水跃区水流脉动压力的大涡模拟及实验研究
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摘要
随着高坝的不断兴建,高速水流引起的脉动荷载对水工建筑物的影响也越来越成为工程上关注的焦点。由于水流脉动压力成因极其复杂,许多重要的数据都只能通过原型观测或是相应的水工模型实验来获得。但是模型实验也存在很多的不足之处,例如,实验过程中外界因素的干扰,模型比尺相似律问题等。因此迫切需要其它方法对水流脉动进行分析研究。
水力学与计算机技术有机结合产生的CFD数值模拟技术极大地增强了解决复杂问题的能力。相比模型实验,数值模拟技术具有可实现对复杂流场在理想状态下的全域模拟,提供的信息量大而丰富,可直接对原型进行模拟而不用考虑相似律问题等优势。
本文所要研究的主要内容就是采用大涡模拟方法对水跃现象中的水流脉动压力进行模拟,并通过模型实验进行验证。主要研究内容和成果有:
(1)通过大涡模拟数值计算方法,利用VOF自由液面追踪方法,建立三维有限元数学模型,对带自由表面的水跃现象进行数值模拟。
(2)进行水工模型实验,对脉动壁压实验结果进行统计分析,包括标准差、偏态系数、峰态系数、概率密度函数,脉动壁压的时空相关特征、功率谱密度函数等,并将计算结果与实验结果进行对比,两者吻合较好,表明大涡模型能成功地模拟出水跃现象中的水流脉动压力。
(3)在此基础上,分析水槽侧壁上水流脉动压力沿水深的分布规律。
(4)将大涡模拟方法应用到水利工程中,对青铜峡泄洪闸的流场和水流脉动压力进行模拟,表明采用大涡模拟方法对大尺度模型进行三维数值模拟是可行的。
As a continual construction of high dams, the influence of fluctuating pressure caused by high speed discharge on hydraulic structure becomes the focus. Because the cause of fluctuating pressure is rather complex, many important parameters are obtained only from prototype observation or hydraulic model experiment. But there are many defects in model experiment, such as the influence of environment in the process of experiment, the similarity law of model scale. Therefore, other methods are needed urgently to study the pressure fluctuations.
CFD numerical simulation technique which was combined organically by hydraulics and computer technology enhances the ability to solve more complex problems. In contrast with model experiment, numerical simulation technique has many advantages, as follows, the ability to simulate the whole region in perfect state, the information supplied greatly and abundantly, the ability to simulate prototype which don’t need to consider the problem of similarity law.
The main work of this paper is to simulate fluctuating pressure of the hydraulic jump by the method of large eddy numerical simulation and to proof the results by model experiment. The principal contents and achievements of the paper are as follows:
(1) With large eddy numerical simulation, three-dimensional numerical model is established to simulate hydraulic jump with free surface by VOF free surface track method.
(2) The statistical characteristics that consist of standard deviation, skewness, kurtosis, probability density function, space-time correlation and power spectral density function of the fluctuating pressure recorded in the experiments are analyzed in the paper. The numerical simulation results are analyzed and compared with the test results, and they are well agreed with each other. It shows that the large eddy numerical simulation can simulate the fluctuating pressure of the hydraulic jump successfully.
(3) On the base, regularity of fluctuating pressure distribution on water channel’s side wall is investigated in depth of water.
(4) Applying the large eddy numerical simulation to hydraulic engineering, this paper simulates flow and fluctuating pressure of Qingtongxia sluice. The result shows that it is feasible to carry out three-dimensional simulation of large scale model with large eddy numerical simulation.
水力学与计算机技术有机结合产生的CFD数值模拟技术极大地增强了解决复杂问题的能力。相比模型实验,数值模拟技术具有可实现对复杂流场在理想状态下的全域模拟,提供的信息量大而丰富,可直接对原型进行模拟而不用考虑相似律问题等优势。
本文所要研究的主要内容就是采用大涡模拟方法对水跃现象中的水流脉动压力进行模拟,并通过模型实验进行验证。主要研究内容和成果有:
(1)通过大涡模拟数值计算方法,利用VOF自由液面追踪方法,建立三维有限元数学模型,对带自由表面的水跃现象进行数值模拟。
(2)进行水工模型实验,对脉动壁压实验结果进行统计分析,包括标准差、偏态系数、峰态系数、概率密度函数,脉动壁压的时空相关特征、功率谱密度函数等,并将计算结果与实验结果进行对比,两者吻合较好,表明大涡模型能成功地模拟出水跃现象中的水流脉动压力。
(3)在此基础上,分析水槽侧壁上水流脉动压力沿水深的分布规律。
(4)将大涡模拟方法应用到水利工程中,对青铜峡泄洪闸的流场和水流脉动压力进行模拟,表明采用大涡模拟方法对大尺度模型进行三维数值模拟是可行的。
As a continual construction of high dams, the influence of fluctuating pressure caused by high speed discharge on hydraulic structure becomes the focus. Because the cause of fluctuating pressure is rather complex, many important parameters are obtained only from prototype observation or hydraulic model experiment. But there are many defects in model experiment, such as the influence of environment in the process of experiment, the similarity law of model scale. Therefore, other methods are needed urgently to study the pressure fluctuations.
CFD numerical simulation technique which was combined organically by hydraulics and computer technology enhances the ability to solve more complex problems. In contrast with model experiment, numerical simulation technique has many advantages, as follows, the ability to simulate the whole region in perfect state, the information supplied greatly and abundantly, the ability to simulate prototype which don’t need to consider the problem of similarity law.
The main work of this paper is to simulate fluctuating pressure of the hydraulic jump by the method of large eddy numerical simulation and to proof the results by model experiment. The principal contents and achievements of the paper are as follows:
(1) With large eddy numerical simulation, three-dimensional numerical model is established to simulate hydraulic jump with free surface by VOF free surface track method.
(2) The statistical characteristics that consist of standard deviation, skewness, kurtosis, probability density function, space-time correlation and power spectral density function of the fluctuating pressure recorded in the experiments are analyzed in the paper. The numerical simulation results are analyzed and compared with the test results, and they are well agreed with each other. It shows that the large eddy numerical simulation can simulate the fluctuating pressure of the hydraulic jump successfully.
(3) On the base, regularity of fluctuating pressure distribution on water channel’s side wall is investigated in depth of water.
(4) Applying the large eddy numerical simulation to hydraulic engineering, this paper simulates flow and fluctuating pressure of Qingtongxia sluice. The result shows that it is feasible to carry out three-dimensional simulation of large scale model with large eddy numerical simulation.
引文
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[2]王木兰,蒋传丰,夏宝莲等,水跃底部脉动压力随机分析及紊动比尺初探,华东水利学院学报,1985,1:67～73
[3]丁灼仪,泄水建筑物水流脉动压强振幅统计特性的探讨,水利学报,1984,4:50～55
[4]练继建,崔广涛,董淑芳,水工结构流激振动响应的反分析,水利水电技术,1998,29(8):51～54
[5] B. B.布哈诺夫等,萨彦舒申斯克水电站宣泄小流量时主要建筑物的振动,水利水电快报,1994,12:8～11
[6]谢省宗等,泄水建筑物的压力脉动和振动问题、高速水流研究述评,水利水电泄水建筑物高速水流情网,1986,5～10
[7]练继建,崔广涛,黄锦林,导墙结构的流激振动研究,水利学报,1998,11:33～37
[8]尤季茨基等,水流动水压强对溢流坝挑流鼻坎下游河床影响的模型实验和原型观测,北京:水利电力出版社,5～8
[9]陈永灿、许协庆,射流对下游河床冲击作用的数值模拟,水动力学研究与进展, 1992, 7(3):319～326
[10]张声鸣,消力池导墙脉动压力特性的研究,长江科学院院报,1995,12(1):11～18
[11]张声鸣,水垫塘底板稳定研究,长江科学院院报, 1997,14(3):5～90
[12] D. A.欧文,H. T.法尔维,W.威瑟斯.高著,消力池底板上的压力脉动,水利水电快报,1998,19(5):9～13
[13]张建民,挑流消能水垫塘底板冲刷机理研究:[博士学位论文],四川:四川大学,2000
[14]肖兴斌,水流脉动压力研究进展的若干问题综述,水电工程研究,1992,2:62～70
[15]张铁生,肖兴斌,水流脉动压力研究进展综述,中南水力发电,1995,2:68～72
[16]李建中,宁利中,高速水力学,西安:西北工业大学出版社,1994,10～16
[17]梁在潮,工程湍流,武汉:华中理工大学出版社,1999,222～240
[18]崔广涛,水流脉动压力随机分析,天津大学学报,1981
[19]崔广涛等,三峡水利枢纽厂坝导墙泄洪振动水弹性模型实验研究,天津大学研究报告。
[20]梁兴蓉,挑流冲刷过程的压力谱场特性的随机分析,高速水流,1984,2:25～33
[21]张声鸣,消力池导墙脉动压力特性的研究,长江科学院院报,1995,12(1):11～18
[22]张声鸣,陈建,导墙动水压力特性研究,长江科学院院报,1996,13(1):14～20
[23]张声鸣,挑流消能导墙动水压力特性实验研究报告,长江科学院,1995
[24]董志勇,吴持恭,杨永全,掺气对射流冲击水垫塘底部脉动压强频谱特性的影响,成都科技大学学报,1994,1:9～13
[25]陆晶,紊流脉动压力的正交分解与低阶近似:[博士学位论文],武汉:武汉大学,2002
[26]郭航忠,水垫塘底板稳定性判别标准研究:[硕士学位论文],天津:天津大学,2003
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