主要是因为对公顷穗数的降低造成的。虽然深松耕改善了土壤的理化性状,对耙还和旋还改善幅度较大,但是玉米产量有所降低。
This experiment was done in field of Zhongcun village, Zhongcun town, Longkou city, Shandong Province in 2005～2006. Five tillage patterns were studied in this experiment, including conventional tillage without straw returned (shorts for CT), conventional tillage with straw returned(shorts for CS), rotary tillage with straw returned (shorts for RS), no tillage with straw covered with straw covered (shorts for NS). On the base of these five tillage patterns, rotation tillage and different N fertilizer applied amount were studied. Effects of different tillage practice on crop growth, soil physical and chemical characters were studied. Combined with physiological and biochemical analysis, experiment was mainly about field research in effects of conservation tillage and rotation tillage on field ecological effects. Main results were was follows:
First, effects on soil physical characters of tillage patterns
Soil water content varied severely in soil surface layer and varied smoothly in depth layer under different tillage treatments. Soil water content declined before jointing stage and rised from jointing stage to maturity stage. Conservation tillage had obvious water saving effects before jointing stage while the water content of conservation tillage was lower than that of conventional tillage after jointing stage. There was almost no difference in the deep layer between conservation tillage and conventional tillage. The water content of conservation tillage was higher than that of conventional tillage. While in the late growth stage, the canopy became large, the water absorption ability of root became strong, and the vertical moving ability of water became obvious. Thus the water content of conservation tillage was 12% lower than that of conventional tillage. Thus water use efficiency of conservation tillage was 2.73kg/(hm2·mm) higher than that of conventional tillage. There was small difference between rotation tillage and corresponding tillage.
Conservation had the effect of increasing soil temperature when it was hot and reducing soil temperature when it was cool, of which NS had the best regulating function. When it was only referred to CT and CS, straw returning had the function of regulating soil temperature. The function of regulating soil temperature in 10cm soil layer was later than in 5cm soil layer. This was because soil water content in that stage of regreening stage in 5~10cm was high, which lead to the slow change of soil temperature. Tillage had the bigger effect on the surface layer of soil, and the temperature range in 5cm was bigger than in 10cm which was also bigger than in 15cm. Soil temperature was increased after subsoiling tillage, especially temperature in 5cm and 10cm.
Conservation tillage which had lower total porsity had higher soil bulk density in 0~20cm layer than conventional tillage, of which HS was the highest. The bulk density in 0~20cm layer was lower and porsity was higher in rotation tillage after subsoiling.
Second, effects of tillage patterns on other soil chemical characters Straw returning could significantly increased soil respiration rate at the early stage after straw was incorporated into soil of getting-up stage, jointing stage and anthesis, and could reduced soil respiration rate in the later stage of wheat sowing stage and maturity stage. Soil respiration rate of conservation tillage was higher than that of conventional tillage all the wheat growth stage except at getting-up stage, and NS, HS had higher respiration rate, RS was lower. Soil respiration rate was negatively related to soil pondage and cappliary porsity at P=0.01 level and P=0.05 level. There was no significant relativity between soil temperature and soil temperature.
The NO3--N declined before jointing stage and rised in maturity stage in the whole wheat growing season. The NO3--N content in 0~40cm soil layer of conservation tillage was higher than that of conventional tillage, among which NS was the highest; while in the deep layer the NO3--N content of conventional tillage was higher than that of conservation tillage. After subsoiling tillage was done, the NO3--N content of rotation was significantly higher than corresponding tillage. And the NO3--N content of RS×PS treatment was the highest, 39kg·hm-2and 97.42kg·hm-2higher than that of RS and CT respectively.
In the condition of this experiment, the NH4+-N content in 0-100cm soil layer reached the highest value in wheat maturity stage, and HS and NS had the higher NH4+-N content in 0-100cm soil layer. RS and HS could increase NH4+-N content in 0~40cm in the later stages when wheat grow vigorously. While in 40~100cm layer, CT had higher NH4+-N content. The NH4+-N content of rotation tillage after subsoiling was lower than that of the corresponding tillage. There was no significant difference between tillage patterns in NH4+-N content in 0-100cm. But NH4+-N content in 0-100cm in tillage treatment was higher than corresponding rotation tillage treatments by 93.66 kg·hm-2 in average.
Seen from whole wheat growth, the order of total nitrogen in 0~20cm from high to low was that CS>RS>CT>HS>NS; and in 20~40cm CT was higher than CS higher than minimum tillage higher than NS. The alkali-hydrolysable nitrogen of CS was higher than CT, higher than minimum tillage higher than NS and the difference in 20~40cm was bigger than that of in 0~20cm. The order of available phosphorous in 0~20cm of the whole wheat growth season was CT>CS>NS, and RS was the lowest. While in 20~40cm, available phosphorous of conservational tillage was higher than that of conservation tillage. And the difference in 0~20cm was bigger than in 20~40cm.
Generally speaking, soil total nitrogen, alkali-hydrolysable nitrogen and available phosphorous was higher after subsoiling. This showed that subsoilig could break plough pan and increase the abortion of soil nutrient.
Total amount of nitrogen fertilizer had lead to the waste of fertilizer, while half amount of nitrogen fertilizer lead to the decay of soil fertility. The most economic amount of nitrogen fertilizer was between half amount and total amount nitrogen.
Third, effects of tillage patterns on crop growth and development.
The wheat dry matter accumulation and kernel filling had the tendency of“S”type. From the simulation of Logistic growth equation, it could got that the average wheat filling rate of conservation tillage was higher than that of conventional tillage, while conventional tillage had highest maximum filling rate. The maximum filling rate of conventional tillage appeared 16 days after anthesis, and that of conservation tillage was two to four days later than conventional tillage. Seen from the transferring amount and transferring ratio, the transferring ratio of conventional tillage was 91% and conservation tillage was 69.2%, among which NS was the lowest. This showed that conservation tillage could increase transferring of photosynthate from nutrient organ to generative organ.
There was no significant difference in wheat yield between tillage patterns, the yield of conventional tillage was higher and that of NS was the lowest. Among total amount of nitrogen fertilizer treatments, the order of wheat yield from high to low was that CT>HS>CS>RS>NS, but the difference was not significant. From the analysis of wheat yield and yield components, it could be seen that tillage patterns had significant effects on yield. The interact of fertilizer and tillage pattern had big effect on 1000 kernels weight and yield. Fertilizer was the most important variation source, whose affecting force was larger than the interact of fertilizer and tillage pattern. The affecting force of single tillage factor was smaller than that of fertilizer treatment.
Conservation tillage could increase maize leaf index, and delayed the maximum filling rate for one day compared with conventional tillage. The yield of minimum tillage especially HS was significantly higher than that of conservation tillage and NS.
The maize yield of rotation tillage after subsoiling was lower than that of corresponding tillage. Among which CT reduced the biggest extent, reached to 16.52%, and RS was following behind, reduced by 13.4%, HS reduced the least extent, only 1.16%. The reduce of spike number was the main reason of the reduce of wheat yield. Although subsoiling enhanced the soil physical and chemical characters, among which RS and HS was bettered much. Wheat yield was reduced.
主要结果如下:
1不同耕作措施对土壤物理性状的影响
不同耕作方式的土壤贮水量表层波动剧烈,深层变化平缓,在冬小麦拔节期前一直呈下降趋势,拔节至收获缓慢升高。保护性耕作拔节期前表层保水功能较为明显,后期则低于常规耕作,而深层土壤贮水量几乎没有差异。保护性耕作在小麦生育前期土壤贮水量高于常规耕作,到后期群体增大,根系吸水及叶片茎秆保水功能增强,水分纵向移动能力明显,土壤贮水量比常规耕作低12%,水分利用效率常规耕作比保护性耕作高2.73kg/(hm2·mm)。经深松后组成的轮耕处理与对应的耕作处理的土壤贮水量差异较小。
保护性耕作表现出在低温时具有增温效应,高温时有降温效应,以免耕处理温度调节效应最优。仅就CT、CS而言,秸秆还田也表现出较好的温度调节效应。并且在10cm处的温度调节作用迟于在5cm处的温度调节作用,这可能与当时的生育期(返青期)在5-10cm土壤土壤含水量大,温度变化慢有关。耕作对表层温度影响较大,5cm地温变化范围大于10cm大于15cm。深松后提高了土壤温度,尤其是5cm和10cm的土壤温度。
对0～20cm土壤容重的影响是保护性耕作容重高于常规耕作,以HS最高,总孔隙度则低于常规耕作。深松后的轮耕模式中,0～20cm土壤容重降低,孔隙度增加。
2不同耕作方式对土壤化学性状的影响
秸秆还田初期(小麦起身期、拔节期、开花期)能显著提高土壤呼吸速率;秸秆还田后期(小麦播种期、收获期)能降低土壤呼吸速率。除起身期外,在小麦整个生育期中,保护性耕作的呼吸速率一直比常规耕作高,其中免耕和耙还最高,旋还较低。深松后土壤呼吸变小。土壤呼吸速率与土壤贮水量极显著负相关,与土壤毛管孔隙度显著负相关,而与温度没有相关性。
冬小麦整个生育期硝态氮的含量拔节期前持续下降,到收获期又逐渐上升。不同施肥处理0~40cm的硝态氮含量保护性耕作高于常规耕作,以免耕处理最高,深层土壤硝态氮的累积量常规耕作高于保护性耕作。深松后的轮耕处理在土壤各层次的硝态氮含量均高于对应的耕作处理,差异显著,其中RS×PS处理最高,分别比RS、CT分别高39kg·hm-2、97.42kg·hm-2。
本实验条件下,不同处理1m土层土壤铵态氮累积量在小麦收获期达到最高值,耙还和免耕处理较高。RS和HS在开小麦生长比较旺盛的生育后期能提高土壤0～40cm的铵态氮含量,从而有利于小麦根系的吸收利用,而在40～100cm则是CT铵态氮含量较高。深松处理后的铵态氮含量均小于对应的耕作处理,在对土壤1m土层累积量的分析中,不同耕作方式之间差异不显著,但比对应的轮耕处理平均高出93.66 kg·hm-2。
就小麦整个生育期平均值而言,在0～20cm土层中,土壤全氮含量CS>RS>CT>HS>NS;在20～40cm土层中,CT高于CS高于浅耕高于免耕。CS在0～40cm土层碱解氮含量高于CT,高于少耕高于免耕,且其差距在20～40cm差距变大。0～20cm土层速效磷小麦全生育期平均值CT>CS,其次为NS,而RS最低。20～40cm处的速效磷含量常规耕作高于保护性耕作处理,并且其差距大于0～20cm。
经过深松耕后,土壤全氮、碱解氮和速效磷总体来说是上升的,说明深松打破了犁底层,促进了土壤养分的吸收。
全量施氮已造成肥料的浪费,而半量施氮则造成土壤肥力衰减,最经济的施氮量介于半量和全量之间。
3不同耕作措施对作物生长发育的影响
冬小麦干物质积累和籽粒灌浆符合“S”型变化趋势,用Logistic生长方程进行模拟得出,冬小麦平均灌浆速率保护性耕作高于常规耕作,但是最大灌浆速率常规最高,出现的时间为花后16天,而保护性耕作则比常规处理出现的时间晚2～4天。从各器官的移动量和转换率来看,总器官干物质转换率常规耕作为91%,保护性耕作为69.2%,免耕处理的最低,表明保护性耕作能增大光合产物向生殖器官转移的比率。
不同耕作方式冬小麦的产量差异不显著,常规耕作的略高,免耕处理的最低。全量施肥中小麦产量是CT>HS>CS>RS>NS,但处理之间产量差异不显著。对冬小麦产量及产量构成因素进行分析,耕作措施对产量的影响极显著,施肥×耕作的交互作用对千粒重和产量作用力大,施肥是最重要的变异源,大于耕作和施肥×耕作的交互作用力,耕作因素的独立因素小于施肥处理。
保护性耕作能提高夏玉米的叶面积指数,且最大灌浆速率出现的时间比常规耕作晚一天。少耕处理尤其是耙耕还田玉米产量显著高于常规耕作无秸秆还田处理和免耕覆盖处理。
经过深松处理后的玉米产量比对应的耕作处理降低,其中CT降低幅度最大,达到16.52%,其次为RS,降低13.4%,HS降低幅度最小,仅为1.16%,深松后玉米产量的降低主要是因为对公顷穗数的降低造成的。虽然深松耕改善了土壤的理化性状,对耙还和旋还改善幅度较大,但是玉米产量有所降低。
This experiment was done in field of Zhongcun village, Zhongcun town, Longkou city, Shandong Province in 2005～2006. Five tillage patterns were studied in this experiment, including conventional tillage without straw returned (shorts for CT), conventional tillage with straw returned(shorts for CS), rotary tillage with straw returned (shorts for RS), no tillage with straw covered with straw covered (shorts for NS). On the base of these five tillage patterns, rotation tillage and different N fertilizer applied amount were studied. Effects of different tillage practice on crop growth, soil physical and chemical characters were studied. Combined with physiological and biochemical analysis, experiment was mainly about field research in effects of conservation tillage and rotation tillage on field ecological effects. Main results were was follows:
First, effects on soil physical characters of tillage patterns
Soil water content varied severely in soil surface layer and varied smoothly in depth layer under different tillage treatments. Soil water content declined before jointing stage and rised from jointing stage to maturity stage. Conservation tillage had obvious water saving effects before jointing stage while the water content of conservation tillage was lower than that of conventional tillage after jointing stage. There was almost no difference in the deep layer between conservation tillage and conventional tillage. The water content of conservation tillage was higher than that of conventional tillage. While in the late growth stage, the canopy became large, the water absorption ability of root became strong, and the vertical moving ability of water became obvious. Thus the water content of conservation tillage was 12% lower than that of conventional tillage. Thus water use efficiency of conservation tillage was 2.73kg/(hm2·mm) higher than that of conventional tillage. There was small difference between rotation tillage and corresponding tillage.
Conservation had the effect of increasing soil temperature when it was hot and reducing soil temperature when it was cool, of which NS had the best regulating function. When it was only referred to CT and CS, straw returning had the function of regulating soil temperature. The function of regulating soil temperature in 10cm soil layer was later than in 5cm soil layer. This was because soil water content in that stage of regreening stage in 5~10cm was high, which lead to the slow change of soil temperature. Tillage had the bigger effect on the surface layer of soil, and the temperature range in 5cm was bigger than in 10cm which was also bigger than in 15cm. Soil temperature was increased after subsoiling tillage, especially temperature in 5cm and 10cm.
Conservation tillage which had lower total porsity had higher soil bulk density in 0~20cm layer than conventional tillage, of which HS was the highest. The bulk density in 0~20cm layer was lower and porsity was higher in rotation tillage after subsoiling.
Second, effects of tillage patterns on other soil chemical characters Straw returning could significantly increased soil respiration rate at the early stage after straw was incorporated into soil of getting-up stage, jointing stage and anthesis, and could reduced soil respiration rate in the later stage of wheat sowing stage and maturity stage. Soil respiration rate of conservation tillage was higher than that of conventional tillage all the wheat growth stage except at getting-up stage, and NS, HS had higher respiration rate, RS was lower. Soil respiration rate was negatively related to soil pondage and cappliary porsity at P=0.01 level and P=0.05 level. There was no significant relativity between soil temperature and soil temperature.
The NO3--N declined before jointing stage and rised in maturity stage in the whole wheat growing season. The NO3--N content in 0~40cm soil layer of conservation tillage was higher than that of conventional tillage, among which NS was the highest; while in the deep layer the NO3--N content of conventional tillage was higher than that of conservation tillage. After subsoiling tillage was done, the NO3--N content of rotation was significantly higher than corresponding tillage. And the NO3--N content of RS×PS treatment was the highest, 39kg·hm-2and 97.42kg·hm-2higher than that of RS and CT respectively.
In the condition of this experiment, the NH4+-N content in 0-100cm soil layer reached the highest value in wheat maturity stage, and HS and NS had the higher NH4+-N content in 0-100cm soil layer. RS and HS could increase NH4+-N content in 0~40cm in the later stages when wheat grow vigorously. While in 40~100cm layer, CT had higher NH4+-N content. The NH4+-N content of rotation tillage after subsoiling was lower than that of the corresponding tillage. There was no significant difference between tillage patterns in NH4+-N content in 0-100cm. But NH4+-N content in 0-100cm in tillage treatment was higher than corresponding rotation tillage treatments by 93.66 kg·hm-2 in average.
Seen from whole wheat growth, the order of total nitrogen in 0~20cm from high to low was that CS>RS>CT>HS>NS; and in 20~40cm CT was higher than CS higher than minimum tillage higher than NS. The alkali-hydrolysable nitrogen of CS was higher than CT, higher than minimum tillage higher than NS and the difference in 20~40cm was bigger than that of in 0~20cm. The order of available phosphorous in 0~20cm of the whole wheat growth season was CT>CS>NS, and RS was the lowest. While in 20~40cm, available phosphorous of conservational tillage was higher than that of conservation tillage. And the difference in 0~20cm was bigger than in 20~40cm.
Generally speaking, soil total nitrogen, alkali-hydrolysable nitrogen and available phosphorous was higher after subsoiling. This showed that subsoilig could break plough pan and increase the abortion of soil nutrient.
Total amount of nitrogen fertilizer had lead to the waste of fertilizer, while half amount of nitrogen fertilizer lead to the decay of soil fertility. The most economic amount of nitrogen fertilizer was between half amount and total amount nitrogen.
Third, effects of tillage patterns on crop growth and development.
The wheat dry matter accumulation and kernel filling had the tendency of“S”type. From the simulation of Logistic growth equation, it could got that the average wheat filling rate of conservation tillage was higher than that of conventional tillage, while conventional tillage had highest maximum filling rate. The maximum filling rate of conventional tillage appeared 16 days after anthesis, and that of conservation tillage was two to four days later than conventional tillage. Seen from the transferring amount and transferring ratio, the transferring ratio of conventional tillage was 91% and conservation tillage was 69.2%, among which NS was the lowest. This showed that conservation tillage could increase transferring of photosynthate from nutrient organ to generative organ.
There was no significant difference in wheat yield between tillage patterns, the yield of conventional tillage was higher and that of NS was the lowest. Among total amount of nitrogen fertilizer treatments, the order of wheat yield from high to low was that CT>HS>CS>RS>NS, but the difference was not significant. From the analysis of wheat yield and yield components, it could be seen that tillage patterns had significant effects on yield. The interact of fertilizer and tillage pattern had big effect on 1000 kernels weight and yield. Fertilizer was the most important variation source, whose affecting force was larger than the interact of fertilizer and tillage pattern. The affecting force of single tillage factor was smaller than that of fertilizer treatment.
Conservation tillage could increase maize leaf index, and delayed the maximum filling rate for one day compared with conventional tillage. The yield of minimum tillage especially HS was significantly higher than that of conservation tillage and NS.
The maize yield of rotation tillage after subsoiling was lower than that of corresponding tillage. Among which CT reduced the biggest extent, reached to 16.52%, and RS was following behind, reduced by 13.4%, HS reduced the least extent, only 1.16%. The reduce of spike number was the main reason of the reduce of wheat yield. Although subsoiling enhanced the soil physical and chemical characters, among which RS and HS was bettered much. Wheat yield was reduced.
引文
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