植被作用下复式河槽水流阻力实验研究
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摘要
复式河槽在调节洪水、削减洪峰、贮存泥沙等方面不同于单一河槽。由于河岸滩长期不过流,经常长有植被和庄稼。在植被覆盖条件下,一方面,利用树根保护土壤,避免水土流失,能起到固滩、固岸的作用;另一方面,由于植被的存在,其本身的形状、刚柔性、植物枝叶分布及种植密度等在很大程度上改变了水流的内部结构,增大了水流阻力,加大了岸滩的糙率,抬高了河道水位,降低了河道的过流能力。对于河滩种树的这种生物护岸措施,要分析其利弊,研究如何既能最大限度发挥其固滩护堤的作用,充分地利用滩地资源,又能保证河道行洪安全。这是生产实际提出的新问题。因此,探讨滩地植被对复式河槽水流阻力的影响对防洪工程、航道整治、城市生态水利建设及河滩地合理开发利用等国民经济和社会发展中的重要问题,有着广阔的应用情景。
本文在国内外学者对复式河槽水流特性研究的基础上,采用水槽试验,分析与讨论了滩地植被特性,即植被高度、密度、柔韧性及植被的排列方式对复式河槽水流阻力的影响,其主要研究内容为:
首先,简要介绍了滩地种树对复式河槽的漫滩水流特性,回顾了国内外学者的关于单一河槽和复式河槽水流阻力特性的研究成果;
其次,采用量纲分析法得出滩地植被对复式河槽水流阻力影响的因素。通过选择试验材料、优化复式河槽断面、选择恰当的来水条件构建试验模型,通过水槽试验,分析有无植被情况下,植物高度、密度、植物的排列方式对复式河槽流速分布的影响,得出滩地植被密度、植被高度及排列方式对复式河槽流速分布的变化规律。
第三,通过试验结果分析植物高度、密度、植物的排列方式对复式河槽水流阻力特性的影响,可以得出复式河槽,曼宁阻力系数、Darcy-Weishbach阻力系数的变化规律。
最后,结合国内外学者关于复式河槽流量的计算方法,本文推导出植被作用下,复式河槽过流能力的计算公式,经试验数据分析表明,该方法较为合理,方便工程实际计算。
滩地植被对复式河槽水流阻力特性的影响十分复杂,有待进一步研究。
A compound channel comprising the main channel and floodplains exists in natural rivers widely, especially in alluvial streams. It differs from a single channel in adjusting flood, cutting flood peak, transporting sediment etc Because of long time not flow, it is universal that vegetation and farm crops grow in on the riverside ..In the condition of vegetation coveraged , on one hand, vegetation can prevent water loss from soil erosion, preventing the bank from destroy due to high flood, storm surge, etc.;on the other hand,the shape, flexility, distribution of branches and density of vegetated floodplains in largely changedthe internal flow structure, increased flow resistance, increased the riverbeds roughness,raise the water level, it can also low the conveyance capacity of channel. In order to use this ecosystem to protect the bank and improve the bio-environment of the river and maintain the capacity of flood control, the advantage and disadvantage of the measure have to be analyzed thoroughly. This is an important issue in engineering practice. Therefore,the research results benefit to flood control, channel training, floodplain exploitation etc.
Based on domestic and foreign scholars’study about flow features in compound channel,this thesis analyzes and discusses the effect of cross-sectional shape on flow resistance coefficients in compound channels with vegetated floodplains characteristics, such as height, density, flexility and array of the vegetation. The main contents of the thesis are as follows:
At first, a brief introduction to hydraulics of overbank flow in compound channels without plants on the beaches has been given, and then reviewed the domestic and foreign scholars’research of flow resistance in singe channel and in compound channel with vegetated floodplains;
Secondly,using dimensional analysis method,it is found the influence factors of flow resistance in compound channel with vegetated floodplains . By analyzing the experimental data from a fume experiment, it analyzes effect height, density, flexility and arrangement of the vegetations on velocity distribution.
Thirdly, by analyzing the experimental data from a fume experiment,it is found that flow resistance with vegetated floodplains is related to vegetated floodplains characteristics, such as height, density and array of the vegetation.
Combined with the domestic and foreign scholars’calculation method of discharge, it deduces calculation formula of conveyance capacity in compound channels with vegetated floodplains. By experimental data analysis indicated that this method is reasonable and calculated conveniently practical project.
Flow resistance in compound channels with vegetated floodplains is quite complicated to further study.
本文在国内外学者对复式河槽水流特性研究的基础上,采用水槽试验,分析与讨论了滩地植被特性,即植被高度、密度、柔韧性及植被的排列方式对复式河槽水流阻力的影响,其主要研究内容为:
首先,简要介绍了滩地种树对复式河槽的漫滩水流特性,回顾了国内外学者的关于单一河槽和复式河槽水流阻力特性的研究成果;
其次,采用量纲分析法得出滩地植被对复式河槽水流阻力影响的因素。通过选择试验材料、优化复式河槽断面、选择恰当的来水条件构建试验模型,通过水槽试验,分析有无植被情况下,植物高度、密度、植物的排列方式对复式河槽流速分布的影响,得出滩地植被密度、植被高度及排列方式对复式河槽流速分布的变化规律。
第三,通过试验结果分析植物高度、密度、植物的排列方式对复式河槽水流阻力特性的影响,可以得出复式河槽,曼宁阻力系数、Darcy-Weishbach阻力系数的变化规律。
最后,结合国内外学者关于复式河槽流量的计算方法,本文推导出植被作用下,复式河槽过流能力的计算公式,经试验数据分析表明,该方法较为合理,方便工程实际计算。
滩地植被对复式河槽水流阻力特性的影响十分复杂,有待进一步研究。
A compound channel comprising the main channel and floodplains exists in natural rivers widely, especially in alluvial streams. It differs from a single channel in adjusting flood, cutting flood peak, transporting sediment etc Because of long time not flow, it is universal that vegetation and farm crops grow in on the riverside ..In the condition of vegetation coveraged , on one hand, vegetation can prevent water loss from soil erosion, preventing the bank from destroy due to high flood, storm surge, etc.;on the other hand,the shape, flexility, distribution of branches and density of vegetated floodplains in largely changedthe internal flow structure, increased flow resistance, increased the riverbeds roughness,raise the water level, it can also low the conveyance capacity of channel. In order to use this ecosystem to protect the bank and improve the bio-environment of the river and maintain the capacity of flood control, the advantage and disadvantage of the measure have to be analyzed thoroughly. This is an important issue in engineering practice. Therefore,the research results benefit to flood control, channel training, floodplain exploitation etc.
Based on domestic and foreign scholars’study about flow features in compound channel,this thesis analyzes and discusses the effect of cross-sectional shape on flow resistance coefficients in compound channels with vegetated floodplains characteristics, such as height, density, flexility and array of the vegetation. The main contents of the thesis are as follows:
At first, a brief introduction to hydraulics of overbank flow in compound channels without plants on the beaches has been given, and then reviewed the domestic and foreign scholars’research of flow resistance in singe channel and in compound channel with vegetated floodplains;
Secondly,using dimensional analysis method,it is found the influence factors of flow resistance in compound channel with vegetated floodplains . By analyzing the experimental data from a fume experiment, it analyzes effect height, density, flexility and arrangement of the vegetations on velocity distribution.
Thirdly, by analyzing the experimental data from a fume experiment,it is found that flow resistance with vegetated floodplains is related to vegetated floodplains characteristics, such as height, density and array of the vegetation.
Combined with the domestic and foreign scholars’calculation method of discharge, it deduces calculation formula of conveyance capacity in compound channels with vegetated floodplains. By experimental data analysis indicated that this method is reasonable and calculated conveniently practical project.
Flow resistance in compound channels with vegetated floodplains is quite complicated to further study.
引文
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