汉语名量非常规搭配的认知机制研究
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摘要
量词在汉语中作为一个独立的词类,通常表示人、事物或动作的单位,结合数词具有计量功能,特定的量词与特定意义的词具有常规搭配关系。但在实际语言尤其是文学作品中,量词搭配其它意义的词屡见不鲜,其它词类也常常作为量词使用。在这种非常规搭配关系中,量词除了具有计量功能以外,还具有很强的形象性和生动性,无论是从语言学还是文学角度都极具研究价值。量词修饰名词构成名量搭配。迄今为止,对名量常规搭配的研究比较成熟,对名量非常规搭配一般从辞格以及修辞功能方面予以描写和阐释。近年来,有学者试图从认知角度解释这一现象,但还不够全面深入。名量非常规搭配属于具有修辞功能的特殊语言现象,主要散见于文学作品中。本研究从相关文献中广泛收集文学作品中出现的语言实例,分类研究其认知理据和生成机制,以从根本上揭示其修辞效果的认知基础。另外,还利用语料库考察了名量非常规搭配在不同语篇类型中的分布情况。本研究继承和发展了目前对名量非常规搭配的研究,其研究结果对于对外汉语教学具有实践价值。
全文共分五章。第一章介绍本研究的背景、目的、意义、方法及论文的组织结构。第二章为文献综述,包括对名量非常规搭配的界定、量词及名量搭配的研究概况、名量非常规搭配研究现状。第三章是本研究的相关概念和理论基础,包括相似和相邻关系、隐喻和转喻理论。第四章应用相关理论深入分析语言材料:首先是根据量词来源对所搜集到的名量非常规搭配进行分类;然后分析各类搭配中名词和量词的复杂意义关系,并采用图表形式揭示基于这些关系构建名量非常规搭配的认知机制;最后探讨了名量非常规搭配的语用功能、形成的一般条件以及在不同语篇类型中的分布情况。第五章为结论部分。
研究结果表明:
名量非常规搭配生成包含三种基本构建方式:基于相似关系的隐喻构建、基于相邻关系的转喻构建、基于非常规名量搭配关系的直接构建。其中,直接构建依赖于隐喻或转喻构建。基本构建方式组合的复杂度决定了名量非常规搭配识解的复杂度。另外,名量非常规搭配中的量词可以是量词、名词、动词、形容词;相似关系主要有本质相似关系、客观相似关系、偶然相似关系和强加相似关系;相邻关系主要有部分-整体关系、范畴-属性关系、容器-内容关系、承载面-承载物关系以及意-象关系;基于相似关系的名量非常规搭配比较常见,基于意-象关系的名量非常规搭配具有较强的审美趣味。
As an independent word class in Chinese language system,“classifier”is taken to quantify people, things, and movements. Working with numerals, it has the function of mensuration. Generally, a classifier can collocate conventionally with some words bearing certain meanings. Whereas in actual language expressions, especially in literature works, some classifiers can unconventionally collocate with other words, or some words belonging to other word classes can be used as classifiers. In this case, the classifiers have rhetorical function besides mensuration, so they deserve much research value either from linguistic perspective or literary perspective. Taking classifiers to modify nouns can form classifier-noun collocations, for which a generic name“classifier structure”is called. Up to now, studies on conventional classifier structure have been relatively mature, while for the unconventional classifier structure, most of researches focus on its involved figures of speech and rhetorical function. Recently, some scholars have tried to interpret such structure from cognitive perspective, whereas these studies are not thorough and profound enough. The unconventional classifier structure, as a special language phenomenon, appears frequently in literature works. This study collects the language examples in literature works from relevant papers thoroughly. These examples are further analyzed for their cognitive motivation and construction mechanisms, with a purpose to reveal the cognitive basis of this unconventional classifier structure’s rhetorical effects. Besides, corpus is employed to inspect the distrubution of unconventional classifier structure in different text types. This research is a succession and development of the studies on UCS, and the results are expected to have practical significance for Teaching Chinese as a Foreign Language.
This thesis consists of five chapters. Chapter One provides the general background against which the present research is made, the aims located, the methodology employed, the significance identified, and the organization arranged. Chapter Two is literature review, which includes the definition of“unconventional classifier structure”, general review of the studies on classifier structure, and intensive review of the studies on unconventional classifier structure. Chapter Three devotes to the concepts of“similarity”and“contiguity”, the theories of“metaphor”and“metonymy”. Chapter Four is a thorough analysis of the linguistic data with an application of the relevant theories. Firstly, the collected unconventional collocations are classified according to the classifiers’different origins. Then the complicated relations between the referents of the classifier and the noun in each group are identified; on the basis of the relations, the cognitive mechanisms used to construct the unconventional collocations are also revealed; meanwhile, some figures are made to present the constructing process. At last, the pragmatic functions of unconventional classifier structure, the general motives of unconventional classifier structure, and the distribution of unconventional classifier structure in different text types are discussed. Chapter Five provides the conclusion.
The findings of the present study show that the unconventional classifier structure involves three kinds of cognitive construction mechanisms: metaphor construction mechanism based on similarity, metonymy construction mechanism based on contiguity, and direct construction mechanism based on unconventional collocation relation. The last mechanism relies on the first or the second one; the complexity of the mechanisms’combination determines the construal difficulty of unconventional classifier structure. Besides, through the analysis of language examples, we find that the words taken as classifiers in the structure can be nouns, verbs, adjectives, and fixed classifiers. Similarity includes essential similarity, factual similarity, occasional similarity and imposed similarity; contiguity mainly covers Part-Whole relation, Category-Property relation, Container-Content relation, Bearing-Being Borne relation, Image-Impression relation. The unconventional collocations constructed on a basis of similarity can be commonly found, while the ones constructed on a basis of Image-Impression possess great aesthetic taste.
全文共分五章。第一章介绍本研究的背景、目的、意义、方法及论文的组织结构。第二章为文献综述,包括对名量非常规搭配的界定、量词及名量搭配的研究概况、名量非常规搭配研究现状。第三章是本研究的相关概念和理论基础,包括相似和相邻关系、隐喻和转喻理论。第四章应用相关理论深入分析语言材料:首先是根据量词来源对所搜集到的名量非常规搭配进行分类;然后分析各类搭配中名词和量词的复杂意义关系,并采用图表形式揭示基于这些关系构建名量非常规搭配的认知机制;最后探讨了名量非常规搭配的语用功能、形成的一般条件以及在不同语篇类型中的分布情况。第五章为结论部分。
研究结果表明:
名量非常规搭配生成包含三种基本构建方式:基于相似关系的隐喻构建、基于相邻关系的转喻构建、基于非常规名量搭配关系的直接构建。其中,直接构建依赖于隐喻或转喻构建。基本构建方式组合的复杂度决定了名量非常规搭配识解的复杂度。另外,名量非常规搭配中的量词可以是量词、名词、动词、形容词;相似关系主要有本质相似关系、客观相似关系、偶然相似关系和强加相似关系;相邻关系主要有部分-整体关系、范畴-属性关系、容器-内容关系、承载面-承载物关系以及意-象关系;基于相似关系的名量非常规搭配比较常见,基于意-象关系的名量非常规搭配具有较强的审美趣味。
As an independent word class in Chinese language system,“classifier”is taken to quantify people, things, and movements. Working with numerals, it has the function of mensuration. Generally, a classifier can collocate conventionally with some words bearing certain meanings. Whereas in actual language expressions, especially in literature works, some classifiers can unconventionally collocate with other words, or some words belonging to other word classes can be used as classifiers. In this case, the classifiers have rhetorical function besides mensuration, so they deserve much research value either from linguistic perspective or literary perspective. Taking classifiers to modify nouns can form classifier-noun collocations, for which a generic name“classifier structure”is called. Up to now, studies on conventional classifier structure have been relatively mature, while for the unconventional classifier structure, most of researches focus on its involved figures of speech and rhetorical function. Recently, some scholars have tried to interpret such structure from cognitive perspective, whereas these studies are not thorough and profound enough. The unconventional classifier structure, as a special language phenomenon, appears frequently in literature works. This study collects the language examples in literature works from relevant papers thoroughly. These examples are further analyzed for their cognitive motivation and construction mechanisms, with a purpose to reveal the cognitive basis of this unconventional classifier structure’s rhetorical effects. Besides, corpus is employed to inspect the distrubution of unconventional classifier structure in different text types. This research is a succession and development of the studies on UCS, and the results are expected to have practical significance for Teaching Chinese as a Foreign Language.
This thesis consists of five chapters. Chapter One provides the general background against which the present research is made, the aims located, the methodology employed, the significance identified, and the organization arranged. Chapter Two is literature review, which includes the definition of“unconventional classifier structure”, general review of the studies on classifier structure, and intensive review of the studies on unconventional classifier structure. Chapter Three devotes to the concepts of“similarity”and“contiguity”, the theories of“metaphor”and“metonymy”. Chapter Four is a thorough analysis of the linguistic data with an application of the relevant theories. Firstly, the collected unconventional collocations are classified according to the classifiers’different origins. Then the complicated relations between the referents of the classifier and the noun in each group are identified; on the basis of the relations, the cognitive mechanisms used to construct the unconventional collocations are also revealed; meanwhile, some figures are made to present the constructing process. At last, the pragmatic functions of unconventional classifier structure, the general motives of unconventional classifier structure, and the distribution of unconventional classifier structure in different text types are discussed. Chapter Five provides the conclusion.
The findings of the present study show that the unconventional classifier structure involves three kinds of cognitive construction mechanisms: metaphor construction mechanism based on similarity, metonymy construction mechanism based on contiguity, and direct construction mechanism based on unconventional collocation relation. The last mechanism relies on the first or the second one; the complexity of the mechanisms’combination determines the construal difficulty of unconventional classifier structure. Besides, through the analysis of language examples, we find that the words taken as classifiers in the structure can be nouns, verbs, adjectives, and fixed classifiers. Similarity includes essential similarity, factual similarity, occasional similarity and imposed similarity; contiguity mainly covers Part-Whole relation, Category-Property relation, Container-Content relation, Bearing-Being Borne relation, Image-Impression relation. The unconventional collocations constructed on a basis of similarity can be commonly found, while the ones constructed on a basis of Image-Impression possess great aesthetic taste.
引文
Adams, K. & Conklin, N. (1973). Toward a theory of natural classification. In C. Corum, T. C. Smith-Stark, & A. Weiser (Eds.), Papers from the ninth regional meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society (pp. 1-10). Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society.
Allen, K. (1977). Classifiers. Language, 53(2), 285-311.
Clarke, A. (1999). Qualitative research: Data analysis techniques. Professional Nurse, 14(8), 531-533.
Croft, W. & Cruse, D. A. (2004). Cognitive linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Indurkhya, B. (1992). Metaphor and cognition. London: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Koch, P. (1999). Frame and contiguity. In K. Panther & G. Radden (Eds.), Metonymy in language and thought (pp.139-168). Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Lakoff, G. & Johnson, M. (1980). Metaphors we live by. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Langacker, R. W. (1999). Grammar and conceptualization. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Langacker, R. W. (2004). Foundations of cognitive grammar (Vol.1): Theoretical prerequisites. Beijing: Peking University Press.
Mac Cormac, E. R. (1989). A Cognitive theory of metaphor. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Pustet, R. (2004). Zipf and his heris. Language Science, 26(1), 1-25.
Radden, G. & Kovecses, Z. (1999). Towards a theory of metonymy. In K. Panther & G. Radden (Eds.), Metonymy in language and thought (pp.17-59). Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Richards, I. A. (1936). The philosophy of rhetoric. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Tai, James H-Y. & Chao Fangyi. (1994). A semantic study of the classifier zhang. Journal of the Chinese Language Teachers Association, 29(3), 67–78.
Tai, James H-Y. & Wang Lianqing. (1990). A semantic study of the classifier tiao. Journal of the Chinese Language Teachers Association, 25(1), 35-56.
Tai, James H-Y. (1992). Variation in classifier systems across Chinese dialects: Towards a cognition-based semantic approach. Symposium series of the Institute of History and Philology (No. 2, pp. 587-608). Taipei: Academia Sinica.
Taylor, J. R. (1995). Linguistic categorization: Prototypes in linguistic theory (rev. 2nd ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press.
高远、李福印(2007),《罗纳德·兰艾克认知语法十讲》,北京:外语教学与研究出版社.
葛天成(1994),名量词的修辞功能,《修辞学习》(1): 37-38.
郭先珍(1987),《现代汉语量词手册》,北京:中国和平出版社.
李宇明(2000),量词与数词、名词的扭结,《语言教学与研究》(3): 50-58.
梁关(1992),浅谈量词的修辞功能,《汉语学习》(2): 29-31.
陆俭明(1987),数量词中间插入形容词情况考察,《语言教学与研究》(4): 53-72.
马贝加、张丽敏(2001),汉语量词比喻用法初探,《语文研究》(2): 33-37.
马春玲(1999),物量词的修辞作用,《修辞学习》(3): 28.
毛智慧(2008),英汉表量结构中物量词的隐喻构建机制,《宁波大学学报(人文科学版)》(1): 42-46.
钱媛(1997),对COLLOCATION的再认识,《外语教学与研究》(3): 43-47.
邵敬敏(1993),量词的语义分析及其与名词的双向选择,《中国语文》(3): 181-188.
石毓智(2001),表物体形状量词的认知基础,《语言教学与研究》(1): 34-41.
王力(1985),《中国现代语法》,北京:商务印书馆.
王立科(1998),试论喻体化量词的意象美,《广西社会科学》(2): 100-102.
王文斌(2007),《隐喻的认知构建与解读》,上海:上海外语教育出版社.
王文斌(2008),汉英“一量多物”现象的认知分析,《外语教学与研究》(4): 257-261.
王文斌(2009),论汉英形状量词“一物多量”的认知缘由及意象图式的不定性,《外语教学》(2): 6-10.
王文斌、熊学亮(2008),认知突显与隐喻相似性,《外国语》(3): 46-54.
王文斌、毛智慧(2009),汉英表量结构中异常搭配的隐喻构建机制,《外国语文》(3): 48-53.
王希杰(2008),所指与关涉,《徐州师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》(2): 47-52.
王寅(2005),《认知语法概论》,上海:上海外语教育出版社.
温锁云(2004),急智的创造具象的表达,《修辞学习》(4): 55-56.
束定芳(2000),《隐喻学研究》,上海:上海外语教育出版社.
邢福义(1993),现代汉语数量词系统中的“半”和“双”,《语言教学与研究》(4): 36-56.
徐盛桓(2007),基于模型的语用推理,《外国语》(3): 2-9.
俞兆平(1986),诗歌语言的组合张力,《当代文坛》(5): 27-31, 66.
张向群(1995),《量词修辞审美论》,西安:陕西人民教育出版社.
赵元任(1979),《汉语口语语法》,北京:商务印书馆.
宗守云(2007),从范畴化过程看量词“副”对名词性成分的选择,《世界汉语教学》(4): 21-32.
Allen, K. (1977). Classifiers. Language, 53(2), 285-311.
Clarke, A. (1999). Qualitative research: Data analysis techniques. Professional Nurse, 14(8), 531-533.
Croft, W. & Cruse, D. A. (2004). Cognitive linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Indurkhya, B. (1992). Metaphor and cognition. London: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Koch, P. (1999). Frame and contiguity. In K. Panther & G. Radden (Eds.), Metonymy in language and thought (pp.139-168). Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Lakoff, G. & Johnson, M. (1980). Metaphors we live by. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Langacker, R. W. (1999). Grammar and conceptualization. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Langacker, R. W. (2004). Foundations of cognitive grammar (Vol.1): Theoretical prerequisites. Beijing: Peking University Press.
Mac Cormac, E. R. (1989). A Cognitive theory of metaphor. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Pustet, R. (2004). Zipf and his heris. Language Science, 26(1), 1-25.
Radden, G. & Kovecses, Z. (1999). Towards a theory of metonymy. In K. Panther & G. Radden (Eds.), Metonymy in language and thought (pp.17-59). Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Richards, I. A. (1936). The philosophy of rhetoric. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Tai, James H-Y. & Chao Fangyi. (1994). A semantic study of the classifier zhang. Journal of the Chinese Language Teachers Association, 29(3), 67–78.
Tai, James H-Y. & Wang Lianqing. (1990). A semantic study of the classifier tiao. Journal of the Chinese Language Teachers Association, 25(1), 35-56.
Tai, James H-Y. (1992). Variation in classifier systems across Chinese dialects: Towards a cognition-based semantic approach. Symposium series of the Institute of History and Philology (No. 2, pp. 587-608). Taipei: Academia Sinica.
Taylor, J. R. (1995). Linguistic categorization: Prototypes in linguistic theory (rev. 2nd ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press.
高远、李福印(2007),《罗纳德·兰艾克认知语法十讲》,北京:外语教学与研究出版社.
葛天成(1994),名量词的修辞功能,《修辞学习》(1): 37-38.
郭先珍(1987),《现代汉语量词手册》,北京:中国和平出版社.
李宇明(2000),量词与数词、名词的扭结,《语言教学与研究》(3): 50-58.
梁关(1992),浅谈量词的修辞功能,《汉语学习》(2): 29-31.
陆俭明(1987),数量词中间插入形容词情况考察,《语言教学与研究》(4): 53-72.
马贝加、张丽敏(2001),汉语量词比喻用法初探,《语文研究》(2): 33-37.
马春玲(1999),物量词的修辞作用,《修辞学习》(3): 28.
毛智慧(2008),英汉表量结构中物量词的隐喻构建机制,《宁波大学学报(人文科学版)》(1): 42-46.
钱媛(1997),对COLLOCATION的再认识,《外语教学与研究》(3): 43-47.
邵敬敏(1993),量词的语义分析及其与名词的双向选择,《中国语文》(3): 181-188.
石毓智(2001),表物体形状量词的认知基础,《语言教学与研究》(1): 34-41.
王力(1985),《中国现代语法》,北京:商务印书馆.
王立科(1998),试论喻体化量词的意象美,《广西社会科学》(2): 100-102.
王文斌(2007),《隐喻的认知构建与解读》,上海:上海外语教育出版社.
王文斌(2008),汉英“一量多物”现象的认知分析,《外语教学与研究》(4): 257-261.
王文斌(2009),论汉英形状量词“一物多量”的认知缘由及意象图式的不定性,《外语教学》(2): 6-10.
王文斌、熊学亮(2008),认知突显与隐喻相似性,《外国语》(3): 46-54.
王文斌、毛智慧(2009),汉英表量结构中异常搭配的隐喻构建机制,《外国语文》(3): 48-53.
王希杰(2008),所指与关涉,《徐州师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》(2): 47-52.
王寅(2005),《认知语法概论》,上海:上海外语教育出版社.
温锁云(2004),急智的创造具象的表达,《修辞学习》(4): 55-56.
束定芳(2000),《隐喻学研究》,上海:上海外语教育出版社.
邢福义(1993),现代汉语数量词系统中的“半”和“双”,《语言教学与研究》(4): 36-56.
徐盛桓(2007),基于模型的语用推理,《外国语》(3): 2-9.
俞兆平(1986),诗歌语言的组合张力,《当代文坛》(5): 27-31, 66.
张向群(1995),《量词修辞审美论》,西安:陕西人民教育出版社.
赵元任(1979),《汉语口语语法》,北京:商务印书馆.
宗守云(2007),从范畴化过程看量词“副”对名词性成分的选择,《世界汉语教学》(4): 21-32.