水田土壤养分变异特征及肥力评价研究
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摘要
遵义县是贵州省重要农业区,长期的人类活动导致土壤物质循环方式和强度发生巨大变化,由于第二次土壤普查工作距今二十余年,这期间耕地质量和土壤肥力状况都发生了重大变化。故研究现行条件下区域土壤肥力空间变化,对人为调控和定向培育土壤肥力,改善土壤生态环境,促进区域农业和社会的可持续发展具有重要的现实意义。
本研究以贵州省遵义县水田土壤为研究对象,以研究区2006年测土配方施肥数据为基础,运用常规统计方法和地统学方法,以GIS技术为支撑,分析了研究区水田土壤养分空间变异特征及土壤肥力指数的分布特征,并进一步探讨了不同海拔高度、不同成土母质和不同土壤类型对土壤养分的主要影响。研究结果表明:
(1)土壤养分的初步评价。研究区水田土壤pH呈中性至微酸性,土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾、有效铁、有效锰、有效铜和有效锌的平均含量为36.5 g.kg~(-1)、2.16 g.kg~(-1)、188.3 mg.kg~(-1)、24.0 mg.kg~(-1)、128.0 mg.kg~(-1)、27.2 mg.kg~(-1)、21.5 mg.kg~(-1)、2.49 mg.kg~(-1)、1.53 mg.kg~(-1),土壤养分含量比较丰富,研究区土壤肥力因子均表现为中等空间变异性,其变异系数的大小表现为:有效铜＞有效铁＞有效锌＞有效锰＞有效磷＞速效钾＞碱解氮＞有机质＞全氮＞pH值。
(2)土壤养分空间变异。应用地统计学半方差分析法,对研究区土壤pH、有机质、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾、有效铁、有效锰、有效铜、有效锌的空间变异性进行分析。结果表明,各向同性下,它们的空间变异均存在着良好的半方差结构,其含量的空间自相关距离均大于采样间距,表明研究区土壤养分在区域范围内均存在着空间相关性,块金系数介于25%～50%,说明土壤pH、有机质、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾、有效铁、有效锰、有效铜和有效锌均具有明显的空间自相关性,其空间变异主要是由结构性和随机性因素共同作用的结果;各向异性结构明显,土壤pH在东-西方向上,有机质在西北-东南方向上,全氮、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾在南-北方向上的空间变异最强,有效铜在东-西方向上,有效铁在西北-东南、有效锰在南-北和有效锌在东北-西南方向上空间变异最弱。
(3)土壤养分的空间分布格局。应用地统计学Kriging插值方法对土壤养分含量的空间分布特征进行研究。结果表明,研究区土壤养分均呈现出明显的空间分布格局,其中pH、有机质、全氮、有效磷、有效铁、有效锰、有效铜、有效锌呈片状分布,碱解氮和速效钾近似呈带状分布,插值后含量统计表明,研究区水田土壤养分含量都比较丰富。
(4)土壤肥力评价。选择土壤pH值、有机质、全氮、有效磷和速效钾作为评价因子,应用内梅罗模型进行土壤肥力综合评级,评价结果表明,研究区水田土壤肥力质量指数在1.26～2.24之间,整体肥力状况较好,都处于二级和三级水平。其中,处于二级水平水田面积有51970.5 hm~2,占所有水田面积的87.7%;处于三级水田的面积有7295.1 hm~2,占所有水田面积的12.3%。土壤肥力的空间分布仍表现出一定的差异性,总体上看南部和东北部土壤肥力较高,西部、西南部和中部部分地区土壤肥力水平较低。
(5)土壤养分在不同海拔、不同成土母质和不同土壤类型上含量差异。不同海拔高度上土壤pH值、有机质、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾、有效铁、有效锰、有效铜和有效锌的空间变化在0.01水平上有显著的差异,海拔高度对土壤养分空间变化的影响程度排序为:pH＞＞有效磷＞有效锰＞碱解氮＞有效铁＞有效锌＞有机质＞有效铜＞全氮＞速效钾。不同成土母质土壤pH值、有机质、全氮、有效磷、速效钾、有效铁、有效锰、有效铜、有效锌的空间变化在0.01水平上均有显著的差异,土壤母质对土壤养分空间变化影响程度排序为:pH＞＞有效铁＞有效锰＞有效磷＞有机质＞全氮＞有效铜＞有效锌＞速效钾。不同土壤亚类上土壤pH值、碱解氮、速效钾、有效铁、有效铜空间变化在0.01水平上均有显著差异,土壤类型对土壤养分空间变化影响程度排序为:pH＞＞有效铁＞有效铜＞碱解氮＞速效钾。
Zunyi County of Guizhou Province is an important agricultural area.In this area,long-term human activities lead to the changes of the ways and intensities of soil material cycles.However, there have been 20 years since the second soil investigation.During this period,the quality and soil fertility status of cultivated land have changed greatly.So there is an important realistic significance to study on spatial variability of extent soil fertility in actual condition to figure out artificial adjustment,soil fertility under directional cultivation,change of Soil environment,and promote continual development of agriculture and society.
In this paper,there is a study on paddy Soil in Zunyi county of Guizhou Province and an analysis of spatial variability's properties of paddy soil nutrients and distributed characters of soil fertility quality index,based on the foundation of datas about fertilization recommendation in 2006, the methods of Conventional Statistic and Geostatistics,and the support of GIS technique.There is also a further discussion on soil nutrients which are influenced by the different height above the sea level,the different soil parent materials and subgroups of soil.The results showed:
(1) The preliminary evaluation of soil nutrient.In the researched areas,the pH of paddy soil is from neutral to sourish,the average concentration of OM,total N,available N,available P,available K,available Fe,available Mn,available Cu and available Zn wre 36.5g.kg~(-1),2.16 g.kg~(-1),188,3 mg.kg~(-1), 24.0 mg.kg~(-1),128.0 mg.kg~(-1),27.2 mg.kg~(-1),21.5 mg.kg~(-1),2.49 mg.kg~(-1),1.53 mg.kg~(-1),and the soil nutrient is rich.The soil nutrient are shown as a medium spatial variability,and the variation coefficients is expressed as the following,available Cu＞available Fe＞available Zn＞available Mn＞available P＞available K＞available N＞OM＞total N＞pH.
(2) The spatial variability of soil nutrient.With the semi-variance analysis of geo-statistical methods,the spatial variability of pH,OM,total N,available N,available P,available K,available Fe,available Mn,available Cu,and available Zn in soil are analyzed in the researched areas.The conclusion is as the following.According to the isotropy,semi-variance structures for spatial variability of soil nutrient are existed,and the limit distance of spatial correlation is relatively large. In the researched areas,the spatial correlation of soil fertility factors is existed in area coverage and the nugget value is from 25%-50%.So,the obvious spatial autocorrelation of pH,OM,total N, available N,available P,available K,available Fe,available Mn,available Cu,and available Zn in soil are existed.Spatial variability is caused by structure and random factors.And the structure of anisotropy is obvious.The pH of soil is variable mostly at the east-west direction,the OM is at the northwest-southeast direction,total N,available N,available P,and available K are at the south-north direction,however available Cu is variable weakly at the east-westt direction,available Fe is also at the northwest-southeast direction,available Mn is at the south-north direction,and available Zn is at the northeast-southwest direction.
(3) The spatial distribution of soil nutrient.The spatial distribution characteristics of soil nutrient contents are analyzed by using the method of Kriging of geostatistics.The result is that the soil nutrients in the researched areas all have the characteristics of a remarkable spatial distribution. In the soil,the pH,OM,total N,available P,available Fe,available Mn,available Cu,and available Zn are existed in a sheet distribution;however available N and available K are existed in a zonal distribution.The statistical content after the spatial interpolation indicates that the paddy soil nutrients in the researched areas are rich.
(4) The evaluation of soil fertility.Soil pH,OM,total N,available P,available K are used as the evaluation factors,then,Nemero are used to evalue the grade of comprehensive soil fertility.The integrated evaluation of soil fertility expresses that paddy soil fertility quality index in the researched areas is existed between 1.26 and 2.24,and the integrated fertility is good at the second and the third levels.The paddy acreage of the second level is 51970.5hm~2,and its proportion is 87.7%.The paddy acreage of the third level is 7295.1hm~2,and its proportion is 12.3%.There is a certain othemess of the soil fertility's spatial distribution.As a whole,the soil fertility in south and in northeast is high, and fertility in west,in southwest and parts of middle area is low.
(5)The differences of soil nutrients content at different altitudes,in different soil parent materials and different soil types.The spatial variability of the pH,OM,total N,available N, available P,available K,available Fe,available Mn,available Cu,and available Zn in soil at different altitude range has significant differences at the level of 0.01.The altitude affects the spatial variability of soil nutrient in order:pH＞＞available P＞available Mn＞available N＞available Fe＞available Zn＞OM＞available Cu＞total N＞available K.The spatial variability of the PH value,OM,total N,available K,available Fe,available Mn,available Cu and available Zn in the different soil parent materials has significant differences at the level of 0.01.The soil parent materials affect the spatial variability of soil nutrient in order:pH＞available Fe＞available Mn＞available P＞OM＞total N＞available Cu＞available Zn＞available K.The spatial variability of the pH,available N,available K,available Fe and available Cu in the different subgroup of soils has significant differences at the level of 0.01.The group of soils affects the spatial variability of soil nutrient in order:pH＞available Fe＞available Cu＞available N＞available K.
本研究以贵州省遵义县水田土壤为研究对象,以研究区2006年测土配方施肥数据为基础,运用常规统计方法和地统学方法,以GIS技术为支撑,分析了研究区水田土壤养分空间变异特征及土壤肥力指数的分布特征,并进一步探讨了不同海拔高度、不同成土母质和不同土壤类型对土壤养分的主要影响。研究结果表明:
(1)土壤养分的初步评价。研究区水田土壤pH呈中性至微酸性,土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾、有效铁、有效锰、有效铜和有效锌的平均含量为36.5 g.kg~(-1)、2.16 g.kg~(-1)、188.3 mg.kg~(-1)、24.0 mg.kg~(-1)、128.0 mg.kg~(-1)、27.2 mg.kg~(-1)、21.5 mg.kg~(-1)、2.49 mg.kg~(-1)、1.53 mg.kg~(-1),土壤养分含量比较丰富,研究区土壤肥力因子均表现为中等空间变异性,其变异系数的大小表现为:有效铜＞有效铁＞有效锌＞有效锰＞有效磷＞速效钾＞碱解氮＞有机质＞全氮＞pH值。
(2)土壤养分空间变异。应用地统计学半方差分析法,对研究区土壤pH、有机质、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾、有效铁、有效锰、有效铜、有效锌的空间变异性进行分析。结果表明,各向同性下,它们的空间变异均存在着良好的半方差结构,其含量的空间自相关距离均大于采样间距,表明研究区土壤养分在区域范围内均存在着空间相关性,块金系数介于25%～50%,说明土壤pH、有机质、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾、有效铁、有效锰、有效铜和有效锌均具有明显的空间自相关性,其空间变异主要是由结构性和随机性因素共同作用的结果;各向异性结构明显,土壤pH在东-西方向上,有机质在西北-东南方向上,全氮、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾在南-北方向上的空间变异最强,有效铜在东-西方向上,有效铁在西北-东南、有效锰在南-北和有效锌在东北-西南方向上空间变异最弱。
(3)土壤养分的空间分布格局。应用地统计学Kriging插值方法对土壤养分含量的空间分布特征进行研究。结果表明,研究区土壤养分均呈现出明显的空间分布格局,其中pH、有机质、全氮、有效磷、有效铁、有效锰、有效铜、有效锌呈片状分布,碱解氮和速效钾近似呈带状分布,插值后含量统计表明,研究区水田土壤养分含量都比较丰富。
(4)土壤肥力评价。选择土壤pH值、有机质、全氮、有效磷和速效钾作为评价因子,应用内梅罗模型进行土壤肥力综合评级,评价结果表明,研究区水田土壤肥力质量指数在1.26～2.24之间,整体肥力状况较好,都处于二级和三级水平。其中,处于二级水平水田面积有51970.5 hm~2,占所有水田面积的87.7%;处于三级水田的面积有7295.1 hm~2,占所有水田面积的12.3%。土壤肥力的空间分布仍表现出一定的差异性,总体上看南部和东北部土壤肥力较高,西部、西南部和中部部分地区土壤肥力水平较低。
(5)土壤养分在不同海拔、不同成土母质和不同土壤类型上含量差异。不同海拔高度上土壤pH值、有机质、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾、有效铁、有效锰、有效铜和有效锌的空间变化在0.01水平上有显著的差异,海拔高度对土壤养分空间变化的影响程度排序为:pH＞＞有效磷＞有效锰＞碱解氮＞有效铁＞有效锌＞有机质＞有效铜＞全氮＞速效钾。不同成土母质土壤pH值、有机质、全氮、有效磷、速效钾、有效铁、有效锰、有效铜、有效锌的空间变化在0.01水平上均有显著的差异,土壤母质对土壤养分空间变化影响程度排序为:pH＞＞有效铁＞有效锰＞有效磷＞有机质＞全氮＞有效铜＞有效锌＞速效钾。不同土壤亚类上土壤pH值、碱解氮、速效钾、有效铁、有效铜空间变化在0.01水平上均有显著差异,土壤类型对土壤养分空间变化影响程度排序为:pH＞＞有效铁＞有效铜＞碱解氮＞速效钾。
Zunyi County of Guizhou Province is an important agricultural area.In this area,long-term human activities lead to the changes of the ways and intensities of soil material cycles.However, there have been 20 years since the second soil investigation.During this period,the quality and soil fertility status of cultivated land have changed greatly.So there is an important realistic significance to study on spatial variability of extent soil fertility in actual condition to figure out artificial adjustment,soil fertility under directional cultivation,change of Soil environment,and promote continual development of agriculture and society.
In this paper,there is a study on paddy Soil in Zunyi county of Guizhou Province and an analysis of spatial variability's properties of paddy soil nutrients and distributed characters of soil fertility quality index,based on the foundation of datas about fertilization recommendation in 2006, the methods of Conventional Statistic and Geostatistics,and the support of GIS technique.There is also a further discussion on soil nutrients which are influenced by the different height above the sea level,the different soil parent materials and subgroups of soil.The results showed:
(1) The preliminary evaluation of soil nutrient.In the researched areas,the pH of paddy soil is from neutral to sourish,the average concentration of OM,total N,available N,available P,available K,available Fe,available Mn,available Cu and available Zn wre 36.5g.kg~(-1),2.16 g.kg~(-1),188,3 mg.kg~(-1), 24.0 mg.kg~(-1),128.0 mg.kg~(-1),27.2 mg.kg~(-1),21.5 mg.kg~(-1),2.49 mg.kg~(-1),1.53 mg.kg~(-1),and the soil nutrient is rich.The soil nutrient are shown as a medium spatial variability,and the variation coefficients is expressed as the following,available Cu＞available Fe＞available Zn＞available Mn＞available P＞available K＞available N＞OM＞total N＞pH.
(2) The spatial variability of soil nutrient.With the semi-variance analysis of geo-statistical methods,the spatial variability of pH,OM,total N,available N,available P,available K,available Fe,available Mn,available Cu,and available Zn in soil are analyzed in the researched areas.The conclusion is as the following.According to the isotropy,semi-variance structures for spatial variability of soil nutrient are existed,and the limit distance of spatial correlation is relatively large. In the researched areas,the spatial correlation of soil fertility factors is existed in area coverage and the nugget value is from 25%-50%.So,the obvious spatial autocorrelation of pH,OM,total N, available N,available P,available K,available Fe,available Mn,available Cu,and available Zn in soil are existed.Spatial variability is caused by structure and random factors.And the structure of anisotropy is obvious.The pH of soil is variable mostly at the east-west direction,the OM is at the northwest-southeast direction,total N,available N,available P,and available K are at the south-north direction,however available Cu is variable weakly at the east-westt direction,available Fe is also at the northwest-southeast direction,available Mn is at the south-north direction,and available Zn is at the northeast-southwest direction.
(3) The spatial distribution of soil nutrient.The spatial distribution characteristics of soil nutrient contents are analyzed by using the method of Kriging of geostatistics.The result is that the soil nutrients in the researched areas all have the characteristics of a remarkable spatial distribution. In the soil,the pH,OM,total N,available P,available Fe,available Mn,available Cu,and available Zn are existed in a sheet distribution;however available N and available K are existed in a zonal distribution.The statistical content after the spatial interpolation indicates that the paddy soil nutrients in the researched areas are rich.
(4) The evaluation of soil fertility.Soil pH,OM,total N,available P,available K are used as the evaluation factors,then,Nemero are used to evalue the grade of comprehensive soil fertility.The integrated evaluation of soil fertility expresses that paddy soil fertility quality index in the researched areas is existed between 1.26 and 2.24,and the integrated fertility is good at the second and the third levels.The paddy acreage of the second level is 51970.5hm~2,and its proportion is 87.7%.The paddy acreage of the third level is 7295.1hm~2,and its proportion is 12.3%.There is a certain othemess of the soil fertility's spatial distribution.As a whole,the soil fertility in south and in northeast is high, and fertility in west,in southwest and parts of middle area is low.
(5)The differences of soil nutrients content at different altitudes,in different soil parent materials and different soil types.The spatial variability of the pH,OM,total N,available N, available P,available K,available Fe,available Mn,available Cu,and available Zn in soil at different altitude range has significant differences at the level of 0.01.The altitude affects the spatial variability of soil nutrient in order:pH＞＞available P＞available Mn＞available N＞available Fe＞available Zn＞OM＞available Cu＞total N＞available K.The spatial variability of the PH value,OM,total N,available K,available Fe,available Mn,available Cu and available Zn in the different soil parent materials has significant differences at the level of 0.01.The soil parent materials affect the spatial variability of soil nutrient in order:pH＞available Fe＞available Mn＞available P＞OM＞total N＞available Cu＞available Zn＞available K.The spatial variability of the pH,available N,available K,available Fe and available Cu in the different subgroup of soils has significant differences at the level of 0.01.The group of soils affects the spatial variability of soil nutrient in order:pH＞available Fe＞available Cu＞available N＞available K.
引文
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