关中段渭河干流水污染时空动态与总量控制研究
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摘要
随着陕西省国民经济的迅速发展和人口的过快增长,社会城市化和沿线工业的迅速崛起,全省面临着严峻的环境形势,渭河流域水污染问题日益突出。近30年来渭河流域水资源紧缺、水供需矛盾突出；工业废水及城市生活污水大量排入,使渭河流域水质受到不同程度的污染,影响着沿岸人民群众的生存环境,已成为制约陕西经济发展的主要因素之一。本文在渭河流域水污染现状调查评价的基础上,探讨渭河流域水污染的时空变化过程,分析其与河川径流量之间的关系,为立足于环境容量分区分时控制渭河水污染,实现全河段污染控制整体达标提供参考依据。
论文研究主要内容如下：
一、渭河流域水质污染现状及分析评价
监测统计资料表明,“十五”期间渭河流域主要河流水质质量无明显变化。2002年为5年污染最高峰,之后呈逐年下降态势。渭河流域水污染仍以有机型污染为基本特点,河流的主要污染因子为高锰酸盐指数、氨氮、BOD等。渭河流域水污染受时空变化影响明显,且与河流径流量变化关系密切。
二、河流的水环境容量计算及结果分析
通过水质模型模拟计算有机物降解的相关参数,水环境容量E进行模拟计算,结果表明渭河流域氨氮、COD均已超出允许纳污量。主要原因为污染严重的行业污水达标率低,污染负荷大,加之城市生活污水处理率低；西北地区水资源短缺,河流年际年内水量变化大,河流缺乏足够的生态水；城市附近河流,除污水排放、河水较少外,缺乏广泛完善的固体废弃物和生活垃圾收集处理系统。
三、渭河流域水污染治理政策途径
根据渭河流域水环境容量的计算结果,进而提出流域污染治理的政策途径。如建立明晰的水权制度,加强水污染治理的管理体制建设；明确污水治理主体,加强排污费征收与环保资金管理；制订排污许可证及其交易制度,强化排污许可证的总量控制；加快公共参与进程,实现全民治污等。
With the rapid development of economy and fast growth of population of Shaanxi Province, as well as the rise of urbanization and industries, the whole province is facing serious environmental situation, and the water pollution problems of Weihe River basin is becoming increasingly prominent. There is water shortage and water supply and demand contradiction in Weihe River in the past 30 years; plenty of industrial waste water and urban sewage is poured into Weihe River so that the quality of water is polluted in varying degrees, affecting the living environment of the coastal people, which is becoming one of the main factors restricting the economic development of Shaanxi. Based on the investigation and assessment of water pollution in the Weihe River, this essay explores the process of spatial and temporal variation of Weihe River's pollution, and then analyses the relationship between Weihe River and its runoff, which provides a preference for controlling water pollution of Weihe River by different time and areas based on the environmental capacity, and achieving the overall compliance of pollution control in the whole river.
The main contents are as follows:
Firstly comes the investigation and assessment of pollution of Weihe River's current water quality. Monitoring statistics shows that there was no obvious change in the quality of Weihe River during the period of the 10th five-year. Pollution in the 2002 reached peak, and after that shows a declining trend. Weihe River's pollution is organic basically, and the main pollution factors are permanganate index, ammonia nitrogen, BOD and so on. Weihe River's pollution is affected obviously by the temporal and spatial variation, as well as the runoff.
Secondly, there are calculations of the water environment capacity and their results analysis. It calculates the water environmental capacity E through the relevant parameters of organic matter's degradation which is simulated by the water quality model; the results show that ammonia and COD of Weihe River are beyond the allowed amounts of pollutant, whose causes are mainly as follows:the achievement ratio of waste water from the polluting industries is low, and pollution load is heavy, coupled with the low rate of urban sewage treatment; the water resources in northwest of China is in shortage, the annual river water changes greatly, and the river lacks adequate ecological water; additionally, rivers near the city lacks broad and comprehensive solid waste, as well as the garbage collection and disposal system.
Thirdly are the policies and approaches for Weihe River's water pollution. According to the calculation results of Weihe River's environment capacity, there are recommended policies and approaches for water pollution controlled. Such as establishing clear water rights system, strengthening the construction for the management systems of water pollution control; clearing the main bodies of the sewage treatment, strengthening the sewage charge and the financial management of environmental protection; constituting emission permits and the trading systems, emphasizing the total control of emission permits; accelerating public participation process, and achieving national pollution treatment and so on.
论文研究主要内容如下：
一、渭河流域水质污染现状及分析评价
监测统计资料表明,“十五”期间渭河流域主要河流水质质量无明显变化。2002年为5年污染最高峰,之后呈逐年下降态势。渭河流域水污染仍以有机型污染为基本特点,河流的主要污染因子为高锰酸盐指数、氨氮、BOD等。渭河流域水污染受时空变化影响明显,且与河流径流量变化关系密切。
二、河流的水环境容量计算及结果分析
通过水质模型模拟计算有机物降解的相关参数,水环境容量E进行模拟计算,结果表明渭河流域氨氮、COD均已超出允许纳污量。主要原因为污染严重的行业污水达标率低,污染负荷大,加之城市生活污水处理率低；西北地区水资源短缺,河流年际年内水量变化大,河流缺乏足够的生态水；城市附近河流,除污水排放、河水较少外,缺乏广泛完善的固体废弃物和生活垃圾收集处理系统。
三、渭河流域水污染治理政策途径
根据渭河流域水环境容量的计算结果,进而提出流域污染治理的政策途径。如建立明晰的水权制度,加强水污染治理的管理体制建设；明确污水治理主体,加强排污费征收与环保资金管理；制订排污许可证及其交易制度,强化排污许可证的总量控制；加快公共参与进程,实现全民治污等。
With the rapid development of economy and fast growth of population of Shaanxi Province, as well as the rise of urbanization and industries, the whole province is facing serious environmental situation, and the water pollution problems of Weihe River basin is becoming increasingly prominent. There is water shortage and water supply and demand contradiction in Weihe River in the past 30 years; plenty of industrial waste water and urban sewage is poured into Weihe River so that the quality of water is polluted in varying degrees, affecting the living environment of the coastal people, which is becoming one of the main factors restricting the economic development of Shaanxi. Based on the investigation and assessment of water pollution in the Weihe River, this essay explores the process of spatial and temporal variation of Weihe River's pollution, and then analyses the relationship between Weihe River and its runoff, which provides a preference for controlling water pollution of Weihe River by different time and areas based on the environmental capacity, and achieving the overall compliance of pollution control in the whole river.
The main contents are as follows:
Firstly comes the investigation and assessment of pollution of Weihe River's current water quality. Monitoring statistics shows that there was no obvious change in the quality of Weihe River during the period of the 10th five-year. Pollution in the 2002 reached peak, and after that shows a declining trend. Weihe River's pollution is organic basically, and the main pollution factors are permanganate index, ammonia nitrogen, BOD and so on. Weihe River's pollution is affected obviously by the temporal and spatial variation, as well as the runoff.
Secondly, there are calculations of the water environment capacity and their results analysis. It calculates the water environmental capacity E through the relevant parameters of organic matter's degradation which is simulated by the water quality model; the results show that ammonia and COD of Weihe River are beyond the allowed amounts of pollutant, whose causes are mainly as follows:the achievement ratio of waste water from the polluting industries is low, and pollution load is heavy, coupled with the low rate of urban sewage treatment; the water resources in northwest of China is in shortage, the annual river water changes greatly, and the river lacks adequate ecological water; additionally, rivers near the city lacks broad and comprehensive solid waste, as well as the garbage collection and disposal system.
Thirdly are the policies and approaches for Weihe River's water pollution. According to the calculation results of Weihe River's environment capacity, there are recommended policies and approaches for water pollution controlled. Such as establishing clear water rights system, strengthening the construction for the management systems of water pollution control; clearing the main bodies of the sewage treatment, strengthening the sewage charge and the financial management of environmental protection; constituting emission permits and the trading systems, emphasizing the total control of emission permits; accelerating public participation process, and achieving national pollution treatment and so on.
引文
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