宪政视野下的土地承包经营权研究
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摘要
在宪政视野下,本文从保障公民权的角度,分析了土地承包经营权是我国每一个公民的基本权利,农民仅仅基于农村集体成员身份而取得土地承包经营权的现实是不合理的。农民是一种社会职业,它是社会生产力大发展和产业分工的结果。并以宪法为根本法,阐述了土地承包经营权的宪政价值,分析了土地承包经营权在现行体制下的制约因素,并有针对性地提出了解决问题的对策。
本文共分引言、正文、结论三部分,正文部分包括：
第一部分是土地承包经营权的基本理论。该部分首先明确了土地承包经营权的含义,分析了土地承包经营权的特征及性质；并从我国农地关系的变革和土地承包经营权的发展两个方面对其历史变迁进行了诠释；最后说明了我国相关法律对土地承包经营权取得的规定。
第二部分是土地承包经营权的宪政价值分析。该部分从民主、人权、法治、公平与效率四个角度分析了土地承包经营权对我国宪政建设的价值。选取了几个点进行着力阐述,比如,对土地的征收征用过程体现的民主价值,对土地承包经营权保护所蕴含的人权保护精神,以及其在平衡公权力过程中的法治意义等。
第三部分是国外及我国台湾地区农地使用权的比较借鉴。该部分选取了与我国土地承包经营制度的历史背景、制度变革相似的地区进行比较借鉴,既有国内的又有国外的,既有发达国家的又有发展中国家的,既有正面的又有反面的,力求做到全面有效。
第四部分是土地承包经营权行使中存在的问题分析。该部分说明了当前制约我国土地承包经营权的问题；并从根本法到部门法,从立法、执法到司法的全过程,同时结合相关的土地政策对侵害土地承包经营权的原因进行了全面分析。
第五部分是完善土地承包经营权的宪政思考。该部分针对前文分析的原因,提出了系统的有针对性的完善土地承包经营权的对策。并结合国内外先进的土地管理经验,试图重新构建更好发挥我国土地承包经营权效能的法律保障制度体系。
本文采用文献研究法,通过调查相关文献资料,分析了土地承包经营权的历史和现状；通过实证分析法进行推理说明,阐明了土地承包经营权的本质。
The right to contracted management of land is a fundamental right of our citizens, and its essence is a property right. The paper is analyzed the right to contracted management of land under the constitutional perspective, which is the basic right to every citizen from the point views of protecting civil rights; the farmer is based on the identity of rural collective members, who obtained to the right to contracted management of land from the reality is unreasonable. The farmer as the profession of social; and this profession has led to the great development of social productivity and the industrial division too. The paper is based on the constitution as fundamental law, to explained the constitutional government value of the right to contracted management of land; and to analyzed the restricting factions of the right to contracted management of land under the current system; to put forward suggestions for solving the problems.
This article is divided into introduction.main body and conclusion three parts,main body includet the following five parts:
The first part is the fundamental theory of the right to contracted management of land. Firstly, to defined the right to contracted management of land, and to analyzed the characteristics and natures of the right to contracted management of land; secondly, to interpreted the changing of history from two aspects of transformation of the farmland relation and the development of the right to contracted management of land; finally, to state the regulations of the right to contracted management of land in the relevant laws in our country.
The second part is analyzed the constitutional government value of the right to contracted management of land. In this part, to analyzed the right to contracted management of land for the value of the construction constitutional government from democracy, human rights, rule of law, fairness and efficiency four point of views, This paper are selecting a few points to explained, such as, embody in the democratic values of the processing of land expropriation and requisition; contains the spirit of the protection of human rights for protecting the right to contracted management of land; and its the meaning of the rule of law in the processing of balancing the public power.
The third part is based on the farmland usage rights system of the foreign countries and Taiwai area. In this part, those selected areas were contrasted with domestic system of the right to contracted management of land, in which the historical background and the similar regions with the institutional changing. Its compare the domestic with abroad; and the developed country with the developing country, even the positive system with negative system, all make every effort to keep comprehensive and effective.
The fourth part is analyzed the existing problems of excluding the right to contracted management of land.This part is analyzed the restricting factors of the right to contracted management of land in our country currently,all the processing from the fundamental laws to department laws;even from the legislation, enforce the law,to administration of justice,and combined with the relevant land policy,made the infringement reasons of the right to contracted management comprehensive analysis.
The fifth part is trying to complete the constitutional government thinking of the right to contracted management of land. This section is based on the former analysis, puts forward the systematic and targeted measures for improving the right to contracted management of land; combined with advanced management experience of the domestic and abroad, and trying to reconstruct the legal protection system of the right to contracted management of land.
This paper adopt to literature research,to investigated the relevant literature documents, and to analyzed the history and current situation of the right to contracted management of land; through the empirical research to reasoning, and to clarified the essence of the right to contracted management of land.
本文共分引言、正文、结论三部分,正文部分包括：
第一部分是土地承包经营权的基本理论。该部分首先明确了土地承包经营权的含义,分析了土地承包经营权的特征及性质；并从我国农地关系的变革和土地承包经营权的发展两个方面对其历史变迁进行了诠释；最后说明了我国相关法律对土地承包经营权取得的规定。
第二部分是土地承包经营权的宪政价值分析。该部分从民主、人权、法治、公平与效率四个角度分析了土地承包经营权对我国宪政建设的价值。选取了几个点进行着力阐述,比如,对土地的征收征用过程体现的民主价值,对土地承包经营权保护所蕴含的人权保护精神,以及其在平衡公权力过程中的法治意义等。
第三部分是国外及我国台湾地区农地使用权的比较借鉴。该部分选取了与我国土地承包经营制度的历史背景、制度变革相似的地区进行比较借鉴,既有国内的又有国外的,既有发达国家的又有发展中国家的,既有正面的又有反面的,力求做到全面有效。
第四部分是土地承包经营权行使中存在的问题分析。该部分说明了当前制约我国土地承包经营权的问题；并从根本法到部门法,从立法、执法到司法的全过程,同时结合相关的土地政策对侵害土地承包经营权的原因进行了全面分析。
第五部分是完善土地承包经营权的宪政思考。该部分针对前文分析的原因,提出了系统的有针对性的完善土地承包经营权的对策。并结合国内外先进的土地管理经验,试图重新构建更好发挥我国土地承包经营权效能的法律保障制度体系。
本文采用文献研究法,通过调查相关文献资料,分析了土地承包经营权的历史和现状；通过实证分析法进行推理说明,阐明了土地承包经营权的本质。
The right to contracted management of land is a fundamental right of our citizens, and its essence is a property right. The paper is analyzed the right to contracted management of land under the constitutional perspective, which is the basic right to every citizen from the point views of protecting civil rights; the farmer is based on the identity of rural collective members, who obtained to the right to contracted management of land from the reality is unreasonable. The farmer as the profession of social; and this profession has led to the great development of social productivity and the industrial division too. The paper is based on the constitution as fundamental law, to explained the constitutional government value of the right to contracted management of land; and to analyzed the restricting factions of the right to contracted management of land under the current system; to put forward suggestions for solving the problems.
This article is divided into introduction.main body and conclusion three parts,main body includet the following five parts:
The first part is the fundamental theory of the right to contracted management of land. Firstly, to defined the right to contracted management of land, and to analyzed the characteristics and natures of the right to contracted management of land; secondly, to interpreted the changing of history from two aspects of transformation of the farmland relation and the development of the right to contracted management of land; finally, to state the regulations of the right to contracted management of land in the relevant laws in our country.
The second part is analyzed the constitutional government value of the right to contracted management of land. In this part, to analyzed the right to contracted management of land for the value of the construction constitutional government from democracy, human rights, rule of law, fairness and efficiency four point of views, This paper are selecting a few points to explained, such as, embody in the democratic values of the processing of land expropriation and requisition; contains the spirit of the protection of human rights for protecting the right to contracted management of land; and its the meaning of the rule of law in the processing of balancing the public power.
The third part is based on the farmland usage rights system of the foreign countries and Taiwai area. In this part, those selected areas were contrasted with domestic system of the right to contracted management of land, in which the historical background and the similar regions with the institutional changing. Its compare the domestic with abroad; and the developed country with the developing country, even the positive system with negative system, all make every effort to keep comprehensive and effective.
The fourth part is analyzed the existing problems of excluding the right to contracted management of land.This part is analyzed the restricting factors of the right to contracted management of land in our country currently,all the processing from the fundamental laws to department laws;even from the legislation, enforce the law,to administration of justice,and combined with the relevant land policy,made the infringement reasons of the right to contracted management comprehensive analysis.
The fifth part is trying to complete the constitutional government thinking of the right to contracted management of land. This section is based on the former analysis, puts forward the systematic and targeted measures for improving the right to contracted management of land; combined with advanced management experience of the domestic and abroad, and trying to reconstruct the legal protection system of the right to contracted management of land.
This paper adopt to literature research,to investigated the relevant literature documents, and to analyzed the history and current situation of the right to contracted management of land; through the empirical research to reasoning, and to clarified the essence of the right to contracted management of land.
引文
[1]梁慧星.制定中国物权法的若干问题[J].法学研究,2000,(4)：13-14.
[2]魏振瀛.民法[M].北京：北京大学出版社,2002.262.
[3]程宗璋.关于农村土地承包经营权继承的若干问题[J].中国农村经济,2002,(7)：56.
[4]丁关良.农村土地承包经营权性质的探讨[J].中国农村经济,1999,(7)：23.
[5]唐永莉.关于土地承包经营权的物权性思考[J].开发研究,2009,(2)：70.
[6]苑书义,董从林.近代中国小农经济的变迁[M].人民出版社,2001,(2)：132-147.
[7]董栓成.中国农村土地制度改革路径优化[M].北京：社会科学文献出版社,2008,(6)：20-32.
[8]邓小平.关于农村政策问题[M].第二卷.北京：人民出版社,1994,(,2)：315-316.
[9]俞可平.民主是个好东西[N].中共中央党校学习时报,2006.367.
[10]张文显.法理学[M].北京：法律出版社,2007,(3)：386.
[11]关谷俗,金洪云译.日本的农地制度[M].台湾：生活·读书·新知三联书店,2004.213-327.
[12]朱新方,贾开芳.对日本、韩国、俄罗斯农用土地制度改革的点评与思考[J].调研世界,2005,(1)：76.
[13]陈成.台湾土地改革既要[M].台湾：台湾中华书局,1961.78-102.
[14]邢发奇.我国现行土地征收制度利弊研究[J].河北法学,2009,(9)：54.
[15]罗芸.现行土地征收补偿制度的探索思考[J].科技信息,2007.33.
[16]R.科斯,A·阿尔钦,D·诺思等.财产权利与制度变迁-产权学派与新制度学派文集[M].上海：上海三联书店上海人民出版社,2005.166.
[17]钱忠好.农村土地承包经营权产权残缺与市场流转困境[J].理论与政策分析.2002,(6)：35-45.
[18]柴振国,潘静.土地承包经营权出资中农民权益保护研究[J].河北法学,2009,(9)：43.
[19]李晓茜.社会保障功能下的土地承包经营权性质探析[J].学术界,2009,(3)：72.
[20]刘云生.永佃权之历史解读与现实表达[J].法商研究,2006,(1)：80.
[21]王凤舜.行政行为随意性的表现形式及对策[J].河南国土资源,2003,(6)：34.
[22]孔祥智.中国三年前景报告[M].北京：中国时代经济出版社,2005.140.
[23]国家统计局.2009中国人口统计年鉴[M].北京：中国统计出版社,2009.52.
[24]柴振国,潘静.土地承包经营权出资中农民权益保护研究[J].河北法学,2009,(9)：43.
[25]黄小彪.征地过程中农民权益保障问题的思考[J].经济体制改革,2007,(4)：28.
[26]蒋安杰,肖黎明.来自农村土地法律制度的调查[N].法制日报,2004,(11)：25.
[27]杨永芳,苏东海.宁夏城市化进程中失地农民权益受损原因分析及对策研究[J].甘肃联合大学学报,2008.218.
[28]柴振国,潘静.土地承包经营权出资中农民权益保护研究[J].河北法学,2009,(9)：44.
[29]约翰·亨利·梅利曼.大陆法系[M].北京：知识出版社,1984.18.
[30]黄河.试论农地政策与农村土地承包经营权流转保障法律制度的构建[J].河北法学,2009,(9)：37.
[31]黄河.试论农地政策与农村土地承包经营权流转保障法律制度的构建[J].河北法学,2009,(9)：38.
[32]李军波.农村土地承包经营权流转的现状、分析及其法律思考[J].河北法学,2009,(9)：122.
[33]许建苏,赵欣.农地使用权流转制度探析[J].河北法学,2005,(9)：24.
[34]黄河.试论农地政策与农村土地承包经营权流转保障法律制度的构建[J].河北法学,2009,(9)：37.
[35]张五常.佃农理论-应用于亚洲的农业和台湾的土地改革[M].北京：商务印书馆,2001.84.
[36]冷雪.产权视角下的我国农村土地流转[J].宜宾学院学报,2006,(3)：22.
[37]李志强.土地承包经营权“永佃权化”透视-罗马法永佃权制度价值之思考[J].北京政法职业学院学报,2008,(2)：23.
[38]黄河.试论农地政策与农村土地承包经营权流转保障法律制度的构建[J].河北法学,2009,(9)：38.
[39]黄河.试论农地政策与农村土地承包经营权流转保障法律制度的构建[J].河北法学,2009,(9)：37.
[40]蒋文龙,柯丽生.土地流转的慈溪探索[J].观察与思考,2009,(9)：34-35.
[2]魏振瀛.民法[M].北京：北京大学出版社,2002.262.
[3]程宗璋.关于农村土地承包经营权继承的若干问题[J].中国农村经济,2002,(7)：56.
[4]丁关良.农村土地承包经营权性质的探讨[J].中国农村经济,1999,(7)：23.
[5]唐永莉.关于土地承包经营权的物权性思考[J].开发研究,2009,(2)：70.
[6]苑书义,董从林.近代中国小农经济的变迁[M].人民出版社,2001,(2)：132-147.
[7]董栓成.中国农村土地制度改革路径优化[M].北京：社会科学文献出版社,2008,(6)：20-32.
[8]邓小平.关于农村政策问题[M].第二卷.北京：人民出版社,1994,(,2)：315-316.
[9]俞可平.民主是个好东西[N].中共中央党校学习时报,2006.367.
[10]张文显.法理学[M].北京：法律出版社,2007,(3)：386.
[11]关谷俗,金洪云译.日本的农地制度[M].台湾：生活·读书·新知三联书店,2004.213-327.
[12]朱新方,贾开芳.对日本、韩国、俄罗斯农用土地制度改革的点评与思考[J].调研世界,2005,(1)：76.
[13]陈成.台湾土地改革既要[M].台湾：台湾中华书局,1961.78-102.
[14]邢发奇.我国现行土地征收制度利弊研究[J].河北法学,2009,(9)：54.
[15]罗芸.现行土地征收补偿制度的探索思考[J].科技信息,2007.33.
[16]R.科斯,A·阿尔钦,D·诺思等.财产权利与制度变迁-产权学派与新制度学派文集[M].上海：上海三联书店上海人民出版社,2005.166.
[17]钱忠好.农村土地承包经营权产权残缺与市场流转困境[J].理论与政策分析.2002,(6)：35-45.
[18]柴振国,潘静.土地承包经营权出资中农民权益保护研究[J].河北法学,2009,(9)：43.
[19]李晓茜.社会保障功能下的土地承包经营权性质探析[J].学术界,2009,(3)：72.
[20]刘云生.永佃权之历史解读与现实表达[J].法商研究,2006,(1)：80.
[21]王凤舜.行政行为随意性的表现形式及对策[J].河南国土资源,2003,(6)：34.
[22]孔祥智.中国三年前景报告[M].北京：中国时代经济出版社,2005.140.
[23]国家统计局.2009中国人口统计年鉴[M].北京：中国统计出版社,2009.52.
[24]柴振国,潘静.土地承包经营权出资中农民权益保护研究[J].河北法学,2009,(9)：43.
[25]黄小彪.征地过程中农民权益保障问题的思考[J].经济体制改革,2007,(4)：28.
[26]蒋安杰,肖黎明.来自农村土地法律制度的调查[N].法制日报,2004,(11)：25.
[27]杨永芳,苏东海.宁夏城市化进程中失地农民权益受损原因分析及对策研究[J].甘肃联合大学学报,2008.218.
[28]柴振国,潘静.土地承包经营权出资中农民权益保护研究[J].河北法学,2009,(9)：44.
[29]约翰·亨利·梅利曼.大陆法系[M].北京：知识出版社,1984.18.
[30]黄河.试论农地政策与农村土地承包经营权流转保障法律制度的构建[J].河北法学,2009,(9)：37.
[31]黄河.试论农地政策与农村土地承包经营权流转保障法律制度的构建[J].河北法学,2009,(9)：38.
[32]李军波.农村土地承包经营权流转的现状、分析及其法律思考[J].河北法学,2009,(9)：122.
[33]许建苏,赵欣.农地使用权流转制度探析[J].河北法学,2005,(9)：24.
[34]黄河.试论农地政策与农村土地承包经营权流转保障法律制度的构建[J].河北法学,2009,(9)：37.
[35]张五常.佃农理论-应用于亚洲的农业和台湾的土地改革[M].北京：商务印书馆,2001.84.
[36]冷雪.产权视角下的我国农村土地流转[J].宜宾学院学报,2006,(3)：22.
[37]李志强.土地承包经营权“永佃权化”透视-罗马法永佃权制度价值之思考[J].北京政法职业学院学报,2008,(2)：23.
[38]黄河.试论农地政策与农村土地承包经营权流转保障法律制度的构建[J].河北法学,2009,(9)：38.
[39]黄河.试论农地政策与农村土地承包经营权流转保障法律制度的构建[J].河北法学,2009,(9)：37.
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