贫困山区农地流转问题研究
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摘要
随着农业产业化的进行、农业生产规模的扩大、城市化进程的提速以及农村剩余劳动力的大量转移,农村土地承包经营权作为基本的生产要素进行流转应运而生。从实际效果来看,农地流转有力的推动了农村经济的发展,但流转过程呈现出的问题也不容忽视,尤其是在贫困山区表现的更为突出。可当前的农地流转相关研究文献主要把研究的注意力集中在中东部等发达地区,对贫困山区的农地流转问题关注度不足。基于这样的背景,本文选取彭水县龙射镇东方村这个典型的贫困山区作为个案深入研究,并形成了以下结论：
(1)贫困山区农地流转有其自身的特点,主要表现为：农户农地流转行为表现出很强的自发性；流转过程缺乏显化的市场价格符号；流转后的农地经营模式和种植结构一般没有很大变化,也就是说农业结构没有很大调整；农村地缘、血缘、亲缘关系对农地流转有较强的作用力。
(2)与发达地区相比,贫困山区农地流转对该地区经济社会发展的绩效作用相对较弱,但仍然产生了一些积极效应。首先,农地流转使贫困山区稀缺的农地资源的配置更趋优化,提高了农地的利用效率；其次,农地流转释放了贫困山区一部分剩余劳动力,这一方面为贫困山区农地流转提供了可能,另一方面实现了贫困山区农户的增收。
(3)贫困山区农地流转实践过程呈现出一些问题,比如农地流转不足、农地流转行为不规范、农地流转“弱市场化”等等,致使这些问题的成因是多方面的,既有农户主体层面的原因也有贫困山区经济社会层面的原因,但归根结底是制度层面上的原因,我国农地产权属性不清、农村社会保障制度不完善、农地流转市场机制不健全、农地流转主体利益保护机制缺失,都是导致贫困山区农地流转问题的深层次障碍。
(4)基于贫困山区当前农地流转实践所呈现出的问题,本文认为今后推进贫困山区农地流转实践,必须要把握好几个基本政策出发点,那就是农地流转不能导致农民生存的困难、不能导致农用土地的流失,农地承包经营权不应进入产权交易市场,农地流转应是农户家庭成员的共同意愿。
(5)破解贫困山区农地流转问题,必须解决好几个基本问题：一是农业的弱质性问题,二是贫困山区农村的社会保障问题,三是贫困山区剩余劳动力的非农就业转移问题。为此,本文提出了提高农业风险防范能力、完善农村社会保障体系、加大剩余劳动力转移力度等破解贫困山区农地流转问题的政策设想,并从政府职能视角,贫困山区政府必须搞好服务定位,规范农地流转,并适时地逐步引入农地流转的市场机制。
With the ongoing industrialization of agriculture, the expanding scale of agricultural production, speeding up of urbanization and the mass transfer of rural surplus labor, rural land contracting management rights as the basic flow element of production came into being. From a practical point of view, it effectively promotes the development of rural economy, but the problem of the issue presented can not be ignored, especially in poor mountainous areas. However, current literature about transfer of agricultural land focus primarily on developed areas in the east, to the poor mountainous areas of agricultural land, lack of concern about the circulation issues. Based on this background, this Article Pengshui County town of the East Village, Long shot this as a case typical of poor areas in-depth study, and formed the following conclusions:
First, transfer of agricultural land in poor mountainous areas has its own characteristics, mainly as follows:farm households showed strong spontaneous behavior; transfer process is not obvious signs of a market price; circulation Hou's agricultural planting structure Yiban business model and no great changes, that no significant adjustment of agricultural structure; rural geography, kinship, relationship to the transfer of agricultural land have a stronger force.
Second, compared with developed areas, the poor mountainous areas of agricultural land transfer performance of the role of social and economic development is relatively weak, but still produced some positive effects. First of all, the poor mountainous areas of agricultural land transfer scarce agricultural land more optimal allocation of resources, improve the efficiency of agricultural land; Second, agricultural land transfer part of the release of surplus labor in poor areas, this area of farmland to poor circulation to provide Mountain possible, on the other hand realized the poor mountain farmers income.
Third, poor areas of agricultural land transfer practice presents some problems, such as agricultural land transfer shortage of agricultural land transfer behavior is not standardized, agricultural land transfer "weak market" As a result of their causes are manifold, both farmers of the mainlevel because there are poor areas of economic and social dimensions of reasons, but ultimately the system level, the reasons, our agricultural land ownership property is unclear, the rural social security system is flawed, agricultural land transfer market mechanism is not perfect, agricultural land transfer of the main interests of the protectionmechanism of loss, all contribute to poor areas of agricultural land on the Circulation of deep-seated obstacles.
Forth, based on poor mountain current agricultural land transfer practice presents problems, the paper that in the future to promote poverty-stricken mountainous area of agricultural land transfer practices, we must adhere to the following basic policies starting point, which is agricultural land transfer can not lead the peasants to survive difficulties and can not lead to agricultural landthe loss of the right to land contractual management shall not enter the property market, agricultural land transfer should be the common wish of the family farmers.
Fifth, solve the problem in poor mountainous areas of agricultural land transfer, we must resolve several fundamental issues:First, weak agriculture issues, and second, poor mountainous areas of social security, the three surplus labor in poor mountainous areas is the non-agricultural employment transfer.This paper proposes to improve the ability to guard against agricultural risks, improve the rural social security system, increased transfer of surplus labor force and intensity of crack problems in poor mountainous areas of agricultural land transfer policy ideas, and from the perspective of government functions, the Government must do well in poor mountainous areas Service Locationstandardize the transfer of agricultural land, and the timely transfer of agricultural land to gradually introduce market mechanisms.
(1)贫困山区农地流转有其自身的特点,主要表现为：农户农地流转行为表现出很强的自发性；流转过程缺乏显化的市场价格符号；流转后的农地经营模式和种植结构一般没有很大变化,也就是说农业结构没有很大调整；农村地缘、血缘、亲缘关系对农地流转有较强的作用力。
(2)与发达地区相比,贫困山区农地流转对该地区经济社会发展的绩效作用相对较弱,但仍然产生了一些积极效应。首先,农地流转使贫困山区稀缺的农地资源的配置更趋优化,提高了农地的利用效率；其次,农地流转释放了贫困山区一部分剩余劳动力,这一方面为贫困山区农地流转提供了可能,另一方面实现了贫困山区农户的增收。
(3)贫困山区农地流转实践过程呈现出一些问题,比如农地流转不足、农地流转行为不规范、农地流转“弱市场化”等等,致使这些问题的成因是多方面的,既有农户主体层面的原因也有贫困山区经济社会层面的原因,但归根结底是制度层面上的原因,我国农地产权属性不清、农村社会保障制度不完善、农地流转市场机制不健全、农地流转主体利益保护机制缺失,都是导致贫困山区农地流转问题的深层次障碍。
(4)基于贫困山区当前农地流转实践所呈现出的问题,本文认为今后推进贫困山区农地流转实践,必须要把握好几个基本政策出发点,那就是农地流转不能导致农民生存的困难、不能导致农用土地的流失,农地承包经营权不应进入产权交易市场,农地流转应是农户家庭成员的共同意愿。
(5)破解贫困山区农地流转问题,必须解决好几个基本问题：一是农业的弱质性问题,二是贫困山区农村的社会保障问题,三是贫困山区剩余劳动力的非农就业转移问题。为此,本文提出了提高农业风险防范能力、完善农村社会保障体系、加大剩余劳动力转移力度等破解贫困山区农地流转问题的政策设想,并从政府职能视角,贫困山区政府必须搞好服务定位,规范农地流转,并适时地逐步引入农地流转的市场机制。
With the ongoing industrialization of agriculture, the expanding scale of agricultural production, speeding up of urbanization and the mass transfer of rural surplus labor, rural land contracting management rights as the basic flow element of production came into being. From a practical point of view, it effectively promotes the development of rural economy, but the problem of the issue presented can not be ignored, especially in poor mountainous areas. However, current literature about transfer of agricultural land focus primarily on developed areas in the east, to the poor mountainous areas of agricultural land, lack of concern about the circulation issues. Based on this background, this Article Pengshui County town of the East Village, Long shot this as a case typical of poor areas in-depth study, and formed the following conclusions:
First, transfer of agricultural land in poor mountainous areas has its own characteristics, mainly as follows:farm households showed strong spontaneous behavior; transfer process is not obvious signs of a market price; circulation Hou's agricultural planting structure Yiban business model and no great changes, that no significant adjustment of agricultural structure; rural geography, kinship, relationship to the transfer of agricultural land have a stronger force.
Second, compared with developed areas, the poor mountainous areas of agricultural land transfer performance of the role of social and economic development is relatively weak, but still produced some positive effects. First of all, the poor mountainous areas of agricultural land transfer scarce agricultural land more optimal allocation of resources, improve the efficiency of agricultural land; Second, agricultural land transfer part of the release of surplus labor in poor areas, this area of farmland to poor circulation to provide Mountain possible, on the other hand realized the poor mountain farmers income.
Third, poor areas of agricultural land transfer practice presents some problems, such as agricultural land transfer shortage of agricultural land transfer behavior is not standardized, agricultural land transfer "weak market" As a result of their causes are manifold, both farmers of the mainlevel because there are poor areas of economic and social dimensions of reasons, but ultimately the system level, the reasons, our agricultural land ownership property is unclear, the rural social security system is flawed, agricultural land transfer market mechanism is not perfect, agricultural land transfer of the main interests of the protectionmechanism of loss, all contribute to poor areas of agricultural land on the Circulation of deep-seated obstacles.
Forth, based on poor mountain current agricultural land transfer practice presents problems, the paper that in the future to promote poverty-stricken mountainous area of agricultural land transfer practices, we must adhere to the following basic policies starting point, which is agricultural land transfer can not lead the peasants to survive difficulties and can not lead to agricultural landthe loss of the right to land contractual management shall not enter the property market, agricultural land transfer should be the common wish of the family farmers.
Fifth, solve the problem in poor mountainous areas of agricultural land transfer, we must resolve several fundamental issues:First, weak agriculture issues, and second, poor mountainous areas of social security, the three surplus labor in poor mountainous areas is the non-agricultural employment transfer.This paper proposes to improve the ability to guard against agricultural risks, improve the rural social security system, increased transfer of surplus labor force and intensity of crack problems in poor mountainous areas of agricultural land transfer policy ideas, and from the perspective of government functions, the Government must do well in poor mountainous areas Service Locationstandardize the transfer of agricultural land, and the timely transfer of agricultural land to gradually introduce market mechanisms.
引文
[1]刘甲鹏,崔嵬.中国农地流转研究观点综述[J].学术动态,2003(6)：55.
[2]于洋.我国农村土地使用权流转问题研究综述[J].学术动态,2003(3)：60.
[3]钟涨宝.农地流转过程中的农户行为分析[J].中国农村观察,2003(6)：55～64.
[4]康雄华.农户农地流转决策影响因素分析[J].安徽农业科学,2007(13)：32～33
[5]于振荣,刘燕.农地使用权的背景分析[J].大连海事大学学报,2007(4)：37～41.
[6][23]吴郁玲,曲福田.土地流转的制度经济学分析[J].农村经济,2006(1)：24-26.
[7][21]杨德才.论我国农村土地流转模式及其选择[J].当代经济研究,2005(12)：49～52.
[8][10][11]陈卫平,郭定文.农户承包土地流转问题探讨[J].经济问题探索,2006(1)：70-74.
[9]周先智.影响我国农村土地流转的成因探析[J].理论月刊,2000(8)：59-60.陈卫平,郭定文.农户承包土地流转问题探讨[J].经济问题探索,2006(1)：70～74.
[12]周飞.我国农地流转的现状、问题及对策研究[J].经济师,2006(5)：11～12.
[13][18][27]许恒富.农村土地使用权流转探析[J].农业经济,2007(1)：42-44.
[14]马晓河,崔红志.建立土地流转制度,促进区域农业生产规模化经营[J].规模经济,2002(]2)：63～77.
[15]吴晗.集体土地使用流转制度研究[J].农业经济问题,1996(2)：7～12.
[16][26]张雪玉.农村土地使用权流转的现状与对策[J].福建农林大学学报：哲学社会科学版,2003(6)：15～17.
[17][28]王国辉.对我国农地流转的法律思考[J].农业经济,2007(5)：37～39.
[19]陈锡文.如何推进农民土地使用权合理流转[J].中国改革：农村版,2002(9)：35～37.
[20]贾雪池.中俄农地流转制度比较研究[J].国外借鉴,2007(11)：77～80.
[22]蒋满元.影响农村土地流转的原因及其有效途径探讨[J].华中农业大学学报：社会科学版,2006(4)：58～62
[24]张文秀.农户土地流转行为的影响因2素分析[J].重庆大学学报：社会科学版,2005(1)：14～17
[25]庞丽铷.新时期中国农地流转问题探析[J].三农问题研究,2007(5)：538～541.
[29]Jean Olson Languor. Information and the Operation of markets:tests based on a general equilibrium model of land leasing in India. Journal of Development Eeonomies, 1999, Vol60:497～527.
[30]John L. Pender, John M. Kerr. The Effects of Land sales restrictions:Evidence from south India. Agricultural Economics,1999, Vol21:279～294.
[31]Matthew Gorton. Agricultural land reform in Moldova. Land Use Poliey,2001, vol18:269～279.
[32]Douglasn C. Macmillan. An economic case for land reform. Land Use Poliey,2000, Vol17:49～57.
[33]姚洋.土地、制度和农业发展[M].北京：北京大学出版社,2004.
[34]陈志刚.农地产权结构与农业绩效—基因与转型期中国的实证研究[M].北京：中国大地出版社,2006.
[35]魏振赢.民法[M].北京：北京大学出版社,2002：262.
[36]丁关良.农村土地承包经营权性质的探讨[J].中国农村经济,1999(7)：23.
[37]程宗璋.关于农村土地承包经营权继承的若干问题[J].中国农村经济,2002(7)：56.
[38]罗凯原.论土地承包经营权及其在《物权法草案》中的完善.中国民商法律网.http://www. civillaw. com. cn/article/default. asp?id=24057,2005.
[39]叶剑平,蒋妍,丰雷.中国农村土地流转市场的调查研究——基于2005年17省调查的分析和建议[J].中国农村观察.2006(4),48～57.
[40]钟涨宝,汪萍.农地流转过程中的农户行为分析[J].中国农村观察,2003(6)：55～64.
[41]张丁,万蕾.农户土地承包经营权流转的影响因素分析：基于2004年的15省(区)调查[J].中国农村观察,2007(2)：24～25.
[42]史清华,徐翠萍.农户家庭农地流转行为的变迁和形成根源[J].华南农业大学学报(社会科学版),2007(6)：35～36.
[43]史清华,贾生华.农户家庭农地流转及形成根源[J].中国经济问题,2003(5)：45～46.
[44]邹伟,吴群.基于交易成本分析的农用地内部流转对策研究[J].农村经济,2006(12)：14～16.
[45]陈志刚,曲福田.农地产权制度变迁的绩效分析：对转型期中国农地制度多样化创新的解释[J].中国农村观察,2003(1)：23～24.
[2]于洋.我国农村土地使用权流转问题研究综述[J].学术动态,2003(3)：60.
[3]钟涨宝.农地流转过程中的农户行为分析[J].中国农村观察,2003(6)：55～64.
[4]康雄华.农户农地流转决策影响因素分析[J].安徽农业科学,2007(13)：32～33
[5]于振荣,刘燕.农地使用权的背景分析[J].大连海事大学学报,2007(4)：37～41.
[6][23]吴郁玲,曲福田.土地流转的制度经济学分析[J].农村经济,2006(1)：24-26.
[7][21]杨德才.论我国农村土地流转模式及其选择[J].当代经济研究,2005(12)：49～52.
[8][10][11]陈卫平,郭定文.农户承包土地流转问题探讨[J].经济问题探索,2006(1)：70-74.
[9]周先智.影响我国农村土地流转的成因探析[J].理论月刊,2000(8)：59-60.陈卫平,郭定文.农户承包土地流转问题探讨[J].经济问题探索,2006(1)：70～74.
[12]周飞.我国农地流转的现状、问题及对策研究[J].经济师,2006(5)：11～12.
[13][18][27]许恒富.农村土地使用权流转探析[J].农业经济,2007(1)：42-44.
[14]马晓河,崔红志.建立土地流转制度,促进区域农业生产规模化经营[J].规模经济,2002(]2)：63～77.
[15]吴晗.集体土地使用流转制度研究[J].农业经济问题,1996(2)：7～12.
[16][26]张雪玉.农村土地使用权流转的现状与对策[J].福建农林大学学报：哲学社会科学版,2003(6)：15～17.
[17][28]王国辉.对我国农地流转的法律思考[J].农业经济,2007(5)：37～39.
[19]陈锡文.如何推进农民土地使用权合理流转[J].中国改革：农村版,2002(9)：35～37.
[20]贾雪池.中俄农地流转制度比较研究[J].国外借鉴,2007(11)：77～80.
[22]蒋满元.影响农村土地流转的原因及其有效途径探讨[J].华中农业大学学报：社会科学版,2006(4)：58～62
[24]张文秀.农户土地流转行为的影响因2素分析[J].重庆大学学报：社会科学版,2005(1)：14～17
[25]庞丽铷.新时期中国农地流转问题探析[J].三农问题研究,2007(5)：538～541.
[29]Jean Olson Languor. Information and the Operation of markets:tests based on a general equilibrium model of land leasing in India. Journal of Development Eeonomies, 1999, Vol60:497～527.
[30]John L. Pender, John M. Kerr. The Effects of Land sales restrictions:Evidence from south India. Agricultural Economics,1999, Vol21:279～294.
[31]Matthew Gorton. Agricultural land reform in Moldova. Land Use Poliey,2001, vol18:269～279.
[32]Douglasn C. Macmillan. An economic case for land reform. Land Use Poliey,2000, Vol17:49～57.
[33]姚洋.土地、制度和农业发展[M].北京：北京大学出版社,2004.
[34]陈志刚.农地产权结构与农业绩效—基因与转型期中国的实证研究[M].北京：中国大地出版社,2006.
[35]魏振赢.民法[M].北京：北京大学出版社,2002：262.
[36]丁关良.农村土地承包经营权性质的探讨[J].中国农村经济,1999(7)：23.
[37]程宗璋.关于农村土地承包经营权继承的若干问题[J].中国农村经济,2002(7)：56.
[38]罗凯原.论土地承包经营权及其在《物权法草案》中的完善.中国民商法律网.http://www. civillaw. com. cn/article/default. asp?id=24057,2005.
[39]叶剑平,蒋妍,丰雷.中国农村土地流转市场的调查研究——基于2005年17省调查的分析和建议[J].中国农村观察.2006(4),48～57.
[40]钟涨宝,汪萍.农地流转过程中的农户行为分析[J].中国农村观察,2003(6)：55～64.
[41]张丁,万蕾.农户土地承包经营权流转的影响因素分析：基于2004年的15省(区)调查[J].中国农村观察,2007(2)：24～25.
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