中国进出口银行成都分行进口信用证风险研究
摘要
随着经济全球化、人民币的持续升值以及国家进口信贷政策的出台,促进了我国进口贸易量的增长。作为国际贸易主要结算方式之一的进口信用证也得到越来越广泛的使用,并且在国际结算中尤其是大宗商品的交易中占主导地位。中国进出口银行成都分行贯彻执行国家产业政策、外经贸政策、金融政策和外交政策,为扩大云贵川藏四省的机电产品、成套设备和高新技术产品出口,鼓励重要资源和重大技术装备进口,推动有比较优势的企业开展对外承包工程和境外投资,促进对外关系发展和国际经贸合作,提供政策性金融支持。本文通过资料研究、案例分析、理论分析等方法,从进口信用证的开证行角度,对进出口银行成都分行进口信用证业务流程中存在的风险进行分析,收集整理了相关案例,在充分分析的基础上对目前进出口银行成都分行进口信用证存在的风险提出了合理的建议和远景规划。
本文从结构上分为5个主要板块。
第一章是导论,主要论述了以下内容：1、研究的目的和意义；2、研究的角度与方法。
第二章介绍了中国进出口银行及主要业务范围,成都分行及其中间业务,重点对成都分行进口信用证业务进行了介绍,具体介绍了：1、成都分行进口信用证业务的特点：与进口信贷业务密切相关；是贷后资金管理的重要途径；是提高政策性银行盈利性收入的重要来源；可以带动成都分行多项业务的发展；一项进口信用证业务涉及多个管理部门。2、成都分行进口信用证的申请人的特点：信用证申请人都是成都分行的贷款企业；信用证申请人多为国有大中型企业；信用证申请人集中度高；申请人为异地企业的占比高。3、进出口银行成都分行进口信用证的处理流程,包括：进口信用证的部门分工,进口信用证业务授信的受理及授信审理要点,重点介绍了进口信用证的申请及开立、修改、来单、审单、付款与承兑、注销与撤消及付款保证的释放等几个进口信用证处理的重要环节。
第三章对进出口银行成都分行进口信用证业务流程所存在的三个主要的风险进行了详细的分析：1、欺诈风险,介绍了信用证欺诈的定义、信用证欺诈的成因以及进口信用证欺诈的常见形式,并结合进出口银行成都分行实际分别对受益人欺诈和申请人欺诈的两个风险案例进行了详细的分析；2、信用证单据传递风险,介绍了有关进口信用证处理流程中的单据传递环节,UCP600中关于单据传递的要求及成都分行单据传递的特点：快递方式传递占比大、风险高,最后分析了针对成都分行背景情况下的单据传递案例：单据时效性要求下开证行面临的两难选择。
第四章,针对进出口银行成都分行进口信用证业务存在的风险,提出了合理的建议和远景规划。首先要加强成都分行的内控制度建设与执行,贯彻实现“三道防线”的内控管理体系；其次是基于进口信用证与进口贷款的密切关系,有必要将进口信用证风险管理纳入贷款风险管理；然后是加强成都分行是人才队伍建设,实现分行的长期稳定发展；最后是远景规划：增设分支机构,推进网络系统建设,发展电子信用证业务。
本文的创新之处在于：第一,首次从开证行业务流程的角度对进出口银行成都分行进口信用证的风险做了系统性的分析；第二,提出了将进口信用证风险管理纳入进口贷款风险管理,将长期的进口贷款风险管理部分转化为短期的进口信用证风险管理,增加了信贷管理的途径。
本文的不足之处在于：第一,由于内部保密的需要,关于进出口银行的相关数据都来自于已公开的报表,数据反映不及时；第二,所有的案例都经过了修改,有些案例来自于其他银行,但并不排除在成都分行将来的业务中有发生的可能。
With the development of global economy, RMB continuous appreciation as well as the announcement of Chinese import credit policy, Chinese import trade is boosting. Letter of Credit, one of the major measures of international settlement, is widely used and it dominates international settlement, particularly trading of commodities.
As an important force in promoting foreign trade and economy and a significant component of the financial system, China Eximbank Chengdu branch has been acting as a key channel of policy financing for both imports and exports of mechanic and electronic products, complete sets of equipment, and high- and new-tech products and undertaking offshore construction contracts and overseas investment projects by Chinese companies in Sichuan Yunnan Guizhou and Tibet four provinces.
Based on the abundance of related data, cases, theories, this paper analyses the existed risks in the operation of import letter of credit in China Eximbank Chengdu branch on the perspective of the issuing bank. Furthermore, it demonstrates several reasonable advice and future plans through the analysis of the precedents.
Structurally, there are 5 chapters in this paper.
Chapter 1 of this paper is the introductory remarks, mainly dissertating the following issues:1. The purpose and meaning of the study on this paper; 2. The angle and method of the study.
Chapter 2 introduces China Eximbank and its core businesses, specifically, Chengdu branch and its intermediary business, details the introduction of Letter of credit for the business of Chengdu branch:1.The characteristics of import L/C business of Chengdu branch:highly related to import credit business; significant way for the capital management after finance; The vital source of profitable income of policy bank; being able to drive the development of various businesses of Chengdu branch; It involves many management departments.2. The characteristics of the import L/C applicants of Chengdu branch:the applicants are mostly the borrowers of Chengdu branch; applicants are mainly national large/medium enterprises, applicants are highly centralized, applicants from other cities occupy a high percentage.3. The procedure of import L/C transaction:includes the division of tasks among departments; The key points for credit line; focuses on the application of import L/C and issuance, amendment, presentation, examination, acceptance and payment, cancellation and withdrawal, and the release of L/C bail, which are several important parts of the whole procedure.
In Chapter 3, there has been a detailed analysis of the three main risks in import L/C business in Chengdu branch:1. Fraud Risk, explains the definition, the motive and most common forms of L/C fraud risk, and integrating with the current situation of Chengdu branch, it analyses in detail the cases of beneficiary's fraud and applicant's fraud.2. Risk of delivery of documents, explains the documents delivery section in the import L/C. the documents delivery requirements in UCP600 and special features of the delivery system in Chengdu branch:large part of the deliveries have been done by courier which have a higher risk compared with other delivery methods. Analyses particular cases of document delivery under Chengdu branch's background:the dilemma of the issuing bank before the deadline.
In Chapter 4, in view of the existing risks in import L/C business of Chengdu branch, it brings forwards reasonable suggestions and future plans:1.strengthen the establishment and implementation of internal control regulations, achieve "Three lines of defense" internal control management system.2. Grounded on the close relation between import L/C and import loan, it is necessary to classify import L/C risk management into loan risk management.3. Enhances the human resource procession construction, ensuring that the branch is on the right and stable track of development.4. Future planning:Increases the number of branches, boosts the establishment of internet network system, and develops the e-L/C business.
The good points of this paper are:
1. Firstly, it systematically analyzes the risks for the issuing bank from its perspective.
2. Puts forward that import L/C risk management is classified into import loan risk management. Partly transforms the long term import loan risk management into short term L/C risk management, providing more measures for credit management.
There are a few shortcomings in this paper:
1. Due to internal confidentiality, all the data related to China Eximbank is from the public reports, and not updated.
2. All the cases are modified, some cases are from other banks, but there is a possibility that it might happen in Chengdu branch's future business.
本文从结构上分为5个主要板块。
第一章是导论,主要论述了以下内容：1、研究的目的和意义；2、研究的角度与方法。
第二章介绍了中国进出口银行及主要业务范围,成都分行及其中间业务,重点对成都分行进口信用证业务进行了介绍,具体介绍了：1、成都分行进口信用证业务的特点：与进口信贷业务密切相关；是贷后资金管理的重要途径；是提高政策性银行盈利性收入的重要来源；可以带动成都分行多项业务的发展；一项进口信用证业务涉及多个管理部门。2、成都分行进口信用证的申请人的特点：信用证申请人都是成都分行的贷款企业；信用证申请人多为国有大中型企业；信用证申请人集中度高；申请人为异地企业的占比高。3、进出口银行成都分行进口信用证的处理流程,包括：进口信用证的部门分工,进口信用证业务授信的受理及授信审理要点,重点介绍了进口信用证的申请及开立、修改、来单、审单、付款与承兑、注销与撤消及付款保证的释放等几个进口信用证处理的重要环节。
第三章对进出口银行成都分行进口信用证业务流程所存在的三个主要的风险进行了详细的分析：1、欺诈风险,介绍了信用证欺诈的定义、信用证欺诈的成因以及进口信用证欺诈的常见形式,并结合进出口银行成都分行实际分别对受益人欺诈和申请人欺诈的两个风险案例进行了详细的分析；2、信用证单据传递风险,介绍了有关进口信用证处理流程中的单据传递环节,UCP600中关于单据传递的要求及成都分行单据传递的特点：快递方式传递占比大、风险高,最后分析了针对成都分行背景情况下的单据传递案例：单据时效性要求下开证行面临的两难选择。
第四章,针对进出口银行成都分行进口信用证业务存在的风险,提出了合理的建议和远景规划。首先要加强成都分行的内控制度建设与执行,贯彻实现“三道防线”的内控管理体系；其次是基于进口信用证与进口贷款的密切关系,有必要将进口信用证风险管理纳入贷款风险管理；然后是加强成都分行是人才队伍建设,实现分行的长期稳定发展；最后是远景规划：增设分支机构,推进网络系统建设,发展电子信用证业务。
本文的创新之处在于：第一,首次从开证行业务流程的角度对进出口银行成都分行进口信用证的风险做了系统性的分析；第二,提出了将进口信用证风险管理纳入进口贷款风险管理,将长期的进口贷款风险管理部分转化为短期的进口信用证风险管理,增加了信贷管理的途径。
本文的不足之处在于：第一,由于内部保密的需要,关于进出口银行的相关数据都来自于已公开的报表,数据反映不及时；第二,所有的案例都经过了修改,有些案例来自于其他银行,但并不排除在成都分行将来的业务中有发生的可能。
With the development of global economy, RMB continuous appreciation as well as the announcement of Chinese import credit policy, Chinese import trade is boosting. Letter of Credit, one of the major measures of international settlement, is widely used and it dominates international settlement, particularly trading of commodities.
As an important force in promoting foreign trade and economy and a significant component of the financial system, China Eximbank Chengdu branch has been acting as a key channel of policy financing for both imports and exports of mechanic and electronic products, complete sets of equipment, and high- and new-tech products and undertaking offshore construction contracts and overseas investment projects by Chinese companies in Sichuan Yunnan Guizhou and Tibet four provinces.
Based on the abundance of related data, cases, theories, this paper analyses the existed risks in the operation of import letter of credit in China Eximbank Chengdu branch on the perspective of the issuing bank. Furthermore, it demonstrates several reasonable advice and future plans through the analysis of the precedents.
Structurally, there are 5 chapters in this paper.
Chapter 1 of this paper is the introductory remarks, mainly dissertating the following issues:1. The purpose and meaning of the study on this paper; 2. The angle and method of the study.
Chapter 2 introduces China Eximbank and its core businesses, specifically, Chengdu branch and its intermediary business, details the introduction of Letter of credit for the business of Chengdu branch:1.The characteristics of import L/C business of Chengdu branch:highly related to import credit business; significant way for the capital management after finance; The vital source of profitable income of policy bank; being able to drive the development of various businesses of Chengdu branch; It involves many management departments.2. The characteristics of the import L/C applicants of Chengdu branch:the applicants are mostly the borrowers of Chengdu branch; applicants are mainly national large/medium enterprises, applicants are highly centralized, applicants from other cities occupy a high percentage.3. The procedure of import L/C transaction:includes the division of tasks among departments; The key points for credit line; focuses on the application of import L/C and issuance, amendment, presentation, examination, acceptance and payment, cancellation and withdrawal, and the release of L/C bail, which are several important parts of the whole procedure.
In Chapter 3, there has been a detailed analysis of the three main risks in import L/C business in Chengdu branch:1. Fraud Risk, explains the definition, the motive and most common forms of L/C fraud risk, and integrating with the current situation of Chengdu branch, it analyses in detail the cases of beneficiary's fraud and applicant's fraud.2. Risk of delivery of documents, explains the documents delivery section in the import L/C. the documents delivery requirements in UCP600 and special features of the delivery system in Chengdu branch:large part of the deliveries have been done by courier which have a higher risk compared with other delivery methods. Analyses particular cases of document delivery under Chengdu branch's background:the dilemma of the issuing bank before the deadline.
In Chapter 4, in view of the existing risks in import L/C business of Chengdu branch, it brings forwards reasonable suggestions and future plans:1.strengthen the establishment and implementation of internal control regulations, achieve "Three lines of defense" internal control management system.2. Grounded on the close relation between import L/C and import loan, it is necessary to classify import L/C risk management into loan risk management.3. Enhances the human resource procession construction, ensuring that the branch is on the right and stable track of development.4. Future planning:Increases the number of branches, boosts the establishment of internet network system, and develops the e-L/C business.
The good points of this paper are:
1. Firstly, it systematically analyzes the risks for the issuing bank from its perspective.
2. Puts forward that import L/C risk management is classified into import loan risk management. Partly transforms the long term import loan risk management into short term L/C risk management, providing more measures for credit management.
There are a few shortcomings in this paper:
1. Due to internal confidentiality, all the data related to China Eximbank is from the public reports, and not updated.
2. All the cases are modified, some cases are from other banks, but there is a possibility that it might happen in Chengdu branch's future business.
引文
1、阎之大《UCP600解读与例证》中国商务出版社,2007年10月第1版
2、陈君科.关于我国商业银行防范远期进口信用证风险的思考,《陕西金融》1999年8月号
3、扎力根.国际贸易中信用证支付的主要风险《财经视点》2009年第2期
4、房红.基于UCP600的进口商信用证风险防范研究《黑龙江对外经贸》2009年第12期
5、杨焕辉.银行进出口信用证风险防范《短论集粹》1999年第1期
6、姜莹.进口业务中承兑信用证的风险规避《黑龙江金融》1999年第7期
7、单俊彦.进口信用证贸易融资业务风险及防范《财税金融》
8、廖伟.“自偿性”≠“低风险”——进口信用证融资风险分析及避险之策《中国外汇》
9、胡婉珍.对加强进口信用证业务风险管理的思考《法制与经济》
10、雷文艳.试论农行进口信用证业务的风险防范《广西农村金融研究》2000年第4期
11、吕志南.论进口信用证业务的三个环节与风险防范《广西金融研究》1998年第4期
12、高洪.银行进口信用证业务中的风险及防范《浙江金融》1999年第6期
13、仉磊.信用证欺诈例外原则及其司法适用——兼析最高法院关于审理信用证纠纷案件司法解释http://www.tacourt.gov.cn/html/dcyj/2007-4/dcyj26559804.sht ml
2、陈君科.关于我国商业银行防范远期进口信用证风险的思考,《陕西金融》1999年8月号
3、扎力根.国际贸易中信用证支付的主要风险《财经视点》2009年第2期
4、房红.基于UCP600的进口商信用证风险防范研究《黑龙江对外经贸》2009年第12期
5、杨焕辉.银行进出口信用证风险防范《短论集粹》1999年第1期
6、姜莹.进口业务中承兑信用证的风险规避《黑龙江金融》1999年第7期
7、单俊彦.进口信用证贸易融资业务风险及防范《财税金融》
8、廖伟.“自偿性”≠“低风险”——进口信用证融资风险分析及避险之策《中国外汇》
9、胡婉珍.对加强进口信用证业务风险管理的思考《法制与经济》
10、雷文艳.试论农行进口信用证业务的风险防范《广西农村金融研究》2000年第4期
11、吕志南.论进口信用证业务的三个环节与风险防范《广西金融研究》1998年第4期
12、高洪.银行进口信用证业务中的风险及防范《浙江金融》1999年第6期
13、仉磊.信用证欺诈例外原则及其司法适用——兼析最高法院关于审理信用证纠纷案件司法解释http://www.tacourt.gov.cn/html/dcyj/2007-4/dcyj26559804.sht ml