自主创新、技术模仿与中国技术赶超
|
摘要
《国家中长期科学和技术发展规划纲要(2006-2020年)》明确提出到2020年我国力争进入创新型国家的行列。对国外技术的模仿和自主创新是实现这一赶超目标两个基本途径,那么,我国作为一个后发大国应当如何选择适宜技术进步模式,并促进从模仿到自主创新的转型?同时我国区域经济发展不平衡,区域技术进步模式有所差异,科技政策和科技发展战略应如何根据区域技术进步模式的差异性实现大国技术进步模式的耦合,以促进国家整体技术赶超?以这些现实问题为导向,本论文重点解决以下三个方面问题:
(1)通过构建拓展的南北技术扩散模型和国际经验论证了选择适宜的技术进步模式有利于后发国家的技术赶超。通过对后发优势悖论探讨,我们发现即使在技术后发优势能发挥的前提下,后发国家仍需加强自主创新、并选择适宜的技术进步模式才能破解后发优势悖论和实现技术赶超。(2)探讨后发国家技术赶超过程中技术进步模式的决定与转型,以及研发投资与生产性投资的关系。首先构建了拓展的内生的增长模型,分析了技术差距对技术进步模式的影响;然后在分析一致的理论模型框架中逐步纳入异质型人力资本和物质资本,探讨后发国技术赶超过程中技术进步模式决定和转型的影响因素;并以中国省际面板数据进行实证检验。分析表明:在技术后发优势能发挥的前提下,技术差距和人力资本构成决定了主导技术进步模式,主导技术进步模式随着技术差距的缩小、创新型人力资本构成比例的提高,逐步从模仿到自主创新转型;而当后发国模仿能力很弱时,在经济进入以技术模仿为主导技术进步模式前,有一个以自主研发提高模仿能力的阶段;提高自主研发效率和创新型人力资本的丰裕度可加速技术进步模式转型,但加速技术进步模式转型的政策不一定有利于技术赶超;根据技术差距权衡生产性投资与研发投资才能实现经济的最优增长,鼓励研发投入的“有限赶超战略”有利于技术赶超。基于中国的实证表明:我国现阶段技术进步以模仿为主,自主创新效应不明显;但在技术水平较高区域,自主创新和研发投资能显著促进技术进步和经济增长,而在技术水平较低的区域,生产性投资和对国外技术进步的模仿是促进经济增长和技术进步的主要动力。(3)探讨为实现区域差异性技术进步模式的耦合、我国科技政策与科技战略的选择。根据理论和实证分析,提出在两种技术进步模式间权衡的适度知识产权保护政策选择,以及为促进我国技术进步的知识产权保护与R&D补贴的组合政策;通过对科技政策的比较实证分析,认为科技政策应当以刺激研发需求为主转向以改善研发资源供给为主;并根据区域技术进步模式的差异性提出我国区域技术、经济“分层赶超”战略构想,为耦合分层赶超战略,提出以“圈层经济”带动技术的“圈层进步”。从而破解我国科技政策和科技战略选择的困境,实现技术赶超。
这一研究的意义集中体现在:澄清了后发国家在技术赶超过程中模仿与创新、研发投资与生产性投资之间的关系;为技术进步模式的选择与转型提供理论与经验支持;为促进大国整体技术赶超,科技政策与科技发展战略的选择提供指导建议。
《National Guideline on Medium- and Long-Term Program for Science and Technology Development (2006-2020)》indicateed specifically that until the year 2020 our country should become one of the innovation countries. Imitation and self-innovation are two main channels to achieve this aim. So how does China, as a lagging country, chose a suitable technological progress mode and how to promote its transition from imitation to self-innovation, are important problems we have to solve. At the same time, the regional economic in our country is developed unequally, therefore the regional technological progress mode should be different. Thus, another question occured: How does an unequal developed country choose suitable technological policies and development strategies reflecting the regional differences? In order to find the answer for these questions, this paper focused on solving the following three problems:
(1) By extended north–south technology diffusion model and international empirical analysis, we found that choosing an appropriate technological progress mode is beneficial to technological progress. By discussing the backward advantage paradox, we found that even under the premise that the technological backward advantage can be utilized fully, the lagging countries still need to deal with the relationship well between the two technological progress modes to realize economic catching up. (2) In order to find the determining factors of the technological progress modes and of the relationship between the R&D investment and the production investment, Firstly we built an extended endogenous growth model to discuss the influence of the technology gap on the technological progress mode; Secondly, we put the heterogeneous human capital into the consentaneous theory model to discuss the determinate factors of the technological progress mode; thirdly, we made a empirical analysis based on China’s provincial panel date. The conclusions are that: when the lagging country’s imitation ability is at a high level, the technological backward advantage can play a role, technology gap and human capital are main determining factors of the technological progress mode,The dominate technological progress mode transits from imitation to innovation as the technology gap narrowing and increasing of the composition of human capital; When the lagging country’s imitation ability is at a low level, there is an innovation phase before the lagging country’s technological progress mode becoming imitation; Improving innovation efficiency and human capital copiousness degree can accelerate the transition of technological progress mode, but the policies accelerating the technological progress mode’s transition may not be beneficial to the technological catching up; The“Strategies of Limited Catching up”can be helpful to the technological catching up by encouraging R&D investment. According to the empirical analysis, we can find that the dominate technological progress mode in our country is imitation; In the region with high technological level, innovation and R&D investment promote economic growth and technological progress; In the region with low technological level, production investment and imitation are main forces for the economic growth and technological progress. (3)We explored the lagging country’s choice of technological policy and strategies which reflect different technological progress modes of different regions. According to the theory and the empirical analysis, we proposed that suitable intellectual property rights policies should balance imitation and innovation, Also we proposed combinatorial polices of intellectual property rights and R&D subsidy to accelerate technological progress; By Empirical analysis and comparing technological policies, we concluded that the main technological policy should transit from stimulating R&D demand to improving the supply of R&D resources. Finally, we proposed the technological strategy of“layer catching up”reflecting regional differences. To couple“Layer catching up”strategy, we proposed that“Layer technological progress”should be driven by“Layer Economic”. By doing so, we can crack the dilemma of the technological strategies and technological policies and realize technological catching up.
The main significance of the research is that we clarified the relationship between imitation and innovation、R&D investment and production investment, and to provide supporting theory and proof for the choseing and transition of the technological progress mode, and also we proposed some suggestions for the choice of policies and development Strategy promoting china’s technological catching up.
(1)通过构建拓展的南北技术扩散模型和国际经验论证了选择适宜的技术进步模式有利于后发国家的技术赶超。通过对后发优势悖论探讨,我们发现即使在技术后发优势能发挥的前提下,后发国家仍需加强自主创新、并选择适宜的技术进步模式才能破解后发优势悖论和实现技术赶超。(2)探讨后发国家技术赶超过程中技术进步模式的决定与转型,以及研发投资与生产性投资的关系。首先构建了拓展的内生的增长模型,分析了技术差距对技术进步模式的影响;然后在分析一致的理论模型框架中逐步纳入异质型人力资本和物质资本,探讨后发国技术赶超过程中技术进步模式决定和转型的影响因素;并以中国省际面板数据进行实证检验。分析表明:在技术后发优势能发挥的前提下,技术差距和人力资本构成决定了主导技术进步模式,主导技术进步模式随着技术差距的缩小、创新型人力资本构成比例的提高,逐步从模仿到自主创新转型;而当后发国模仿能力很弱时,在经济进入以技术模仿为主导技术进步模式前,有一个以自主研发提高模仿能力的阶段;提高自主研发效率和创新型人力资本的丰裕度可加速技术进步模式转型,但加速技术进步模式转型的政策不一定有利于技术赶超;根据技术差距权衡生产性投资与研发投资才能实现经济的最优增长,鼓励研发投入的“有限赶超战略”有利于技术赶超。基于中国的实证表明:我国现阶段技术进步以模仿为主,自主创新效应不明显;但在技术水平较高区域,自主创新和研发投资能显著促进技术进步和经济增长,而在技术水平较低的区域,生产性投资和对国外技术进步的模仿是促进经济增长和技术进步的主要动力。(3)探讨为实现区域差异性技术进步模式的耦合、我国科技政策与科技战略的选择。根据理论和实证分析,提出在两种技术进步模式间权衡的适度知识产权保护政策选择,以及为促进我国技术进步的知识产权保护与R&D补贴的组合政策;通过对科技政策的比较实证分析,认为科技政策应当以刺激研发需求为主转向以改善研发资源供给为主;并根据区域技术进步模式的差异性提出我国区域技术、经济“分层赶超”战略构想,为耦合分层赶超战略,提出以“圈层经济”带动技术的“圈层进步”。从而破解我国科技政策和科技战略选择的困境,实现技术赶超。
这一研究的意义集中体现在:澄清了后发国家在技术赶超过程中模仿与创新、研发投资与生产性投资之间的关系;为技术进步模式的选择与转型提供理论与经验支持;为促进大国整体技术赶超,科技政策与科技发展战略的选择提供指导建议。
《National Guideline on Medium- and Long-Term Program for Science and Technology Development (2006-2020)》indicateed specifically that until the year 2020 our country should become one of the innovation countries. Imitation and self-innovation are two main channels to achieve this aim. So how does China, as a lagging country, chose a suitable technological progress mode and how to promote its transition from imitation to self-innovation, are important problems we have to solve. At the same time, the regional economic in our country is developed unequally, therefore the regional technological progress mode should be different. Thus, another question occured: How does an unequal developed country choose suitable technological policies and development strategies reflecting the regional differences? In order to find the answer for these questions, this paper focused on solving the following three problems:
(1) By extended north–south technology diffusion model and international empirical analysis, we found that choosing an appropriate technological progress mode is beneficial to technological progress. By discussing the backward advantage paradox, we found that even under the premise that the technological backward advantage can be utilized fully, the lagging countries still need to deal with the relationship well between the two technological progress modes to realize economic catching up. (2) In order to find the determining factors of the technological progress modes and of the relationship between the R&D investment and the production investment, Firstly we built an extended endogenous growth model to discuss the influence of the technology gap on the technological progress mode; Secondly, we put the heterogeneous human capital into the consentaneous theory model to discuss the determinate factors of the technological progress mode; thirdly, we made a empirical analysis based on China’s provincial panel date. The conclusions are that: when the lagging country’s imitation ability is at a high level, the technological backward advantage can play a role, technology gap and human capital are main determining factors of the technological progress mode,The dominate technological progress mode transits from imitation to innovation as the technology gap narrowing and increasing of the composition of human capital; When the lagging country’s imitation ability is at a low level, there is an innovation phase before the lagging country’s technological progress mode becoming imitation; Improving innovation efficiency and human capital copiousness degree can accelerate the transition of technological progress mode, but the policies accelerating the technological progress mode’s transition may not be beneficial to the technological catching up; The“Strategies of Limited Catching up”can be helpful to the technological catching up by encouraging R&D investment. According to the empirical analysis, we can find that the dominate technological progress mode in our country is imitation; In the region with high technological level, innovation and R&D investment promote economic growth and technological progress; In the region with low technological level, production investment and imitation are main forces for the economic growth and technological progress. (3)We explored the lagging country’s choice of technological policy and strategies which reflect different technological progress modes of different regions. According to the theory and the empirical analysis, we proposed that suitable intellectual property rights policies should balance imitation and innovation, Also we proposed combinatorial polices of intellectual property rights and R&D subsidy to accelerate technological progress; By Empirical analysis and comparing technological policies, we concluded that the main technological policy should transit from stimulating R&D demand to improving the supply of R&D resources. Finally, we proposed the technological strategy of“layer catching up”reflecting regional differences. To couple“Layer catching up”strategy, we proposed that“Layer technological progress”should be driven by“Layer Economic”. By doing so, we can crack the dilemma of the technological strategies and technological policies and realize technological catching up.
The main significance of the research is that we clarified the relationship between imitation and innovation、R&D investment and production investment, and to provide supporting theory and proof for the choseing and transition of the technological progress mode, and also we proposed some suggestions for the choice of policies and development Strategy promoting china’s technological catching up.
引文
[1] 张景安. 实现由技术引进为主向自主创新为主转变的战略思考. 中国软科学,2003,(11)
[2] Gerschenkron alexander: Economic backwardness in historical perspecttve, Harvard university press,1962
[3] Romer, P. Endogenous Technological Change. Journal of Political Economy, 1990, 98(1): S71–S102
[4] Aghion and Howitt. A Model of Growth through Creative Destruction.Econometrica, 1992, 60:323- 351
[5] Coe, D.T and Helpman, E. International R&D Spillover. European Economic Review, 1995,39(5): 859 -887
[6] Barro R, Sala–i-Martin X. Technological Diffusion, Convergence, and Growth. Journal of Economic Growth, 1997,2: 1-27
[7] Barro R. Economic growth in a cross-section of countries. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1991, 106: 407-443
[8] Williamson J. Productivity and American leadership: a review article. Journal of Economic Literature, 1991, 19: 51-68
[9] Brezis, E, Krugman, P and Tsiddion, D. Leapfrogging: A Theory of Cycles in National Technological Leadership. American Economic Review, 1993,83:1211-19
[10] Diwan, I, Rodrik, D. Patents, Appropriate Technology, and North-South Trade. Journal of International Economics, 1991,30:27-47
[11] Acemoglu, D., & Zilibotti, F. Productivity differences. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 2001,116(2):563–606
[12] Alfaro L, Chanda A, Kalemli-Ozcan S, Sayek S. FDI and Economic Growth:The Role of Local Markets. IMF working paper, 2000
[13] Parente E, Prescott E. Barriers to technology adoption and development. Journal of Political Economy, 1994, 102(2): 298-321
[14] Kumar, N. Intellectual Property Rights, Technology and Economic Development: Experiences of Asian Countries. Commission Background Paper 1b, 2002,27-35
[15] Anders Skonlhoft.Catching up and falling behind, a vintage model approach. JEvol Econ, 1995, 5:285-295
[16] Dinopoulos, E.Schumpeterian porduct evolution and vanishing growth. Mimo,the university of Floria, 1991
[17] Grossman, G.M. and E.Helpman. Quality ladders and product cycles. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1991, 106:557-586
[18] Segerstrom, P.S. Innovation, imitation and economic growth. Journal of Political Economy, 1991, 99(4):807-827
[19] Jinli Zeng. Innovative vs.imitation R&D and economic growth. Journal of Development Economics, 2001, 64:499-528
[20] Blumenthal.T. Japan’s technological strategy. Journal of Development Economics, 2001,3:245-255
[21] Grossman, G.M. and E. Helpman. Endogenous product cycles . Economic Journal, 1991, 101:1214-1229
[22] Parente Stephen L and Proscott Edward C. Barries to technology adoption and development. Journal of Political Economy, 1994,vol102,no2:298-321
[23] Fosfuri. Patent protection, imitation and the mode of technology transfer. International Journal of Industrial organization, 2000, 18:1129-1149
[24] Rachel van Elkan. Catching up and slowing down: Learning and growth patterns in an open economy. Journal of International Economics, 1996, 41: 95-11
[25] 约瑟夫·熊比特. 经济发展理论. 何畏等译. 北京商务印书馆, 1990
[26] 傅家骥. 技术创新学. 清华大学出版社, 1998,(11): 96-97
[27] 金碚. 中国工业的技术创新. 中国工业经济, 2004,(5)
[28] 赵亿宁. 技术引进与自主创新之争. 瞭望新闻周刊,2003-7-7
[29] 李建民. 技术扩散、技术垄断与中国科技战略转变. 中国科技论坛, 2006,(2)
[30] Taylor, M.S. Trips, trade, and growth. International Economic Review, 1994, 35:361– 381
[31] Yang, G., Maskus, K.E. Intellectual property rights, licensing, and innovation in an endogenous product cycle model. Journal of International Economics, 2001,53:169– 187
[32] 李国杰. 自主创新必须走出误区 .人民日报, 2005-07-14
[33] 李思一. 发展中国家技术引进与自主创新的关系. 国际技术经济研究, 2000,(3)
[34] 吕政. 自主创新与产业安全. 光明日报, 2006-8-7
[35] 周天勇. 促进自主创新应正确处理八大关系. 光明日报,2005-3-1
[36] 肖红叶. 中国区域竞争力发展报告(1985-2004),北京:中国统计出版社,2004
[37] 肖红叶. 中国区域竞争力发展报告(2005). 北京:中国统计出版社,2006
[38] 叶裕民. 全国及各省区市全要素生产率的计算和分析. 经济学家,2002,(3)
[39] 张军. 资本形成、工业化与经济增长:中国的转轨特征. 经济研究,2002,(6): 3-15
[40] Lee J. Capital Goods Imports and Long-Run Growth. Journal of Development Economics, 1995, 48: 91-110
[41] Segerstrom P S, Anant T, Dinopoulos E. UA Schumpeterian Model of the Product Life Cycle. American Economic Review, 1990, 80:1077-1092
[42] Rivera-Batiz, Romer P M. Economic Integration and Endogenous Growth. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1991, 106: 531–555
[43] 沈坤荣, 耿强. 外国直接投资的外溢效应分析. 金融研究,2000,(3)
[44] Vernon, R. Intemationat investment and international trade in the product cycle. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1966,80:190-207
[45] Krugman, P.R. A model of innovation, technology transfer, and the world distribution of income. Journal of Political Economy, 1979, 87:253-266
[46] Dollar, D. Technological Innovations, Capital Mobility, and the Product Cycle in North-South Trade. American Economic Review, 1986,76(1): 177-90
[47] Jensen, R. and M. Thursby. A strategic approach to the product life cycle. Journal of International Economics, 1986,21:269-284
[48] Grossman, G.M. and E. Helpman. Quality ladders and product cycles. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1991,106:557-586
[49] Keller, W. International Technology Diffusion. Journal of Economic Literature, 2004, 42: 752-782
[50] Fagerberg, J. Technology and International Differences in Growth Rates. Journal of Economic Literature, 1994, 32: 1147-1175
[51] Eaton J., Kortum S. Trade in Ideas: Patenting and Productivity in the OECD. Journal of International Economics, 1996,40:251-278
[52] Grossman, Geme M., Helpman, Elhanam. Comparative advantage and long-run growth. American Economic Review, 1990, 80:796-815
[53] Helpman and Hoffmaister. North-South R&D spillover. The Economic Journal, 1997,1107: 134 -149
[54] Helpman, E. Innovation, imitation, and intellectual property rights. Econometrica, 1993,61:1247– 1280
[55] Glass Amy Jocelyn, Saggi Kamal. Intellectual property right and foreign direct investment. Journal of International Economics, 2002,56:387-410
[56] Chin, J.C.and Grossman, GM. Intellectual property rights and North–South trade. In: Jones, R.W., Krueger, A.(Eds.), The Political Economy of International Trade: Essays in Honor of Robert E. Baldwin. Blackwell, Cambridge MA, 1990, 90-107
[57] Deardorff, A.V. Welfare effects of global patent protection. Economica, 1992,59:35– 51
[58] Chien-fu Chou and OZ Shy. A model of technology gap, product cycle,and the process of cathching up between the north and the south. The Economic Record, 1991, 67(198): 217-226
[59] David Currie, Paul Levine, Josph Pearlman, and Michael Chui.Phase of imitation and innovation in a north-south endogenous growth model. Oxford Economic, 1999
[60] Lutz G.Arnold. Growth in stages, Structural change and economic, 2003
[61] 路风, 封凯栋. 为什么自主开发是学习外国技术的最佳途径?——以日韩两国汽车工业发展经验为例. 中国软科学, 2004,(4)
[62] Kim, Linsu. Imitation to Innovation : The Dynamics of Korea’ Technological Learning , Harvard Business School Press, 1997
[63] 张松涛. 自主创新与技术引进——关于新形势下建设创新型国家的若干思考.国际贸易,2007,(7)
[64] Chen Yongmin, Puttitanun Thitima. Intellectual property rights and innovation in developing countries. Journal of Development Economics, 2005, 78: 474– 493
[65] Lee, Keun, C. Lim, and W. Song. Emerging Digital Technology as a Window of Opportunity and Technological Leapfrogging: Catch-up in Digital TV by the Korean Firms. International Journal of Technology Management, 2005,29(1-2):40-63
[66] 杜宝贵, 孙萍. 论我国科技政策研究的路径重构. 科学管理研究, 2006,(3)
[67] 徐继宁. 国家创新体系:英国产学研制度创新. 高等工程教育研究, 2007,(2)
[68] 郝云玲 . 西方国家政府支持技术创新的做法及其启示 . 未来与发展, 2007,(10)
[69] 柴中达 , 李洋 . 政府在国家创新体系中的职能定位 . 中国行政管理 , 2004,(10)
[70] 李侠, 蒋美仕. 论科技政策制定中的伦理基础缺失问题. 中国科技论坛,2006
[71] 邹薇, 代谦. 技术模仿、人力资本积累与经济赶超. 中国社会科学,2003,(5)
[72] 张海洋. 中国工业部门R&D吸收能力与外资技术扩散. 管理世界, 2005,(6)
[73] 赖明勇, 包群, 彭水军,张新. 外商直接投资与技术外溢:基于吸收能力的研究. 经济研究,2005,(8)
[74] 官建成, 何颖. 基于DEA方法的区域创新系统的评价. 科学学研究, 2005,(2)
[75] 张亚斌, 易先忠. 后发国知识产权保护与技术赶超. 中国软科学, 2006,(7)
[76] 谷克鉴. 中国对外贸易发展中的竞争政策选择. 中国社会科学, 2000,(3)
[77] 陈惠雄. 资源层次、经济重心与区域经济的多元合作发展. 中国工业经济, 2004,(8)
[78] Nelson R, Phelps E. Investment in humans, technological diffusion, and economic growth. American Economic Review, 1966, 56(2): 69-76
[79] Abramovitz M. Catching Up, Forging Ahead and Falling Behind. Journal of Economic History, 1986, 46 (2): 385-406
[80] Easterly R. Why isn’t the whole world developed. Journal of Economic History, 1981, 41: 1-19
[81] Landes D. Why we are so rich and they are so poor. American Economic Review, 1990, 80: 1-13
[82] Abramovitz M. Thinking about Growth. Cambridge University Press, 1989
[83] Basu, Susanto, and David N. Weil. Appropriate Technology and Growth. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1998, 113 (4):1025-54
[84] 林毅夫, 张鹏飞. 后发优势、技术引进和落后国家的经济增长. 经济学(季刊),2005,(1)
[85] Acemoglu D. Why do new technologies complement skills, directed technical change and wage inequality. Quarterly Journal of Economic, 1998, 113(4): 1055-1089
[86] Borensztein E, Gregorio J, Lee J-W. How does foreign direct investment affect economic growth? Journal of International Economics, 1998, 45:115-135
[87] Jaffe A. Technological opportunity and spillovers of R&D: Evidence from firms’ patents, profit and market values. American Economic Review, 1986, 76: 984-1001
[88] Gould, D.M., Gruben, W.C. The role of intellectual property rights in economic growth. Journal of Development Economics, 1996,48:323-350
[89] Markusen James R. Contracts, intellectual property rights, and multinational investment in developing countries. Journal of International Economics, 2001,53:189-204
[90] Helliwell J. Trade and technical progress. NBER working paper, No. 4226, 1992
[91] Barrios S, Strobl E. Learning by doing and spillovers: evidence from firm-level panel data. FEDEA working paper, 2002-09, 2002
[92] Barrios S. Foreign Direct Investment and Productivity Spillovers-Evidence from the Spanish Experience. FEDEA working papers, No.4132, 2001
[93] Olofsdotter K. Foreign Direct Investment, Country Capabilities and Economic Growth. Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, 1998, 134: 3
[94] 冯雁秋. 后发优势悖论与中国的技术战略选择. 世界经济, 2000,(7)
[95] Cohen ,W. and D.Levinthal. Innovation and Learning : The Two faces of R&D. Economic Journal, 1989, 99 :569-596
[96] Anders Skonlhoft. Catching up and falling behind, a vintage model approach, J Evol Econ, 1995, 5:285-295
[97] Maskus, Keith E. and Christine McDaniel. Impacts of the Japanese Patent System on Productivity Growth. Japan and the World Economy, 1999,11: 557-57
[98] Lee, Won-Yong. The Role of Science and Technology Policy in Korea's Industrial Development.In Kim, Linsu and Nelson Richard R., Technology, Learning, and Innovation: Experiences of Newly Industrializing Economies, Cambridge University Press, 2000,269-290
[99] Kim, Linsu. Imitation to Innovation: The Dynamics of Korea's Technological Learning. Boston, Massachusetts, Harvard Business School Press ,1997,120-138
[100] Lanjouw, Jean O. The Introduction of Pharmaceutical Product Patents in India: Heartless Exploitation of the Poor and Suffering?. NBER Working Paper ,Series No.6366,1998
[101] Fagerberg, Jan. A technology gap approach to why growth rates differ, Research Policy, Elsevier, 1987, 16(2-4):87-99
[102] Acemoglu, D., Aghion, P, Zilibotti, F. Distance to Frontier, Selection, and Economic Growth. Journal of the European Economic Association, 2006,4(1):37-74
[103] Aghion, P., Blundell, R., Griffith, R., Howitt, P., & Prantl, S. Entry and productivity growth: Evidence from microlevel panel data. Journal of the European Economic Association, 2004, 2(2–3):265–276
[104] Aghion, P., Bloom, N., Griffith, R., Blundell, R., & Howitt. PCompetition and innovation: An inverted U relationship. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 2005,120(2):701–728
[105] Aghion, P., Burgess, R., Redding, S., & Zilibotti, F. The unequal effects of liberalization: Evidence from dismantling the license Raj in India. Mimeo Harvard University, 2005
[106] Vandenbussche, Aghion and Meghir. Growth, distance to frontier and composition of human capital.Journal of Economic Growth, 2006,11:97-127
[107] 林毅夫. 发展战略,自生能力与经济收敛. 经济学(季刊),2002,(2)
[108] Abramovitz M, David P. Convergence and deferred catch up. In Landau et al eds. Mosaic of Economic Growth, 1996
[109] Cohen, Levinthal. Absorptive capability: a new perspective on learning and innovation. Administrative Science Quarterly, 1990, 35: 128 - 152
[110] 潘士远, 林毅夫. 发展战略、知识吸收能力与经济收敛. 数量经济技术经济研究, 2006,(2)
[111] 吴晓波, 黄娟. 从技术差距、吸收能力看FDI与中国的技术追赶. 科学学研究, 2005,3
[112] 陈涛涛. 影响中国外商直接投资溢出效应的行业特征. 中国社会科学, 2003,(4)
[113] Verspagen Bart. A new empirical approach to catching up or falling behind. Structual Change and Economics, 1991,2 :359-380
[114] 张军, 吴桂英, 张吉鹏. 中国省际物质资本存量估算:1952—2000. 经济研究, 2002,(10)
[115] Benhabib, Jess, and Mark M. Spiegel. The Role of Human Capital in Economic Development, Evidence from Aggregate Cross-Country Data. Journal of Monetary Economics, 1994, 34: 143–73
[116] Andrew T. Young, Daniel Levy and Matthew J. Higgins. Many Types of Human Capital and Many Roles in U.S. Growth: Evidence from County-Level Educational Attainment Data. RePEc Working Paper, 2004
[117] Fidel Perez-Sebastian. Transitional dynamics in an R&D-based growth model with imitation: Comparing its predictions to the data. Journal of Monetary Economics, 2000,45:437-461
[118] Jones, C. R&D-Based Models of Economic Growth. Journal of Political Economy, 1995,103:759-784
[119] Jones, C.I. Growth: with or without scale effects? American Economic ReviewPapers and Proceedings ,1999,89: 139–144
[120] Dinopoulos E, Thompson P. Schumpeterian Growth without Scale Effects. Journal of Economic Growth, 1998, 3 (4): 313–335
[121] 张亚斌, 曾铮, 陈开军. 一国R&D投资与生产性投资的权衡模型. 世界经济, 2006,(04)
[122] 林毅夫. 发展战略与经济发展. 北京:北京大学出版社, 2004
[123] 林毅夫, 李永军. 按照比较优势调整产业结构, 减少金融风险. 改革, 2001
[124] 姚洋, 杨汝岱. 有限赶超和大国经济发展. 2006年中国经济学年会文章
[125] Mansfield,E. Intellectual Property Protection, Foreign Direct Investment, And Technology Transfer. World Bank and International Finance Corporation, Washington, D.C., 1994
[126] Markusen, J.R. Multinationals, multi-plant economies, and the gains from trade. Journal of International Economics,1984, 16:205–226
[127] 韩玉雄 , 李怀租 . 知识产权保护对社会福利水平的影响 . 世界经济 , 2003,(9)
[128] Smith, P.J. Are weak patent rights a barrier to U.S. exports? Journal of International Economics,1999,48:151–177
[129] Schneider Patricia Higino. International trade, economic growth and intellectual property rights: A panel data study of developed and developing countries. Journal of Development Economics, 2005,78:529– 547
[130] Primo Braga, C., Fink, C., Paz Sepulveda, C. Intellectual property rights and economic development. World Bank Discussion Papers, 2000, 412
[131] Mondal Debasis, Gupta Manash Ranjan. Innovation, imitation and intellectual property rights: a note on Helpman’s model. Journal of Economics, 2006,87(1):29-53
[132] Zigic, Kresimir. Strategic trade policy, intellectual property rights protection, and North–South trade. Journal of Development Economics, 2000, 61:27– 60
[133] Ginarte. Juan Ca, Park .Walter G. Determinants of patent rights: A cross-national study,Research Policy , 1997,26 :283-301
[134] 郑成思, 王先林, 约翰·巴顿. 知识产权制度保护谁. 科技日报, 2004-2-29
[135] McCalman, P. Reaping what you sow: An empirical analysis of international patent harmonization. Journal of International Economics, 2002, 55:161-186
[136] La Croix, Sumner J. and Konan, Denise Eby. Intellectual property rights in china: the changing political economy of Chinese-American interests. The World Economy,2002,25: 759-788
[137] Maskus and Dougherty. Intellectual property rights and economic development in china.The National Bureau of Asian Research working paper,1998
[138] Lai, Edwin L.-C. International intellectual property protection and the rate of production innovation. Journal of Development Economics, 1998, 55:133-153
[139] Nunnenkamp and Spatz. Intellectual Property Rights and foreign direct investment: a disaggregated analysis. Review of World Economics, 2004, 140:393-413
[140] Smith, P.J. How do foreign patent rights affect U.S. exports, affiliate sales, and licenses?. Journal of International Economics, 2001, 55:411-439
[141] 杨全发, 韩樱. 知识产权保护与跨国公司对外直接投资策略. 经济研究, 2006,(4)
[142] Petit, M.L., and F. Sanna-Randaccio. Endogenous R&D and foreign direct investment in international oligopolies International Journal of Industrial Organization, 2000, 18:339-367
[143] Glass Amy Jocelyn.Intellectual Property Policy and International Technology Diffusion. www. econweb.tamu.edu/aglass/ippitd.pdf, 2005
[144] Grilliches Z. The search for R&D spillovers. The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 1992, 94: 29-47
[145] Caselli F, Coleman W. Cross-Country Technology Diffusion: The Case of Computers. American Economic Review, 2001, 91: 328-35
[146] 张亚斌, 易先忠. 南方知识产权保护与南北经济收敛. 财经研究, 2006,09
[147] 易先忠, 张亚斌. 技术差距、知识产权保护与后发国技术进步. 数量经济技术经济研究研究, 2006,10
[148] Jones, C.I. Time series tests of endogenous growth models. Quarterly Journal of Economics,1995, 110:494–525
[149] Segerstrom, P.S. A quality ladders growth model with decreasing returns to R&D. Working paper, Michigan State University, 1995,2
[150] Segerstrom, P. Endogenous growth without scale effects. American Economic Review ,1998,88: 1290–1310
[151] Young, A. Growth without scale effects. Journal of Political Economy, 1998, 106: 41–63
[152] Jones, C.I. Growth: with or without scale effects? American Economic Review Papers and Proceedings,1999,89:139–144
[153] Segerstrom,P. The Long-Run Growth Effects of R&D Subsidies. Journal of Economic Growth, 2000, 5(3) :277-305
[154] Aghion, P. and Howitt, P. Endogenous Growth Theory, MIT Press. 1998
[155] Dinopoulos, Elias and Peter Thompson. Schumpeterian Growth without Scale Effects. Journal of Economic Growth, 1998,3: 313 – 335
[156] Dinopoulos E., Thompson P. Scale effects in schumpeterian models of economic growth. Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 1999,9:157–185
[157] Dinopoulos, E. and F. Sener, New Directions in Schumpeterian Growth Theory, in Horst Hanusch and Andreas Pyka (eds.), Elgar Companion to Neo-Schumpeterian Economics, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, 2007
[158] Howitt , Peter.Steady Endogenous Growth with Population and R&D Inputs Growing. Journal of Political Economy, 1999, 107(4):715 – 730
[159] Uwe Walz. Endogenous innovation and imitation in a model of equilibrium growth. European Journal of Political Economy, 1995 , 111:709-723
[160] Cheng and Tao.The impact of pubic policies on innovation and imitation: the role of R&D technology in growth models. International Economic Review, 1999, 40,(1):187~207
[161] Davidson and Segerstrom. R&D subsidies and economy growth. Working paper, Michigan State University, 1995,5
[162] 张亚斌, 易先忠. 如何促进研发驱动型经济增长:R&D补贴还是创新型技能培育.见:2007年中国留美经济学年会会议论文集, 2007
[163] Peretto P. Fiscal policy and long-run growth in R&D-based models with endogenous market structure. Journal of Economic Growth, 2003,8:325–347
[164] Grossmann Volker.How to promote R&D-based growth? Public education expenditure on scientists and engineers versus R&D subsidies. Journal of Macroeconomics,2007,01(001):1-21
[165] Parello Carmelo Pierpaolo. A North-South Model of Intellectual Property Rights Protection and Skill Accumulation. Journal of Development Economics, 2006, 8:1-29
[166] 郭庆旺, 贾俊雪. 中国全要素生产率的估算:1979-2004, 经济研究, 2005,(6)
[167] Leiponen, A. Skills and innovation. International Journal of Industrial Organization, 2005, 23(5/6):303-323.
[168] Mohnen, P., R?ller, L.-H. Complementarities in innovation policy. European Economic Review, 2005, 49 (5):1431–1450.
[169] Colombo Massimo G. and Grilli Luca , Founders' human capital and the growth of new technology-based firms: A competence-based view,Research Policy, 2005, 34,(6): 795-816
[170] Romer,P. Should the government subsidize supply or demand in the market for scientists and engineers? NBER Working Paper, 2000, 7723
[171] 李 永 周 . 后 发 优 势 与 我 国 信 息 产 业 跨 越 式 发 展 . 中 国 软 科 学 , 2002,(11):19-22
[172] Michaely, M. Trade, Income Levels, and Dependence. North-Holland, Amsterdam,1984
[173] Hausmann, Ricardo, Hwang, Jason and Rodrik, Dani. What You Export Matters. NBER Working Paper 11905, 2005
[174] 林毅夫, 蔡昉, 李周. 中国的奇迹:发展战略与经济改革. 上海人民出版社,上海三联书店, 1994
[175] 董有德, 张庆舟. 技术进步学习机制与中国引进外资政策的导向. 世界经济研究, 2007,(7):21-26
[176] 郭熙保. 后发优势:跨越式发展的重要动力. 光明日报,2002-3-16
[177] 林毅夫. 自生能力、经济转型与新古典经济学的反思. 经济研究, 2002,(12)
[178] Lucas, Robert E., Jr. On the Mechanics of Economic growth. Journal of Development. Monetary Economics, 1988, 22: 3-42
[179] Boldrin, M. and J.A Scheinkaman, “Learning by Doing, International Trade and Growth: A Note, ” in P. W. Anderson, K. J. Arrow, and D. Pines, eds., The Economy as an Evolving Complex System (Reading, MA: Addison-Wealey, 1988:285-300
[180] Matsuyama, Kiminori. Agricultural Productivity, Comparative Advantage, and Economic Growth. Journal of Economic Theory, 1992, 58(2): 317-34
[181] 何国勇, 徐长生. 比较优势、后发优势与中国新型工业化道路. 经济学家, 2004,(5):16-22
[182] 郭熙保, 胡汉昌. 后发优势战略与比较优势战略. 江汉论坛, 2002,(9)
[183] 马云泽. “比较优势战略”与“赶超战略”的再思考. 当代经济研究, 2003, (7):10-15
[184] 张 小 蒂 , 李 风 华 . 技 术 创 新 、 政 府 干 预 与 竞 争 优 势 . 世 界 经 济 , 2001,(7):44-49
[185] 杨小凯. 经济发展中的后发优势和势. www.inframarginal.com, 2000
[186] 施培公. 后发优势模仿创新的理论与实证研究. 清华大学出版社, 1999
[187] Linsu Kim. 从模仿到创新-韩国技术学习的动力. 新华出版社,1998,13-14
[188] 王岳平, 王亚平, 王云平, 李淑华. 产业技术升级与产业结构调整关系研究.宏观经济研究, 2002,(5):32-36
[189] 张亚斌, 易先忠. 贸易结构圈层升级与不均质大国外贸增长方式转变. 国际贸易, 2007,(2)
[190] Kanbur Ravi and Zhang Xiaobo. Which regional inequality? The evolution of rural - urban and inland – coastal inequality in China from 1983 to 1995. J . Comp. Econ,1999 , 7 (4):686-701
[191] Jian T. , Sachs J . and Warner A. Trends in regional inequality in China. China Econ. Rev, 1996 ,7(1): 1-21
[192] 李国平, 俞文华. 产业国际转移中我国产业结构重组基本策略探讨. 中国软科学, 1999,(2):17-20
[193] 李国平. 西部开发的广义梯度推移战略. 科学学研究, 2003,21(1)
[194] 李国平. 梯度理论创新与西部开发的战略选择. 中国软科学, 2003,(4)
[195] 简新华, 许辉. 后发优势、劣势与跨越式发展. 经济学家, 2002,(6):30-33
[196] 胡均明, 张亚斌. 简论对外贸易增长方式的转变. 光明日报, 2006-3-1
[197] Alcorta L and Perter W. Innovation systems and technological specialization in Latin American and The Caribbean. Research Policy, 1998 ,26: 857-881
[198] Mitelka, lynn,k. Local system of innovation in a Globalized world economy. Industry and innovation, 2000, 7(1):15-32
[199] Ediquist.C.(ed.). Systems of innovation; Technologies, Institutions, and Organizations. Printer, 1997
[200] Ediquist.C. Leif Hommen, Systems of innovation : theory an policy for the demand side, Technology in society ,1999,21:61-79
[201] Bell M. and Michael Albu. Knowledge systems and the technological dynamism in industrial clusters in developing countries. World development, 1999, 27(9):1715-1734
[202] 唐晓云. 国际技术扩散的空间效应与东亚实例. 世界经济研究, 2004,12
[203] 宋泓. 中国成为世界制造业中心的条件研究. 管理世界, 2005,(12):85-90
[204] 刘德学,付丹,卜国勤. 全球生产网络、知识扩散与加工贸易升级. 经济问题探索, 2005,(12):33-35
[205] 曾铮, 张亚斌. 价值链的经济学分析及其对我国的政策借鉴. 中国工业经济,2005,(5)
[206] 郭克莎, 王延中. 中国产业结构变动趋势及政策研究. 经济管理出版社, 1999, 91-92
[207] 钟昌标. 国内区际分工和贸易与国际竞争力. 中国社会科学, 2002,(1):94-96
[208] 钟昌标. 中国区域产业整合与分工的政策研究. 数量经济技术经济研究,2003,(6):59-62
[209] 孙海鸣, 赵晓雷. 2003中国区域经济发展报告-国内及国际区域合作. 上海财经大学出版社, 2003,4
[210] 丛林. 技术进步与区域经济发展. 西南财经大学出版社, 2002,1
[211] 张亚斌, 黄吉林, 曾铮. 城市群、“圈层”经济与产业结构升级——基于经济地理学理论视角的分析. 中国工业经济, 2006,(12)
[212] 陈秀山, 王舒勃. 论后发优势与跨越式发展. 教学与研究,2002,(10)
[213] 郑吉春, 赵天杨, 朱余旺. 我国城市群梯度发展战略分析与评价-以珠江三角洲为例. 中国软科学, 2003,(10):120-123
[214] 宋迎昌. 国外都市经济圈发展的启示和借鉴. 前线, 2005,11
[215] 柳卸林,胡志坚.中国区域创新能力的分布与成因.科学学研究,2002,(10)
[216] 邵云飞 , 谭劲松. 区域技术创新能力形成机理探析. 管理科学学报, 2006, l9,(4):1-3
[217] 曾刚. 技术扩散与区域经济发展. 地域研究与开发, 2002,(9)
[2] Gerschenkron alexander: Economic backwardness in historical perspecttve, Harvard university press,1962
[3] Romer, P. Endogenous Technological Change. Journal of Political Economy, 1990, 98(1): S71–S102
[4] Aghion and Howitt. A Model of Growth through Creative Destruction.Econometrica, 1992, 60:323- 351
[5] Coe, D.T and Helpman, E. International R&D Spillover. European Economic Review, 1995,39(5): 859 -887
[6] Barro R, Sala–i-Martin X. Technological Diffusion, Convergence, and Growth. Journal of Economic Growth, 1997,2: 1-27
[7] Barro R. Economic growth in a cross-section of countries. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1991, 106: 407-443
[8] Williamson J. Productivity and American leadership: a review article. Journal of Economic Literature, 1991, 19: 51-68
[9] Brezis, E, Krugman, P and Tsiddion, D. Leapfrogging: A Theory of Cycles in National Technological Leadership. American Economic Review, 1993,83:1211-19
[10] Diwan, I, Rodrik, D. Patents, Appropriate Technology, and North-South Trade. Journal of International Economics, 1991,30:27-47
[11] Acemoglu, D., & Zilibotti, F. Productivity differences. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 2001,116(2):563–606
[12] Alfaro L, Chanda A, Kalemli-Ozcan S, Sayek S. FDI and Economic Growth:The Role of Local Markets. IMF working paper, 2000
[13] Parente E, Prescott E. Barriers to technology adoption and development. Journal of Political Economy, 1994, 102(2): 298-321
[14] Kumar, N. Intellectual Property Rights, Technology and Economic Development: Experiences of Asian Countries. Commission Background Paper 1b, 2002,27-35
[15] Anders Skonlhoft.Catching up and falling behind, a vintage model approach. JEvol Econ, 1995, 5:285-295
[16] Dinopoulos, E.Schumpeterian porduct evolution and vanishing growth. Mimo,the university of Floria, 1991
[17] Grossman, G.M. and E.Helpman. Quality ladders and product cycles. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1991, 106:557-586
[18] Segerstrom, P.S. Innovation, imitation and economic growth. Journal of Political Economy, 1991, 99(4):807-827
[19] Jinli Zeng. Innovative vs.imitation R&D and economic growth. Journal of Development Economics, 2001, 64:499-528
[20] Blumenthal.T. Japan’s technological strategy. Journal of Development Economics, 2001,3:245-255
[21] Grossman, G.M. and E. Helpman. Endogenous product cycles . Economic Journal, 1991, 101:1214-1229
[22] Parente Stephen L and Proscott Edward C. Barries to technology adoption and development. Journal of Political Economy, 1994,vol102,no2:298-321
[23] Fosfuri. Patent protection, imitation and the mode of technology transfer. International Journal of Industrial organization, 2000, 18:1129-1149
[24] Rachel van Elkan. Catching up and slowing down: Learning and growth patterns in an open economy. Journal of International Economics, 1996, 41: 95-11
[25] 约瑟夫·熊比特. 经济发展理论. 何畏等译. 北京商务印书馆, 1990
[26] 傅家骥. 技术创新学. 清华大学出版社, 1998,(11): 96-97
[27] 金碚. 中国工业的技术创新. 中国工业经济, 2004,(5)
[28] 赵亿宁. 技术引进与自主创新之争. 瞭望新闻周刊,2003-7-7
[29] 李建民. 技术扩散、技术垄断与中国科技战略转变. 中国科技论坛, 2006,(2)
[30] Taylor, M.S. Trips, trade, and growth. International Economic Review, 1994, 35:361– 381
[31] Yang, G., Maskus, K.E. Intellectual property rights, licensing, and innovation in an endogenous product cycle model. Journal of International Economics, 2001,53:169– 187
[32] 李国杰. 自主创新必须走出误区 .人民日报, 2005-07-14
[33] 李思一. 发展中国家技术引进与自主创新的关系. 国际技术经济研究, 2000,(3)
[34] 吕政. 自主创新与产业安全. 光明日报, 2006-8-7
[35] 周天勇. 促进自主创新应正确处理八大关系. 光明日报,2005-3-1
[36] 肖红叶. 中国区域竞争力发展报告(1985-2004),北京:中国统计出版社,2004
[37] 肖红叶. 中国区域竞争力发展报告(2005). 北京:中国统计出版社,2006
[38] 叶裕民. 全国及各省区市全要素生产率的计算和分析. 经济学家,2002,(3)
[39] 张军. 资本形成、工业化与经济增长:中国的转轨特征. 经济研究,2002,(6): 3-15
[40] Lee J. Capital Goods Imports and Long-Run Growth. Journal of Development Economics, 1995, 48: 91-110
[41] Segerstrom P S, Anant T, Dinopoulos E. UA Schumpeterian Model of the Product Life Cycle. American Economic Review, 1990, 80:1077-1092
[42] Rivera-Batiz, Romer P M. Economic Integration and Endogenous Growth. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1991, 106: 531–555
[43] 沈坤荣, 耿强. 外国直接投资的外溢效应分析. 金融研究,2000,(3)
[44] Vernon, R. Intemationat investment and international trade in the product cycle. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1966,80:190-207
[45] Krugman, P.R. A model of innovation, technology transfer, and the world distribution of income. Journal of Political Economy, 1979, 87:253-266
[46] Dollar, D. Technological Innovations, Capital Mobility, and the Product Cycle in North-South Trade. American Economic Review, 1986,76(1): 177-90
[47] Jensen, R. and M. Thursby. A strategic approach to the product life cycle. Journal of International Economics, 1986,21:269-284
[48] Grossman, G.M. and E. Helpman. Quality ladders and product cycles. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1991,106:557-586
[49] Keller, W. International Technology Diffusion. Journal of Economic Literature, 2004, 42: 752-782
[50] Fagerberg, J. Technology and International Differences in Growth Rates. Journal of Economic Literature, 1994, 32: 1147-1175
[51] Eaton J., Kortum S. Trade in Ideas: Patenting and Productivity in the OECD. Journal of International Economics, 1996,40:251-278
[52] Grossman, Geme M., Helpman, Elhanam. Comparative advantage and long-run growth. American Economic Review, 1990, 80:796-815
[53] Helpman and Hoffmaister. North-South R&D spillover. The Economic Journal, 1997,1107: 134 -149
[54] Helpman, E. Innovation, imitation, and intellectual property rights. Econometrica, 1993,61:1247– 1280
[55] Glass Amy Jocelyn, Saggi Kamal. Intellectual property right and foreign direct investment. Journal of International Economics, 2002,56:387-410
[56] Chin, J.C.and Grossman, GM. Intellectual property rights and North–South trade. In: Jones, R.W., Krueger, A.(Eds.), The Political Economy of International Trade: Essays in Honor of Robert E. Baldwin. Blackwell, Cambridge MA, 1990, 90-107
[57] Deardorff, A.V. Welfare effects of global patent protection. Economica, 1992,59:35– 51
[58] Chien-fu Chou and OZ Shy. A model of technology gap, product cycle,and the process of cathching up between the north and the south. The Economic Record, 1991, 67(198): 217-226
[59] David Currie, Paul Levine, Josph Pearlman, and Michael Chui.Phase of imitation and innovation in a north-south endogenous growth model. Oxford Economic, 1999
[60] Lutz G.Arnold. Growth in stages, Structural change and economic, 2003
[61] 路风, 封凯栋. 为什么自主开发是学习外国技术的最佳途径?——以日韩两国汽车工业发展经验为例. 中国软科学, 2004,(4)
[62] Kim, Linsu. Imitation to Innovation : The Dynamics of Korea’ Technological Learning , Harvard Business School Press, 1997
[63] 张松涛. 自主创新与技术引进——关于新形势下建设创新型国家的若干思考.国际贸易,2007,(7)
[64] Chen Yongmin, Puttitanun Thitima. Intellectual property rights and innovation in developing countries. Journal of Development Economics, 2005, 78: 474– 493
[65] Lee, Keun, C. Lim, and W. Song. Emerging Digital Technology as a Window of Opportunity and Technological Leapfrogging: Catch-up in Digital TV by the Korean Firms. International Journal of Technology Management, 2005,29(1-2):40-63
[66] 杜宝贵, 孙萍. 论我国科技政策研究的路径重构. 科学管理研究, 2006,(3)
[67] 徐继宁. 国家创新体系:英国产学研制度创新. 高等工程教育研究, 2007,(2)
[68] 郝云玲 . 西方国家政府支持技术创新的做法及其启示 . 未来与发展, 2007,(10)
[69] 柴中达 , 李洋 . 政府在国家创新体系中的职能定位 . 中国行政管理 , 2004,(10)
[70] 李侠, 蒋美仕. 论科技政策制定中的伦理基础缺失问题. 中国科技论坛,2006
[71] 邹薇, 代谦. 技术模仿、人力资本积累与经济赶超. 中国社会科学,2003,(5)
[72] 张海洋. 中国工业部门R&D吸收能力与外资技术扩散. 管理世界, 2005,(6)
[73] 赖明勇, 包群, 彭水军,张新. 外商直接投资与技术外溢:基于吸收能力的研究. 经济研究,2005,(8)
[74] 官建成, 何颖. 基于DEA方法的区域创新系统的评价. 科学学研究, 2005,(2)
[75] 张亚斌, 易先忠. 后发国知识产权保护与技术赶超. 中国软科学, 2006,(7)
[76] 谷克鉴. 中国对外贸易发展中的竞争政策选择. 中国社会科学, 2000,(3)
[77] 陈惠雄. 资源层次、经济重心与区域经济的多元合作发展. 中国工业经济, 2004,(8)
[78] Nelson R, Phelps E. Investment in humans, technological diffusion, and economic growth. American Economic Review, 1966, 56(2): 69-76
[79] Abramovitz M. Catching Up, Forging Ahead and Falling Behind. Journal of Economic History, 1986, 46 (2): 385-406
[80] Easterly R. Why isn’t the whole world developed. Journal of Economic History, 1981, 41: 1-19
[81] Landes D. Why we are so rich and they are so poor. American Economic Review, 1990, 80: 1-13
[82] Abramovitz M. Thinking about Growth. Cambridge University Press, 1989
[83] Basu, Susanto, and David N. Weil. Appropriate Technology and Growth. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1998, 113 (4):1025-54
[84] 林毅夫, 张鹏飞. 后发优势、技术引进和落后国家的经济增长. 经济学(季刊),2005,(1)
[85] Acemoglu D. Why do new technologies complement skills, directed technical change and wage inequality. Quarterly Journal of Economic, 1998, 113(4): 1055-1089
[86] Borensztein E, Gregorio J, Lee J-W. How does foreign direct investment affect economic growth? Journal of International Economics, 1998, 45:115-135
[87] Jaffe A. Technological opportunity and spillovers of R&D: Evidence from firms’ patents, profit and market values. American Economic Review, 1986, 76: 984-1001
[88] Gould, D.M., Gruben, W.C. The role of intellectual property rights in economic growth. Journal of Development Economics, 1996,48:323-350
[89] Markusen James R. Contracts, intellectual property rights, and multinational investment in developing countries. Journal of International Economics, 2001,53:189-204
[90] Helliwell J. Trade and technical progress. NBER working paper, No. 4226, 1992
[91] Barrios S, Strobl E. Learning by doing and spillovers: evidence from firm-level panel data. FEDEA working paper, 2002-09, 2002
[92] Barrios S. Foreign Direct Investment and Productivity Spillovers-Evidence from the Spanish Experience. FEDEA working papers, No.4132, 2001
[93] Olofsdotter K. Foreign Direct Investment, Country Capabilities and Economic Growth. Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, 1998, 134: 3
[94] 冯雁秋. 后发优势悖论与中国的技术战略选择. 世界经济, 2000,(7)
[95] Cohen ,W. and D.Levinthal. Innovation and Learning : The Two faces of R&D. Economic Journal, 1989, 99 :569-596
[96] Anders Skonlhoft. Catching up and falling behind, a vintage model approach, J Evol Econ, 1995, 5:285-295
[97] Maskus, Keith E. and Christine McDaniel. Impacts of the Japanese Patent System on Productivity Growth. Japan and the World Economy, 1999,11: 557-57
[98] Lee, Won-Yong. The Role of Science and Technology Policy in Korea's Industrial Development.In Kim, Linsu and Nelson Richard R., Technology, Learning, and Innovation: Experiences of Newly Industrializing Economies, Cambridge University Press, 2000,269-290
[99] Kim, Linsu. Imitation to Innovation: The Dynamics of Korea's Technological Learning. Boston, Massachusetts, Harvard Business School Press ,1997,120-138
[100] Lanjouw, Jean O. The Introduction of Pharmaceutical Product Patents in India: Heartless Exploitation of the Poor and Suffering?. NBER Working Paper ,Series No.6366,1998
[101] Fagerberg, Jan. A technology gap approach to why growth rates differ, Research Policy, Elsevier, 1987, 16(2-4):87-99
[102] Acemoglu, D., Aghion, P, Zilibotti, F. Distance to Frontier, Selection, and Economic Growth. Journal of the European Economic Association, 2006,4(1):37-74
[103] Aghion, P., Blundell, R., Griffith, R., Howitt, P., & Prantl, S. Entry and productivity growth: Evidence from microlevel panel data. Journal of the European Economic Association, 2004, 2(2–3):265–276
[104] Aghion, P., Bloom, N., Griffith, R., Blundell, R., & Howitt. PCompetition and innovation: An inverted U relationship. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 2005,120(2):701–728
[105] Aghion, P., Burgess, R., Redding, S., & Zilibotti, F. The unequal effects of liberalization: Evidence from dismantling the license Raj in India. Mimeo Harvard University, 2005
[106] Vandenbussche, Aghion and Meghir. Growth, distance to frontier and composition of human capital.Journal of Economic Growth, 2006,11:97-127
[107] 林毅夫. 发展战略,自生能力与经济收敛. 经济学(季刊),2002,(2)
[108] Abramovitz M, David P. Convergence and deferred catch up. In Landau et al eds. Mosaic of Economic Growth, 1996
[109] Cohen, Levinthal. Absorptive capability: a new perspective on learning and innovation. Administrative Science Quarterly, 1990, 35: 128 - 152
[110] 潘士远, 林毅夫. 发展战略、知识吸收能力与经济收敛. 数量经济技术经济研究, 2006,(2)
[111] 吴晓波, 黄娟. 从技术差距、吸收能力看FDI与中国的技术追赶. 科学学研究, 2005,3
[112] 陈涛涛. 影响中国外商直接投资溢出效应的行业特征. 中国社会科学, 2003,(4)
[113] Verspagen Bart. A new empirical approach to catching up or falling behind. Structual Change and Economics, 1991,2 :359-380
[114] 张军, 吴桂英, 张吉鹏. 中国省际物质资本存量估算:1952—2000. 经济研究, 2002,(10)
[115] Benhabib, Jess, and Mark M. Spiegel. The Role of Human Capital in Economic Development, Evidence from Aggregate Cross-Country Data. Journal of Monetary Economics, 1994, 34: 143–73
[116] Andrew T. Young, Daniel Levy and Matthew J. Higgins. Many Types of Human Capital and Many Roles in U.S. Growth: Evidence from County-Level Educational Attainment Data. RePEc Working Paper, 2004
[117] Fidel Perez-Sebastian. Transitional dynamics in an R&D-based growth model with imitation: Comparing its predictions to the data. Journal of Monetary Economics, 2000,45:437-461
[118] Jones, C. R&D-Based Models of Economic Growth. Journal of Political Economy, 1995,103:759-784
[119] Jones, C.I. Growth: with or without scale effects? American Economic ReviewPapers and Proceedings ,1999,89: 139–144
[120] Dinopoulos E, Thompson P. Schumpeterian Growth without Scale Effects. Journal of Economic Growth, 1998, 3 (4): 313–335
[121] 张亚斌, 曾铮, 陈开军. 一国R&D投资与生产性投资的权衡模型. 世界经济, 2006,(04)
[122] 林毅夫. 发展战略与经济发展. 北京:北京大学出版社, 2004
[123] 林毅夫, 李永军. 按照比较优势调整产业结构, 减少金融风险. 改革, 2001
[124] 姚洋, 杨汝岱. 有限赶超和大国经济发展. 2006年中国经济学年会文章
[125] Mansfield,E. Intellectual Property Protection, Foreign Direct Investment, And Technology Transfer. World Bank and International Finance Corporation, Washington, D.C., 1994
[126] Markusen, J.R. Multinationals, multi-plant economies, and the gains from trade. Journal of International Economics,1984, 16:205–226
[127] 韩玉雄 , 李怀租 . 知识产权保护对社会福利水平的影响 . 世界经济 , 2003,(9)
[128] Smith, P.J. Are weak patent rights a barrier to U.S. exports? Journal of International Economics,1999,48:151–177
[129] Schneider Patricia Higino. International trade, economic growth and intellectual property rights: A panel data study of developed and developing countries. Journal of Development Economics, 2005,78:529– 547
[130] Primo Braga, C., Fink, C., Paz Sepulveda, C. Intellectual property rights and economic development. World Bank Discussion Papers, 2000, 412
[131] Mondal Debasis, Gupta Manash Ranjan. Innovation, imitation and intellectual property rights: a note on Helpman’s model. Journal of Economics, 2006,87(1):29-53
[132] Zigic, Kresimir. Strategic trade policy, intellectual property rights protection, and North–South trade. Journal of Development Economics, 2000, 61:27– 60
[133] Ginarte. Juan Ca, Park .Walter G. Determinants of patent rights: A cross-national study,Research Policy , 1997,26 :283-301
[134] 郑成思, 王先林, 约翰·巴顿. 知识产权制度保护谁. 科技日报, 2004-2-29
[135] McCalman, P. Reaping what you sow: An empirical analysis of international patent harmonization. Journal of International Economics, 2002, 55:161-186
[136] La Croix, Sumner J. and Konan, Denise Eby. Intellectual property rights in china: the changing political economy of Chinese-American interests. The World Economy,2002,25: 759-788
[137] Maskus and Dougherty. Intellectual property rights and economic development in china.The National Bureau of Asian Research working paper,1998
[138] Lai, Edwin L.-C. International intellectual property protection and the rate of production innovation. Journal of Development Economics, 1998, 55:133-153
[139] Nunnenkamp and Spatz. Intellectual Property Rights and foreign direct investment: a disaggregated analysis. Review of World Economics, 2004, 140:393-413
[140] Smith, P.J. How do foreign patent rights affect U.S. exports, affiliate sales, and licenses?. Journal of International Economics, 2001, 55:411-439
[141] 杨全发, 韩樱. 知识产权保护与跨国公司对外直接投资策略. 经济研究, 2006,(4)
[142] Petit, M.L., and F. Sanna-Randaccio. Endogenous R&D and foreign direct investment in international oligopolies International Journal of Industrial Organization, 2000, 18:339-367
[143] Glass Amy Jocelyn.Intellectual Property Policy and International Technology Diffusion. www. econweb.tamu.edu/aglass/ippitd.pdf, 2005
[144] Grilliches Z. The search for R&D spillovers. The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 1992, 94: 29-47
[145] Caselli F, Coleman W. Cross-Country Technology Diffusion: The Case of Computers. American Economic Review, 2001, 91: 328-35
[146] 张亚斌, 易先忠. 南方知识产权保护与南北经济收敛. 财经研究, 2006,09
[147] 易先忠, 张亚斌. 技术差距、知识产权保护与后发国技术进步. 数量经济技术经济研究研究, 2006,10
[148] Jones, C.I. Time series tests of endogenous growth models. Quarterly Journal of Economics,1995, 110:494–525
[149] Segerstrom, P.S. A quality ladders growth model with decreasing returns to R&D. Working paper, Michigan State University, 1995,2
[150] Segerstrom, P. Endogenous growth without scale effects. American Economic Review ,1998,88: 1290–1310
[151] Young, A. Growth without scale effects. Journal of Political Economy, 1998, 106: 41–63
[152] Jones, C.I. Growth: with or without scale effects? American Economic Review Papers and Proceedings,1999,89:139–144
[153] Segerstrom,P. The Long-Run Growth Effects of R&D Subsidies. Journal of Economic Growth, 2000, 5(3) :277-305
[154] Aghion, P. and Howitt, P. Endogenous Growth Theory, MIT Press. 1998
[155] Dinopoulos, Elias and Peter Thompson. Schumpeterian Growth without Scale Effects. Journal of Economic Growth, 1998,3: 313 – 335
[156] Dinopoulos E., Thompson P. Scale effects in schumpeterian models of economic growth. Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 1999,9:157–185
[157] Dinopoulos, E. and F. Sener, New Directions in Schumpeterian Growth Theory, in Horst Hanusch and Andreas Pyka (eds.), Elgar Companion to Neo-Schumpeterian Economics, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, 2007
[158] Howitt , Peter.Steady Endogenous Growth with Population and R&D Inputs Growing. Journal of Political Economy, 1999, 107(4):715 – 730
[159] Uwe Walz. Endogenous innovation and imitation in a model of equilibrium growth. European Journal of Political Economy, 1995 , 111:709-723
[160] Cheng and Tao.The impact of pubic policies on innovation and imitation: the role of R&D technology in growth models. International Economic Review, 1999, 40,(1):187~207
[161] Davidson and Segerstrom. R&D subsidies and economy growth. Working paper, Michigan State University, 1995,5
[162] 张亚斌, 易先忠. 如何促进研发驱动型经济增长:R&D补贴还是创新型技能培育.见:2007年中国留美经济学年会会议论文集, 2007
[163] Peretto P. Fiscal policy and long-run growth in R&D-based models with endogenous market structure. Journal of Economic Growth, 2003,8:325–347
[164] Grossmann Volker.How to promote R&D-based growth? Public education expenditure on scientists and engineers versus R&D subsidies. Journal of Macroeconomics,2007,01(001):1-21
[165] Parello Carmelo Pierpaolo. A North-South Model of Intellectual Property Rights Protection and Skill Accumulation. Journal of Development Economics, 2006, 8:1-29
[166] 郭庆旺, 贾俊雪. 中国全要素生产率的估算:1979-2004, 经济研究, 2005,(6)
[167] Leiponen, A. Skills and innovation. International Journal of Industrial Organization, 2005, 23(5/6):303-323.
[168] Mohnen, P., R?ller, L.-H. Complementarities in innovation policy. European Economic Review, 2005, 49 (5):1431–1450.
[169] Colombo Massimo G. and Grilli Luca , Founders' human capital and the growth of new technology-based firms: A competence-based view,Research Policy, 2005, 34,(6): 795-816
[170] Romer,P. Should the government subsidize supply or demand in the market for scientists and engineers? NBER Working Paper, 2000, 7723
[171] 李 永 周 . 后 发 优 势 与 我 国 信 息 产 业 跨 越 式 发 展 . 中 国 软 科 学 , 2002,(11):19-22
[172] Michaely, M. Trade, Income Levels, and Dependence. North-Holland, Amsterdam,1984
[173] Hausmann, Ricardo, Hwang, Jason and Rodrik, Dani. What You Export Matters. NBER Working Paper 11905, 2005
[174] 林毅夫, 蔡昉, 李周. 中国的奇迹:发展战略与经济改革. 上海人民出版社,上海三联书店, 1994
[175] 董有德, 张庆舟. 技术进步学习机制与中国引进外资政策的导向. 世界经济研究, 2007,(7):21-26
[176] 郭熙保. 后发优势:跨越式发展的重要动力. 光明日报,2002-3-16
[177] 林毅夫. 自生能力、经济转型与新古典经济学的反思. 经济研究, 2002,(12)
[178] Lucas, Robert E., Jr. On the Mechanics of Economic growth. Journal of Development. Monetary Economics, 1988, 22: 3-42
[179] Boldrin, M. and J.A Scheinkaman, “Learning by Doing, International Trade and Growth: A Note, ” in P. W. Anderson, K. J. Arrow, and D. Pines, eds., The Economy as an Evolving Complex System (Reading, MA: Addison-Wealey, 1988:285-300
[180] Matsuyama, Kiminori. Agricultural Productivity, Comparative Advantage, and Economic Growth. Journal of Economic Theory, 1992, 58(2): 317-34
[181] 何国勇, 徐长生. 比较优势、后发优势与中国新型工业化道路. 经济学家, 2004,(5):16-22
[182] 郭熙保, 胡汉昌. 后发优势战略与比较优势战略. 江汉论坛, 2002,(9)
[183] 马云泽. “比较优势战略”与“赶超战略”的再思考. 当代经济研究, 2003, (7):10-15
[184] 张 小 蒂 , 李 风 华 . 技 术 创 新 、 政 府 干 预 与 竞 争 优 势 . 世 界 经 济 , 2001,(7):44-49
[185] 杨小凯. 经济发展中的后发优势和势. www.inframarginal.com, 2000
[186] 施培公. 后发优势模仿创新的理论与实证研究. 清华大学出版社, 1999
[187] Linsu Kim. 从模仿到创新-韩国技术学习的动力. 新华出版社,1998,13-14
[188] 王岳平, 王亚平, 王云平, 李淑华. 产业技术升级与产业结构调整关系研究.宏观经济研究, 2002,(5):32-36
[189] 张亚斌, 易先忠. 贸易结构圈层升级与不均质大国外贸增长方式转变. 国际贸易, 2007,(2)
[190] Kanbur Ravi and Zhang Xiaobo. Which regional inequality? The evolution of rural - urban and inland – coastal inequality in China from 1983 to 1995. J . Comp. Econ,1999 , 7 (4):686-701
[191] Jian T. , Sachs J . and Warner A. Trends in regional inequality in China. China Econ. Rev, 1996 ,7(1): 1-21
[192] 李国平, 俞文华. 产业国际转移中我国产业结构重组基本策略探讨. 中国软科学, 1999,(2):17-20
[193] 李国平. 西部开发的广义梯度推移战略. 科学学研究, 2003,21(1)
[194] 李国平. 梯度理论创新与西部开发的战略选择. 中国软科学, 2003,(4)
[195] 简新华, 许辉. 后发优势、劣势与跨越式发展. 经济学家, 2002,(6):30-33
[196] 胡均明, 张亚斌. 简论对外贸易增长方式的转变. 光明日报, 2006-3-1
[197] Alcorta L and Perter W. Innovation systems and technological specialization in Latin American and The Caribbean. Research Policy, 1998 ,26: 857-881
[198] Mitelka, lynn,k. Local system of innovation in a Globalized world economy. Industry and innovation, 2000, 7(1):15-32
[199] Ediquist.C.(ed.). Systems of innovation; Technologies, Institutions, and Organizations. Printer, 1997
[200] Ediquist.C. Leif Hommen, Systems of innovation : theory an policy for the demand side, Technology in society ,1999,21:61-79
[201] Bell M. and Michael Albu. Knowledge systems and the technological dynamism in industrial clusters in developing countries. World development, 1999, 27(9):1715-1734
[202] 唐晓云. 国际技术扩散的空间效应与东亚实例. 世界经济研究, 2004,12
[203] 宋泓. 中国成为世界制造业中心的条件研究. 管理世界, 2005,(12):85-90
[204] 刘德学,付丹,卜国勤. 全球生产网络、知识扩散与加工贸易升级. 经济问题探索, 2005,(12):33-35
[205] 曾铮, 张亚斌. 价值链的经济学分析及其对我国的政策借鉴. 中国工业经济,2005,(5)
[206] 郭克莎, 王延中. 中国产业结构变动趋势及政策研究. 经济管理出版社, 1999, 91-92
[207] 钟昌标. 国内区际分工和贸易与国际竞争力. 中国社会科学, 2002,(1):94-96
[208] 钟昌标. 中国区域产业整合与分工的政策研究. 数量经济技术经济研究,2003,(6):59-62
[209] 孙海鸣, 赵晓雷. 2003中国区域经济发展报告-国内及国际区域合作. 上海财经大学出版社, 2003,4
[210] 丛林. 技术进步与区域经济发展. 西南财经大学出版社, 2002,1
[211] 张亚斌, 黄吉林, 曾铮. 城市群、“圈层”经济与产业结构升级——基于经济地理学理论视角的分析. 中国工业经济, 2006,(12)
[212] 陈秀山, 王舒勃. 论后发优势与跨越式发展. 教学与研究,2002,(10)
[213] 郑吉春, 赵天杨, 朱余旺. 我国城市群梯度发展战略分析与评价-以珠江三角洲为例. 中国软科学, 2003,(10):120-123
[214] 宋迎昌. 国外都市经济圈发展的启示和借鉴. 前线, 2005,11
[215] 柳卸林,胡志坚.中国区域创新能力的分布与成因.科学学研究,2002,(10)
[216] 邵云飞 , 谭劲松. 区域技术创新能力形成机理探析. 管理科学学报, 2006, l9,(4):1-3
[217] 曾刚. 技术扩散与区域经济发展. 地域研究与开发, 2002,(9)