无线传感器网络中基于能量的关键算法研究
|
摘要
无线传感器网络涉及传感器、嵌入式计算、分布式信息处理和无线通信等多个学科。由于其自组织性、微型性、低成本以及灵活性等特点，在军事、环境科学、医疗健康、空间探索和商业应用等领域有着非常广泛的应用前景。二十世纪九十年代以来，随着相关技术的快速发展，无线传感器网络也得到了学术界、军界和工业界的极大关注。目前该领域的研究热点包括：能量高效的路由算法和媒体接入控制算法、拓扑管理技术、QoS支持技术、层间设计技术、网络部署和覆盖、定位和时间同步、最优数据聚合等，这些方面共同支撑起了无线传感器网络未来的发展方向。其中能量高效的算法设计是一个基本的设计原则，贯穿了上述所有热点的研究过程，也是无线传感器网络算法设计面临的首要挑战。本论文针对目前在无线传感器网络的能量研究领域所存在的三个问题，分别进行了相关研究，并提出了相应的解决方案和理论模型。论文围绕无线传感器网络中能量高效的协议设计，对跨层优化、拓扑控制和能量模型进行了研究。主要工作如下：
1．提出了一种基于跨层的能量高效地理转发机制—EnGFAS。该机制通过在应用层、网络层和MAC层间传递负载信息和控制信息，完成能量感知的路由中继选择和节点的自适应休眠。层间联合设计有效地提高了数据包转发成功率，减少和均衡了网内节点能耗，延长了网络生命周期。
2．针对传统成簇拓扑控制算法和移动代理算法存在的问题，提出了一种基于多个移动代理的能量高效信息收集方案。该方案通过基于分簇的无干扰拓扑结构设计，配合多个移动代理的使用，简化了MAC和路由协议的复杂性，并具有高能效性和可扩展性。
3．采用数据流跟踪方法，推导了无线传感器网络中普遍适用的计算全网能耗的能量模型。在此基础上，建立了基于能耗的网络优化模型，针对链式和簇式结构进行了拓扑、功率和路由的优化设计，并通过仿真得以验证。
4．结合路由中继算法，分析了IEEE802．11DCF两种方式(RTS／CTS和CSMA／CA)下的网络信道利用率和网络容量。在此基础上，提出了一种基于网络容量估算无线传感器网络能耗上限的能量模型，并利用此模型进行了链式结构的路由优化设计。
总之，本论文主要对无线传感器网络中基于能量高效的跨层协议设计、拓扑设计以及能量模型进行了研究和探讨。
Wireless sensor network integrates the technologies of sensor, embedded computing, distributed information transaction and wireless communication. The characteristics of self-organizing, mini-size, low cost and flexibility give it a very broad perspective in many fields such as military affairs, environment science, medical treatment, space exploration and business etc. Since 1990's, wireless sensor network has been being given much attention by the groups of academy, army corps and industry, as the rapid development of related technologies. The hotspots in the field include energy-efficient algorithm design of routing and medium access control, technologies of topology management, quality of service and cross-layer design, deployment and coverage, location and synchronization, optimal data gathering, etc. Above all, Energy-efficient algorithm design is not only an elementary principle for the study of all the hotspots, but also the major challenge of algorithms design in wireless sensor networks. This paper investigates related research work on energy consumption of wireless sensor networks, and proposes corresponding solutions and theoretical model for three problems in the research. This paper focuses on the energy-efficient protocol design of wireless sensor networks. The specific directions include the research of cross layer optimization, topology control and energy model in wireless sensor networks. The contribution of the paper is listed as follows:
1. Proposes an Energy-aware Geographical Forwarding Protocol utilizing Adaptive Sleep (EnGFAS) from the point of view of cross layer design in wireless sensor networks. Information of traffic load and control is transferred among application layer, network layer and MAC layer in the protocol, and then energy-aware relay selection routing and adaptive sleep are implemented. The cross layer design improves the possibility of successful data packets forwarding, decreases and balances the energy consumption of nodes in the networks, and prolongs the lifetime of wireless sensor networks.
2. Investigates the traditional clustering algorithms and mobile agent algorithms in wireless sensor networks, and then proposes a distributed energy-efficient data gathering scheme using multiple mobile agents. The scheme designs a non-interference clustering algorithm integrated with the utilization of multiple mobile agents. It remarkably simplifies the complexity of MAC and routing protocols, improves the energy efficiency and has better scalability.
3. Presents the energy model for wireless sensor networks by tracing the data flow. It can be used to compute the whole energy consumption of wireless sensor networks and has pervasive applicability. The energy optimization model is built for wireless sensor networks, and then the optimization design of topology, transmission power and routing are implemented in network of link and clustering architectures, finally the simulation results validate the theoretical results.
4. analyzes the space reuse and capacity of wireless sensor networks adopting IEEE802.11 DCF (RTS/CTS and CSMA/CA) integrated with different relay selection routing algorithm. And then proposes an energy model to evaluate the upper bound of energy consumption in wireless sensor networks based on the capacity of networks. The optimization routing design for the network of link architecture is implemented using this model.
In summary, this paper focuses on the study of cross-layer design, topology design and energy model based on energy-efficiency in wireless sensor networks.
1．提出了一种基于跨层的能量高效地理转发机制—EnGFAS。该机制通过在应用层、网络层和MAC层间传递负载信息和控制信息，完成能量感知的路由中继选择和节点的自适应休眠。层间联合设计有效地提高了数据包转发成功率，减少和均衡了网内节点能耗，延长了网络生命周期。
2．针对传统成簇拓扑控制算法和移动代理算法存在的问题，提出了一种基于多个移动代理的能量高效信息收集方案。该方案通过基于分簇的无干扰拓扑结构设计，配合多个移动代理的使用，简化了MAC和路由协议的复杂性，并具有高能效性和可扩展性。
3．采用数据流跟踪方法，推导了无线传感器网络中普遍适用的计算全网能耗的能量模型。在此基础上，建立了基于能耗的网络优化模型，针对链式和簇式结构进行了拓扑、功率和路由的优化设计，并通过仿真得以验证。
4．结合路由中继算法，分析了IEEE802．11DCF两种方式(RTS／CTS和CSMA／CA)下的网络信道利用率和网络容量。在此基础上，提出了一种基于网络容量估算无线传感器网络能耗上限的能量模型，并利用此模型进行了链式结构的路由优化设计。
总之，本论文主要对无线传感器网络中基于能量高效的跨层协议设计、拓扑设计以及能量模型进行了研究和探讨。
Wireless sensor network integrates the technologies of sensor, embedded computing, distributed information transaction and wireless communication. The characteristics of self-organizing, mini-size, low cost and flexibility give it a very broad perspective in many fields such as military affairs, environment science, medical treatment, space exploration and business etc. Since 1990's, wireless sensor network has been being given much attention by the groups of academy, army corps and industry, as the rapid development of related technologies. The hotspots in the field include energy-efficient algorithm design of routing and medium access control, technologies of topology management, quality of service and cross-layer design, deployment and coverage, location and synchronization, optimal data gathering, etc. Above all, Energy-efficient algorithm design is not only an elementary principle for the study of all the hotspots, but also the major challenge of algorithms design in wireless sensor networks. This paper investigates related research work on energy consumption of wireless sensor networks, and proposes corresponding solutions and theoretical model for three problems in the research. This paper focuses on the energy-efficient protocol design of wireless sensor networks. The specific directions include the research of cross layer optimization, topology control and energy model in wireless sensor networks. The contribution of the paper is listed as follows:
1. Proposes an Energy-aware Geographical Forwarding Protocol utilizing Adaptive Sleep (EnGFAS) from the point of view of cross layer design in wireless sensor networks. Information of traffic load and control is transferred among application layer, network layer and MAC layer in the protocol, and then energy-aware relay selection routing and adaptive sleep are implemented. The cross layer design improves the possibility of successful data packets forwarding, decreases and balances the energy consumption of nodes in the networks, and prolongs the lifetime of wireless sensor networks.
2. Investigates the traditional clustering algorithms and mobile agent algorithms in wireless sensor networks, and then proposes a distributed energy-efficient data gathering scheme using multiple mobile agents. The scheme designs a non-interference clustering algorithm integrated with the utilization of multiple mobile agents. It remarkably simplifies the complexity of MAC and routing protocols, improves the energy efficiency and has better scalability.
3. Presents the energy model for wireless sensor networks by tracing the data flow. It can be used to compute the whole energy consumption of wireless sensor networks and has pervasive applicability. The energy optimization model is built for wireless sensor networks, and then the optimization design of topology, transmission power and routing are implemented in network of link and clustering architectures, finally the simulation results validate the theoretical results.
4. analyzes the space reuse and capacity of wireless sensor networks adopting IEEE802.11 DCF (RTS/CTS and CSMA/CA) integrated with different relay selection routing algorithm. And then proposes an energy model to evaluate the upper bound of energy consumption in wireless sensor networks based on the capacity of networks. The optimization routing design for the network of link architecture is implemented using this model.
In summary, this paper focuses on the study of cross-layer design, topology design and energy model based on energy-efficiency in wireless sensor networks.
引文
[1] Akyildiz I F, Su W, Sankarasubramaniam Y. A survey on sensor networks. IEEE Communications Magazine,Vol.40, No.8, 2002, pp. 102-114.
[2] Arampatzis Th, Lygeros J. A Survey of Applications of Wireless Sensors and Wireless Sensor Networks. In: Pro 13th Mediterranean Conference on Control and Automation, Limassol, June, 2005, pp.719-724.
[3] Rentala P, Musunuri R, Gandham S. Survey on sensor networks. Technical Report, UTDCS-33-02, University of Texas at Dallas, 2002.
[4] Pister K, Hohlt B, Jeong J. Ivy-A sensor network infrastructure. 2003, http://www.bsac.eecs.berkley.edu/projects/ivy.
[5] Cullar D, Estrin D, Strvastava M. Overview of sensor network. Computer,Vol.37, No.8, 2004, pp.41-49.
[6] 任丰原，黄海宁，林闯．无线传感器网络．软件学报，第14卷，第7期，2003，pp．1282-1291．
[7] Akyildiz I F, Su W, Sankarasubramaniam Y, et al. Wireless sensor networks: a survey. Computer Networks, Vol.38, No.4, 2002, pp.393-422.
[8] 崔莉，鞠海玲，苗勇等．无线传感器网络研究进展．计算机研究与发展，第42卷，第1期，2005，PP．163-174．
[9] Srivastava V, Motani M. Cross-Layer Design: A Survey and the Road Ahead. IEEE Communication Magazine, Vol.38, No.2, Dec.2005, pp.112-119.
[10] Shakkottai S, Rappaport T S, Karlsson P C. Cross-layer design for wireless networks. IEEE Communications Magazine, Vol.10, No.5, 2003, pp.74 - 80.
[11] Conti M, Maselli G., Turi G., et al. Cross-Layering in Mobile Ad Hoc Network Design. IEEE Computer, special issue on Ad Hoc Networks, Vol.10, No.2, Feb.2004, pp.115-123.
[12] Haapola J, Shelby Z, Pomalaza-Rāez C, et al.. Cross-layer energy analysis of multi-hop wireless sensor networks. In: Proc. of 2nd European Workshop on Wireless Sensor Networks (EWSN), Istanbul, Turkey, 2005.
[13] Safwat A, Hassanein H, Mouftah H. Optimal Cross-Layer Designs for Energy-Efficient Wireless Ad hoc and Sensor Networks. In: Proc. of 22nd IEEE International Performance, Computing, and Communications Conference(IPCCC 2003), Phoenix, Arizona, USA, April 2003.
[14] O'Neill D C, Yan L, Boyd S. MP-DSM: a distributed cross layer network control protocol. In: Proc. Of IEEE International Conference on Communications, Vol.4, June 2004, pp.2102-2106.
[15] Wu Y, Chou P A, Zhang Q, et al. Network planning in wireless ad hoc networks: A cross-layer approach. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas on Communications, Special Issue on Wireless Ad hoe Networks, Jan.2005, pp.32-38.
[16] 于海滨，曾鹏．分布式无线传感器网络协议研究．通信学报，第25卷，第10期，2004，pp．102-110．
[17] Estrin D. Tutorial "Wireless Sensor Networks" Part Ⅳ: Sensor Network Protocols. Mobicom, 2002, http://nestl.ee.ucla.edu/tutorials/mobicom02.
[18] Min R, Manish B W. Energy-centric enabling technologies for wireless sensor networks. IEEE Wireless Communication, Vol.8, No.2. 2002, pp.28-39.
[19] Akkaya K, Younis M. A survey on routing protocols for wireless sensor networks.http://www.cs.umbc.edu/～kemall/myppers/Akkaya_Younis_JoAd HocRevised.pdf, 2004.
[20] Bharghavan C, Demers A., Shenker S, et al.. MACAW: A media access protocol for wireless LAN's. In: Proc. of Conf. on Communications Architectures, Protocols and Applications, Londeon, UK, 1994.
[21] Schurgers C, Srivastava M B. Distributed On-Demand Address Assignment in Wireless Sensor Networks. IEEE Trans. on parallel and distributed systems, Vol.13, No.10, 2002, pp.1056-1065.
[22] Ye W, Heidemann J, Estxm D. Medium access control with coordinated adaptive sleeping for wireless sensor networks. IEEE Trans. on Networking, Vol. 12, No.3, 2004, pp.493-506.
[23] Panchabhai A M, Baum C W. A node Hibernation Protocol Utilizing Multiple Transmit Power Levels for Wireless Sensor Networks. In: Proc. of Vehicular Technology Conference, New York, Vol.4, 2004, pp.2808-2813.
[24] Gold smith A J, Wicker S B. Design Challenges for Energy Constrained Ad hoc Wireless Network. IEEE Wireless Communications, Vol.9, No.8, 2002, pp.8-26.
[25] Bao L, Garcia-Luna-Aceves J J. Topology management in ad hoc networks. In: Proc. of 4th ACM Int.'1 Symp. on Mobile Ad Hoc Networking& Computing (MobiHoc 2003), Annapolis, Maryland, 2003, pp. 129-140.
[26] Li N, Hou J C. Topology control in heterogeneous wireless networks: Problems and solutions, In: Proc. of 13th Joint Conf. on IEEE Computer and Communications Societies (INFOCOM), 2004.
[27] Lindsey S, Raghavendra C S. PEGASIS: Power efficient gathering in sensor networks. In: Proc. of IEEE Aerospace Conference, 2002.
[28] Kalpakis K, Dasgupta K, Namjoshi P. Maximum lifetime data gathering and aggregation in wireless sensor networks. In: Proc. of IEEE Int.'1 Conf. on Networking, 2002.
[29] 于海滨，曾鹏．分布式无线传感器网络协议研究．通信学报，第25卷，第10期，2004，PP．102-110．
[30] Wong K D. Physical layer considerations for wireless sensor networks networking. In: Proc. of IEEE Int.'1 Conf. on Sensing and Control, Taipei, 2004.
[31] Shih E, Cho S, Ickes N, et al.. Physical layer driven protocol and algorithm design for energy efficient wireless sensor networks. In: Proc. of ACM MobiCom'01, Rome, 2001, 190.272-286.
[32] 马祖长，孙怡宁，梅涛．WSN综述．通信学报，Vol．25，No．4，2004，PP．114-124．
[33] Ye W, Heidemann J, estrin D. An energy-efficient MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks. In: Proc, of 21st Int.'l Annual Joint conf. On the IEEE Computer and Commumcations Societies (INFOCOM 2002), New York, USA, vol. 3,2002, pp. 1567-1576.
[34] Wang X, Berger T. Self-organizing redundancy cellular architecture for wireless sensor networks. In: Proc, of Wireless Communications and Networking Conf...(WCNC), New Orleans, LA, USA, 2004.
[35] Dam T V, Langendoen K. An adaptive energy-efficient MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks. In: Proc. of 1st ACM Conf. on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems, Los Angeles, California, USA, 2003, pp.171-180.
[36] Hill J, Culler D. Mica: A wireless platform for deeply embedded Networked Sensor Systems, Los Angeles, California, USA, 2003, pp.45-52.
[37] Enz C, EI-Hoiydi A, Decotignie J D, et al. WiseMAC: An ultra low power MAC protocol for the downlink of infrastructure wireless sensor networks. In: Proc, of 9th Int.'l Symp. On Computers and Communications, Alexandria, Egypt, 2004.
[38] Polastre J, Hill J, Culler D. Versatile low power media access for wireless sensor networks. In: Proc, of ACM Sensys'04, Baltimore, Maryland, USA, 2004.
[39] Singh S, Raghavendra C S. PAMAS: Power Aware Multi-Access Protocol with Signaling for Ad Hoc Networks. ACM Computer Communication Review, July 1998, pp.5-26.
[40] Heidemann J, Silva F, Intanagonwiwat F, et al. Building Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks with Low-Level Naming. In: Proc. of 18th ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles, Oct.2001.
[41] Heinzelman W R, Kulik J, Balakrishnan H. Adaptive Protocols for Information Dissemination in Wireless Sensor Networks. In: Proc, of 5th Annual ACM/IEEE International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom '99), Seattle, Washington, Aug.1999, pp.174-185.
[42] Krishnamachari B. A Wireless Sensor Networks Bibliography. http://ceng.usc.edu/～anrg/SensorNetBib.html, 2004.
[43] Hill J et al. System Architecture Directions for Networked Sensors. In: Proc. of ASPLOS,2000.
[44] Schurgers C, Tsiatsis V, Ganeriwal S. Topology management for sensor networks: Exploiting latency and density. In: Proc, of 3rd ACM Int'l Symp on Mobile Ad Hoc Networking & Computing, Lausanne, Switzerland, June 2002,pp.135-145.
[45] J. Hchang, Ltassiulas. Maximum lifetime routing in wireless sensor networks. In: Proc. Of Advanced Telecommunications and Information Distribution Research Program (ATIRP'2000), College Park, MD, 2000.
[46] Shah R C, Rabaey J M. Energy aware routing for low energy ad hoc sensor networks. In: Proc. of IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC'02), IEEE, Vol.1, Mar.2002
[47] Ganesan D, Govindan R, Shenker S, et al. Highly-resilient, energy-efficient multipath routing in wireless sensor networks. ACM SIGMOBILE Mobile Computing and Communications Review, Vol.5, No.4, 2001, pp.11-25.
[48] Karp B, Kung H T. GPSR: Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing for Wireless Networks. MobiCom, 2000, pp.243-253.
[49] Yu Y, Govindan R, Estrin D. Geographical and energy aware routing: A recursive data dissemination protocol for wireless sensor networks. UCLA Computer Science Department Technical Report UCLA/CSD-TR-01-0023, May 2001.
[50] Lindsy S, Raghavendra C S. PEGASIS: Power efficient gathering in sensor information systems. In: Proc, of IEEE Aerospace Conference, 2002.
[51] Zorzi M, Rao R R. Geographic Random Forwarding (GeRaF) for Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks: Energy and Latency Performance. IEEE Trans. On Mobile Computing, Vol.2, No.4, 2003, pp.349-365.
[52] Manjeshwar A, Agrawal D P. TEEN: A routing protocol for enhanced efficiency in wireless sensor networks. In: Proc, of 15th Int'l Parallel and Distributed Processing Symp. (IPDPS'01), San Francisco, CA, Apr.2001.
[53] Ko Y B, Vaidya N H. Location-aided routing (LAR) in mobile ad hoc networks. In: Proc. of ACM/IEEE International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom), 1998, pp.66-75.
[54] Miller M, Vaidya N. Minimizing energy consumption in sensor networks using a wakeup radio. In: Proc. of IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC04), Atlanta, 2004.
[55] Bennett F, Clarke D, Evans J B. et al.. Piconet: embedded mobile networking. IEEE Personal Communications Magazine, Vol.4, No.5, 1997, pp.8-15.
[56] Elhoiydi A. Aloha with preamble sampling for sporadic traffic in ad hoc wireless sensor networks. In: Proc. of IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), New York, 2002.
[57] Hill J, Culler D. Mica: a wireless platform for deeply embedded networks. IEEE Micro, Vol.22, No.6, 2002, pp. 12-24.
[58] Lu G, Krishnamachari B, Raghavendra C. An adaptive energy- efficient and low-latency MAC for data gathering in sensor networks. In: Proc. of Int. Workshop on Algorithms for Wireless, Mobile, Ad Hoe and Sensor Networks (WMAN), Santa Fe, 2004.
[59] Krishnamachari B, Estrin D, Wicker S. The impact of data aggregation in wireless sensor networks. In: Proc. of International Workshop on Distributed Event- based Systems, Vienna, 2002.
[60] Kawadia V, Kumar P R. Principles and Protocols for Power Control in Wireless Ad hoc Network. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, Vol.23, No. 1, 2005, pp.76-88.
[61] 郑少仁，王海涛，赵志峰等．Ad Hoc网络技术，人民邮电出版社，北京，2005年1月．
[62] 黎宁．Ad Hoc网络节能机制研究．博士学位论文．解放军理工大学，2002年6月．
[63] Bandyopadhyay S, Coyle E.J. An Energy Efficient Hierarchical Clustering Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks. In: Proc. of INFOCOM, Mar.2003.
[64] Zorzi M, Ramesh R Rao. Geographic Random Forwarding (GeRaF) for Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks: Multihop Performance. IEEE Trans. on mobile computing, Vol.2, No.4, 2003, pp.337-347.
[65] Cerpa A, Estrin D. ASCENT: Adaptive self-configuring sensor networks topologies. In: Proc of 11th Joint Conf. on IEEE Computer and Communications Societies (INFOCOM), New York, June 2002.
[66] Xu Y, Heidemann J, Estrin D. Geography-informed energy conservation for ad hoc routing. In: Proc. of 7th Annual Int.'1 Conf. on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCOM), Rome, Italy, July 2001, pp.70-84.
[67] Santi P. Silence is golden with high probability: Maintaining a connected backbone in wireless sensor networks. In: Proc. of 1st European Workshop on Wireless Sensor Networks, Berlin, Jan.2004.
[68] Manges W W. Wireless Sensor Network Topologies. Sensors Magazine, Vol. 17, No.5, May 2000, pp.251-258.
[69] Min R, Bhardwaj M, Cho S H, et al. Low-Power Wireless Sensor Networks. VLSI Design, Vol.4, No.2, Jan.2001, pp.232-238.
[70] 候惠峰，刘湘雯，于宏毅等．一种基于地理位置信息的无线传感器网络最小能耗路由算法．电子与信息学报，第29卷，第1期，2007年1月，pp．177-181．
[71] Newsome J, Song D. GEM: Graph Embedding for routing and data-centric storage in sensor networks without geographic information. In: Proc. of 1st ACM Conf. on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems (SenSys'03), Redwood, CA, Nov.2003.
[72] Rugin R, Mazzini G. A simple and efficient MAC- routing integrated algorithm for sensor network. In: Proc. of IEEE Int'l Conf. on Communications, 2004.
[73] Chen T S, Tsai T H, Lin C C. A combined K-means and hierarchical clustering method for improving the clustering efficiency of microarray. In: Proc. of International Symposium on Intelligent Signal Processing and Communication Systems, Dec.2005, pp.405-408.
[74] Heinzelman W R, Chandrakasan A, Balakrishnan H. An application-specific protocol architecture for wireless microsensor networks. IEEE Trans, on Wireless Communications, Vol.1, No.4, 2002, pp.660-670.
[75] Tong L, Zha Q, Adireddy S. Sensor networks with mobile agents. In: Proc. of Military Communications Conference, 2003, Vol.1, Oct.2003, pp.688-693.
[76] Qin X, Berry R. Exploiting multiuser diversity for medium access control in wireless networks. In: Proc. of 22nd Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies, Vol.2,2003, pp. 1084-1094.
[77] Chakrabarti A, Sabharwal A, Aazhang B. Using Predictable Observer Mobility for Power-Efficient Design of Sensor Network. In: Proc. of 2nd International Workshop on Information Processing in Sensor Networks (IPSN), 2003.
[78] Sohrabi K, Gao J, Ailawadhi V. Protocols for self-organization of a wireless sensor network. IEEE Personal Communications, Oct.2000, pp. 16-27.
[79] Lotfinezhad M, Liand B. Energy Efficient Clustering in Sensor Networks with Mobile agents. IEEE Communication Society/WCNC 2005, pp. 1872-1877.
[80] Oyman, E I, Ersoy C. Multiple Sink network design problem in large scale wireless sensor networks. In: Proc. of IEEE International Conference on Communications, Singapore, Nov.2004, pp.3663-3667.
[81] Song L, Hatzinakos D. Dense wireless sensor networks with mobile Sinks, In: Proc, of ICASSP'05, Pennsylvania, USA, Mar.2005, pp.677-680.
[82] Ammari H M. Data dissemination to mobile Sinks in wireless sensor networks: an information theoretic approach. In: Proc. of IEEE International Conference on Mobile Ad hoc and Sensor Systems Conference, Washington, USA,Nov.2005,pp.1-8.
[83] Xu K X, Gerla M, Bae S. How Effective is the IEEE 802.11 RTS/CTS Handshake in Ad Hoc Networks? In: Proc, of IEEE GLOBECOM'02, Taipei China, Nov.2002, pp.72-76.
[84] Weinmiller J, Woesner H, Ebert J, et al. Analyzing the RTS/CTS mechanism in the DFWMAC media access protocol for wireless LAN's. In: Proc, of IFIP TC6 Workshop Personal Wireless Communications, Prague, April 1995.
[85] Product description of SOCKET Cornmunications Inc, low power wireless LAN card.http://www.socketcom.com/pdf/wlan/wlandatasheet.pdf.
[86] Heinzelman W, Chandrakasan A, Balakrishnan H. Energy-Efficient Communication Protocol for Wireless Microsensor Networks. In: Proc, of Hawaii Conf. System Sciences, Jan.2000.
[87] Heinzelman W. Application-Specific Protocol Architectures for Wireless Networks. PhD thesis, Massachusetts Inst. of Technology, June 2000.
[88] Wang A, Heinzelman W, Chandrakasan A. Energy-scalable protocols for battery-operated microsensor networks. In: Proc. of IEEE Workshop Signal Processing Systems (SiPS '99), Oct. 1999, pp. 483-492.
[89] Raghunathan V, Schurgers C, Park S, et al. Energy-aware wireless microsensor networks. Signal Processing Magazine, Vol.19, No.2, 2002, pp.40-50.
[90] ANSI/IEEE STD 802.11. Part II: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specification. pp.75-76.
[91] GUPTA P, KUMAR P R. The Capacity of Wireless Networks. IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, Vol.46, No.2, 2000, pp.388-404.
[92] Li J, Blake C, Morris R. Capacity of ad hoc wireless networks. In: Proc, of MOBICOM 2001, Rome, ACM press, 2001, pp.61-69.
[93] Kozat U C, Tassiulas L. Throughput capacity of random ad hoc networks with infrastructure support. In: Proc. of MOBICOM 2003, San Diego, ACM press, 2003, pp.55-65.
[94] Grossglauser M, David N C Tse. Mobility Increases the Capacity of Ad Hoc Wireless Networks. IEEE/ACM Trans. Networking, Vol. 10, No.4, 2002, pp. 477-487.
[95] 刘雨，望育梅，张惠民．多跳通信无线传感器网络的容量与功耗分析．吉林大学学报，第24卷第3期，2006，pp 36-41．
[96] Zorzi M, Ramesh R.Rao. Geographic Random Forwarding (GeRaF) for Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks: Multihop performance. IEEE Trans. on Mobile Computing, Vol.2, No.4, 2003, pp.337-347.
[97] Takagi H, Kleinrock L. Optimal Transmission Ranges for Randomly Distributed Packet Radio Terminals. IEEE Trans. on Communications, Vol.32, No.3, 1984, pp.246-257.
[98] Hou T C, Li V O K. Transmission range control in multihop packet radio networks. IEEE Trans. on Communications, Vol.34, No.1, 1986, pp.38-44.
[99] Ordonez F, Krishnamachari B. Optimal information extraction in energy-limited wireless sensor networks. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in communions, Vol.22, No.6, 2004, pp. 1121-1129.
[100] Xu S, Saadawi T. Does the IEEE 802.11 MAC protocol work well in multihop wireless Ad hoc networks? IEEE Communications Magazine, Vol.39, No.6, 2001, pp.130-135.
[101] Schurgers C, Tsiatsis, Ganeriwal S, et al.. Optimizing sensor networks in the energy-latency-density design space. IEEE Trans. On Mobile Computing, Vol.1, No.1, 2002, pp.70-80.
[102] Tilak S, Abu-ghazaleh N B, Heinzelman W. A taxonomy of wireless micro-sensor network models. ACM Mobile Computing and Communications Review, Vol.6, No.2, 2002, pp.28-36.
[103] Van Dam T, Langendoen K. An adaptive energy-efficient MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks. In: Proc. of Conf. on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems (SenSys), Los Angeles, ACM Press, 2003, pp.65-72.
[104]Lu G, Krishnamachari B, Raghavendra C. an adaptive energy-efficient and low-latency MAC for data gathering in wireless sensor networks. In: Proc, of IEEE International Parallel and distributed Processing Symposium (IPDPS'04). Santa Fe, IEEE press, 2004, pp.224-230.
[105]Guo C, Zhong L, Rabaey J M. Low-power distributed MAC for ad hoc sensor radio networks. In: Proc, of Internet Performance Symposium (Globecom'01), San Antonio, IEEE press, 2001, pp.2944-2948.
[106]Tavli B. Broadcast Capacity of Wireless Networks, IEEE communications letters, Vol.10, N0.2, Feb.2006, pp.68-69.
[2] Arampatzis Th, Lygeros J. A Survey of Applications of Wireless Sensors and Wireless Sensor Networks. In: Pro 13th Mediterranean Conference on Control and Automation, Limassol, June, 2005, pp.719-724.
[3] Rentala P, Musunuri R, Gandham S. Survey on sensor networks. Technical Report, UTDCS-33-02, University of Texas at Dallas, 2002.
[4] Pister K, Hohlt B, Jeong J. Ivy-A sensor network infrastructure. 2003, http://www.bsac.eecs.berkley.edu/projects/ivy.
[5] Cullar D, Estrin D, Strvastava M. Overview of sensor network. Computer,Vol.37, No.8, 2004, pp.41-49.
[6] 任丰原，黄海宁，林闯．无线传感器网络．软件学报，第14卷，第7期，2003，pp．1282-1291．
[7] Akyildiz I F, Su W, Sankarasubramaniam Y, et al. Wireless sensor networks: a survey. Computer Networks, Vol.38, No.4, 2002, pp.393-422.
[8] 崔莉，鞠海玲，苗勇等．无线传感器网络研究进展．计算机研究与发展，第42卷，第1期，2005，PP．163-174．
[9] Srivastava V, Motani M. Cross-Layer Design: A Survey and the Road Ahead. IEEE Communication Magazine, Vol.38, No.2, Dec.2005, pp.112-119.
[10] Shakkottai S, Rappaport T S, Karlsson P C. Cross-layer design for wireless networks. IEEE Communications Magazine, Vol.10, No.5, 2003, pp.74 - 80.
[11] Conti M, Maselli G., Turi G., et al. Cross-Layering in Mobile Ad Hoc Network Design. IEEE Computer, special issue on Ad Hoc Networks, Vol.10, No.2, Feb.2004, pp.115-123.
[12] Haapola J, Shelby Z, Pomalaza-Rāez C, et al.. Cross-layer energy analysis of multi-hop wireless sensor networks. In: Proc. of 2nd European Workshop on Wireless Sensor Networks (EWSN), Istanbul, Turkey, 2005.
[13] Safwat A, Hassanein H, Mouftah H. Optimal Cross-Layer Designs for Energy-Efficient Wireless Ad hoc and Sensor Networks. In: Proc. of 22nd IEEE International Performance, Computing, and Communications Conference(IPCCC 2003), Phoenix, Arizona, USA, April 2003.
[14] O'Neill D C, Yan L, Boyd S. MP-DSM: a distributed cross layer network control protocol. In: Proc. Of IEEE International Conference on Communications, Vol.4, June 2004, pp.2102-2106.
[15] Wu Y, Chou P A, Zhang Q, et al. Network planning in wireless ad hoc networks: A cross-layer approach. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas on Communications, Special Issue on Wireless Ad hoe Networks, Jan.2005, pp.32-38.
[16] 于海滨，曾鹏．分布式无线传感器网络协议研究．通信学报，第25卷，第10期，2004，pp．102-110．
[17] Estrin D. Tutorial "Wireless Sensor Networks" Part Ⅳ: Sensor Network Protocols. Mobicom, 2002, http://nestl.ee.ucla.edu/tutorials/mobicom02.
[18] Min R, Manish B W. Energy-centric enabling technologies for wireless sensor networks. IEEE Wireless Communication, Vol.8, No.2. 2002, pp.28-39.
[19] Akkaya K, Younis M. A survey on routing protocols for wireless sensor networks.http://www.cs.umbc.edu/～kemall/myppers/Akkaya_Younis_JoAd HocRevised.pdf, 2004.
[20] Bharghavan C, Demers A., Shenker S, et al.. MACAW: A media access protocol for wireless LAN's. In: Proc. of Conf. on Communications Architectures, Protocols and Applications, Londeon, UK, 1994.
[21] Schurgers C, Srivastava M B. Distributed On-Demand Address Assignment in Wireless Sensor Networks. IEEE Trans. on parallel and distributed systems, Vol.13, No.10, 2002, pp.1056-1065.
[22] Ye W, Heidemann J, Estxm D. Medium access control with coordinated adaptive sleeping for wireless sensor networks. IEEE Trans. on Networking, Vol. 12, No.3, 2004, pp.493-506.
[23] Panchabhai A M, Baum C W. A node Hibernation Protocol Utilizing Multiple Transmit Power Levels for Wireless Sensor Networks. In: Proc. of Vehicular Technology Conference, New York, Vol.4, 2004, pp.2808-2813.
[24] Gold smith A J, Wicker S B. Design Challenges for Energy Constrained Ad hoc Wireless Network. IEEE Wireless Communications, Vol.9, No.8, 2002, pp.8-26.
[25] Bao L, Garcia-Luna-Aceves J J. Topology management in ad hoc networks. In: Proc. of 4th ACM Int.'1 Symp. on Mobile Ad Hoc Networking& Computing (MobiHoc 2003), Annapolis, Maryland, 2003, pp. 129-140.
[26] Li N, Hou J C. Topology control in heterogeneous wireless networks: Problems and solutions, In: Proc. of 13th Joint Conf. on IEEE Computer and Communications Societies (INFOCOM), 2004.
[27] Lindsey S, Raghavendra C S. PEGASIS: Power efficient gathering in sensor networks. In: Proc. of IEEE Aerospace Conference, 2002.
[28] Kalpakis K, Dasgupta K, Namjoshi P. Maximum lifetime data gathering and aggregation in wireless sensor networks. In: Proc. of IEEE Int.'1 Conf. on Networking, 2002.
[29] 于海滨，曾鹏．分布式无线传感器网络协议研究．通信学报，第25卷，第10期，2004，PP．102-110．
[30] Wong K D. Physical layer considerations for wireless sensor networks networking. In: Proc. of IEEE Int.'1 Conf. on Sensing and Control, Taipei, 2004.
[31] Shih E, Cho S, Ickes N, et al.. Physical layer driven protocol and algorithm design for energy efficient wireless sensor networks. In: Proc. of ACM MobiCom'01, Rome, 2001, 190.272-286.
[32] 马祖长，孙怡宁，梅涛．WSN综述．通信学报，Vol．25，No．4，2004，PP．114-124．
[33] Ye W, Heidemann J, estrin D. An energy-efficient MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks. In: Proc, of 21st Int.'l Annual Joint conf. On the IEEE Computer and Commumcations Societies (INFOCOM 2002), New York, USA, vol. 3,2002, pp. 1567-1576.
[34] Wang X, Berger T. Self-organizing redundancy cellular architecture for wireless sensor networks. In: Proc, of Wireless Communications and Networking Conf...(WCNC), New Orleans, LA, USA, 2004.
[35] Dam T V, Langendoen K. An adaptive energy-efficient MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks. In: Proc. of 1st ACM Conf. on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems, Los Angeles, California, USA, 2003, pp.171-180.
[36] Hill J, Culler D. Mica: A wireless platform for deeply embedded Networked Sensor Systems, Los Angeles, California, USA, 2003, pp.45-52.
[37] Enz C, EI-Hoiydi A, Decotignie J D, et al. WiseMAC: An ultra low power MAC protocol for the downlink of infrastructure wireless sensor networks. In: Proc, of 9th Int.'l Symp. On Computers and Communications, Alexandria, Egypt, 2004.
[38] Polastre J, Hill J, Culler D. Versatile low power media access for wireless sensor networks. In: Proc, of ACM Sensys'04, Baltimore, Maryland, USA, 2004.
[39] Singh S, Raghavendra C S. PAMAS: Power Aware Multi-Access Protocol with Signaling for Ad Hoc Networks. ACM Computer Communication Review, July 1998, pp.5-26.
[40] Heidemann J, Silva F, Intanagonwiwat F, et al. Building Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks with Low-Level Naming. In: Proc. of 18th ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles, Oct.2001.
[41] Heinzelman W R, Kulik J, Balakrishnan H. Adaptive Protocols for Information Dissemination in Wireless Sensor Networks. In: Proc, of 5th Annual ACM/IEEE International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom '99), Seattle, Washington, Aug.1999, pp.174-185.
[42] Krishnamachari B. A Wireless Sensor Networks Bibliography. http://ceng.usc.edu/～anrg/SensorNetBib.html, 2004.
[43] Hill J et al. System Architecture Directions for Networked Sensors. In: Proc. of ASPLOS,2000.
[44] Schurgers C, Tsiatsis V, Ganeriwal S. Topology management for sensor networks: Exploiting latency and density. In: Proc, of 3rd ACM Int'l Symp on Mobile Ad Hoc Networking & Computing, Lausanne, Switzerland, June 2002,pp.135-145.
[45] J. Hchang, Ltassiulas. Maximum lifetime routing in wireless sensor networks. In: Proc. Of Advanced Telecommunications and Information Distribution Research Program (ATIRP'2000), College Park, MD, 2000.
[46] Shah R C, Rabaey J M. Energy aware routing for low energy ad hoc sensor networks. In: Proc. of IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC'02), IEEE, Vol.1, Mar.2002
[47] Ganesan D, Govindan R, Shenker S, et al. Highly-resilient, energy-efficient multipath routing in wireless sensor networks. ACM SIGMOBILE Mobile Computing and Communications Review, Vol.5, No.4, 2001, pp.11-25.
[48] Karp B, Kung H T. GPSR: Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing for Wireless Networks. MobiCom, 2000, pp.243-253.
[49] Yu Y, Govindan R, Estrin D. Geographical and energy aware routing: A recursive data dissemination protocol for wireless sensor networks. UCLA Computer Science Department Technical Report UCLA/CSD-TR-01-0023, May 2001.
[50] Lindsy S, Raghavendra C S. PEGASIS: Power efficient gathering in sensor information systems. In: Proc, of IEEE Aerospace Conference, 2002.
[51] Zorzi M, Rao R R. Geographic Random Forwarding (GeRaF) for Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks: Energy and Latency Performance. IEEE Trans. On Mobile Computing, Vol.2, No.4, 2003, pp.349-365.
[52] Manjeshwar A, Agrawal D P. TEEN: A routing protocol for enhanced efficiency in wireless sensor networks. In: Proc, of 15th Int'l Parallel and Distributed Processing Symp. (IPDPS'01), San Francisco, CA, Apr.2001.
[53] Ko Y B, Vaidya N H. Location-aided routing (LAR) in mobile ad hoc networks. In: Proc. of ACM/IEEE International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom), 1998, pp.66-75.
[54] Miller M, Vaidya N. Minimizing energy consumption in sensor networks using a wakeup radio. In: Proc. of IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC04), Atlanta, 2004.
[55] Bennett F, Clarke D, Evans J B. et al.. Piconet: embedded mobile networking. IEEE Personal Communications Magazine, Vol.4, No.5, 1997, pp.8-15.
[56] Elhoiydi A. Aloha with preamble sampling for sporadic traffic in ad hoc wireless sensor networks. In: Proc. of IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), New York, 2002.
[57] Hill J, Culler D. Mica: a wireless platform for deeply embedded networks. IEEE Micro, Vol.22, No.6, 2002, pp. 12-24.
[58] Lu G, Krishnamachari B, Raghavendra C. An adaptive energy- efficient and low-latency MAC for data gathering in sensor networks. In: Proc. of Int. Workshop on Algorithms for Wireless, Mobile, Ad Hoe and Sensor Networks (WMAN), Santa Fe, 2004.
[59] Krishnamachari B, Estrin D, Wicker S. The impact of data aggregation in wireless sensor networks. In: Proc. of International Workshop on Distributed Event- based Systems, Vienna, 2002.
[60] Kawadia V, Kumar P R. Principles and Protocols for Power Control in Wireless Ad hoc Network. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, Vol.23, No. 1, 2005, pp.76-88.
[61] 郑少仁，王海涛，赵志峰等．Ad Hoc网络技术，人民邮电出版社，北京，2005年1月．
[62] 黎宁．Ad Hoc网络节能机制研究．博士学位论文．解放军理工大学，2002年6月．
[63] Bandyopadhyay S, Coyle E.J. An Energy Efficient Hierarchical Clustering Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks. In: Proc. of INFOCOM, Mar.2003.
[64] Zorzi M, Ramesh R Rao. Geographic Random Forwarding (GeRaF) for Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks: Multihop Performance. IEEE Trans. on mobile computing, Vol.2, No.4, 2003, pp.337-347.
[65] Cerpa A, Estrin D. ASCENT: Adaptive self-configuring sensor networks topologies. In: Proc of 11th Joint Conf. on IEEE Computer and Communications Societies (INFOCOM), New York, June 2002.
[66] Xu Y, Heidemann J, Estrin D. Geography-informed energy conservation for ad hoc routing. In: Proc. of 7th Annual Int.'1 Conf. on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCOM), Rome, Italy, July 2001, pp.70-84.
[67] Santi P. Silence is golden with high probability: Maintaining a connected backbone in wireless sensor networks. In: Proc. of 1st European Workshop on Wireless Sensor Networks, Berlin, Jan.2004.
[68] Manges W W. Wireless Sensor Network Topologies. Sensors Magazine, Vol. 17, No.5, May 2000, pp.251-258.
[69] Min R, Bhardwaj M, Cho S H, et al. Low-Power Wireless Sensor Networks. VLSI Design, Vol.4, No.2, Jan.2001, pp.232-238.
[70] 候惠峰，刘湘雯，于宏毅等．一种基于地理位置信息的无线传感器网络最小能耗路由算法．电子与信息学报，第29卷，第1期，2007年1月，pp．177-181．
[71] Newsome J, Song D. GEM: Graph Embedding for routing and data-centric storage in sensor networks without geographic information. In: Proc. of 1st ACM Conf. on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems (SenSys'03), Redwood, CA, Nov.2003.
[72] Rugin R, Mazzini G. A simple and efficient MAC- routing integrated algorithm for sensor network. In: Proc. of IEEE Int'l Conf. on Communications, 2004.
[73] Chen T S, Tsai T H, Lin C C. A combined K-means and hierarchical clustering method for improving the clustering efficiency of microarray. In: Proc. of International Symposium on Intelligent Signal Processing and Communication Systems, Dec.2005, pp.405-408.
[74] Heinzelman W R, Chandrakasan A, Balakrishnan H. An application-specific protocol architecture for wireless microsensor networks. IEEE Trans, on Wireless Communications, Vol.1, No.4, 2002, pp.660-670.
[75] Tong L, Zha Q, Adireddy S. Sensor networks with mobile agents. In: Proc. of Military Communications Conference, 2003, Vol.1, Oct.2003, pp.688-693.
[76] Qin X, Berry R. Exploiting multiuser diversity for medium access control in wireless networks. In: Proc. of 22nd Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies, Vol.2,2003, pp. 1084-1094.
[77] Chakrabarti A, Sabharwal A, Aazhang B. Using Predictable Observer Mobility for Power-Efficient Design of Sensor Network. In: Proc. of 2nd International Workshop on Information Processing in Sensor Networks (IPSN), 2003.
[78] Sohrabi K, Gao J, Ailawadhi V. Protocols for self-organization of a wireless sensor network. IEEE Personal Communications, Oct.2000, pp. 16-27.
[79] Lotfinezhad M, Liand B. Energy Efficient Clustering in Sensor Networks with Mobile agents. IEEE Communication Society/WCNC 2005, pp. 1872-1877.
[80] Oyman, E I, Ersoy C. Multiple Sink network design problem in large scale wireless sensor networks. In: Proc. of IEEE International Conference on Communications, Singapore, Nov.2004, pp.3663-3667.
[81] Song L, Hatzinakos D. Dense wireless sensor networks with mobile Sinks, In: Proc, of ICASSP'05, Pennsylvania, USA, Mar.2005, pp.677-680.
[82] Ammari H M. Data dissemination to mobile Sinks in wireless sensor networks: an information theoretic approach. In: Proc. of IEEE International Conference on Mobile Ad hoc and Sensor Systems Conference, Washington, USA,Nov.2005,pp.1-8.
[83] Xu K X, Gerla M, Bae S. How Effective is the IEEE 802.11 RTS/CTS Handshake in Ad Hoc Networks? In: Proc, of IEEE GLOBECOM'02, Taipei China, Nov.2002, pp.72-76.
[84] Weinmiller J, Woesner H, Ebert J, et al. Analyzing the RTS/CTS mechanism in the DFWMAC media access protocol for wireless LAN's. In: Proc, of IFIP TC6 Workshop Personal Wireless Communications, Prague, April 1995.
[85] Product description of SOCKET Cornmunications Inc, low power wireless LAN card.http://www.socketcom.com/pdf/wlan/wlandatasheet.pdf.
[86] Heinzelman W, Chandrakasan A, Balakrishnan H. Energy-Efficient Communication Protocol for Wireless Microsensor Networks. In: Proc, of Hawaii Conf. System Sciences, Jan.2000.
[87] Heinzelman W. Application-Specific Protocol Architectures for Wireless Networks. PhD thesis, Massachusetts Inst. of Technology, June 2000.
[88] Wang A, Heinzelman W, Chandrakasan A. Energy-scalable protocols for battery-operated microsensor networks. In: Proc. of IEEE Workshop Signal Processing Systems (SiPS '99), Oct. 1999, pp. 483-492.
[89] Raghunathan V, Schurgers C, Park S, et al. Energy-aware wireless microsensor networks. Signal Processing Magazine, Vol.19, No.2, 2002, pp.40-50.
[90] ANSI/IEEE STD 802.11. Part II: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specification. pp.75-76.
[91] GUPTA P, KUMAR P R. The Capacity of Wireless Networks. IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, Vol.46, No.2, 2000, pp.388-404.
[92] Li J, Blake C, Morris R. Capacity of ad hoc wireless networks. In: Proc, of MOBICOM 2001, Rome, ACM press, 2001, pp.61-69.
[93] Kozat U C, Tassiulas L. Throughput capacity of random ad hoc networks with infrastructure support. In: Proc. of MOBICOM 2003, San Diego, ACM press, 2003, pp.55-65.
[94] Grossglauser M, David N C Tse. Mobility Increases the Capacity of Ad Hoc Wireless Networks. IEEE/ACM Trans. Networking, Vol. 10, No.4, 2002, pp. 477-487.
[95] 刘雨，望育梅，张惠民．多跳通信无线传感器网络的容量与功耗分析．吉林大学学报，第24卷第3期，2006，pp 36-41．
[96] Zorzi M, Ramesh R.Rao. Geographic Random Forwarding (GeRaF) for Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks: Multihop performance. IEEE Trans. on Mobile Computing, Vol.2, No.4, 2003, pp.337-347.
[97] Takagi H, Kleinrock L. Optimal Transmission Ranges for Randomly Distributed Packet Radio Terminals. IEEE Trans. on Communications, Vol.32, No.3, 1984, pp.246-257.
[98] Hou T C, Li V O K. Transmission range control in multihop packet radio networks. IEEE Trans. on Communications, Vol.34, No.1, 1986, pp.38-44.
[99] Ordonez F, Krishnamachari B. Optimal information extraction in energy-limited wireless sensor networks. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in communions, Vol.22, No.6, 2004, pp. 1121-1129.
[100] Xu S, Saadawi T. Does the IEEE 802.11 MAC protocol work well in multihop wireless Ad hoc networks? IEEE Communications Magazine, Vol.39, No.6, 2001, pp.130-135.
[101] Schurgers C, Tsiatsis, Ganeriwal S, et al.. Optimizing sensor networks in the energy-latency-density design space. IEEE Trans. On Mobile Computing, Vol.1, No.1, 2002, pp.70-80.
[102] Tilak S, Abu-ghazaleh N B, Heinzelman W. A taxonomy of wireless micro-sensor network models. ACM Mobile Computing and Communications Review, Vol.6, No.2, 2002, pp.28-36.
[103] Van Dam T, Langendoen K. An adaptive energy-efficient MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks. In: Proc. of Conf. on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems (SenSys), Los Angeles, ACM Press, 2003, pp.65-72.
[104]Lu G, Krishnamachari B, Raghavendra C. an adaptive energy-efficient and low-latency MAC for data gathering in wireless sensor networks. In: Proc, of IEEE International Parallel and distributed Processing Symposium (IPDPS'04). Santa Fe, IEEE press, 2004, pp.224-230.
[105]Guo C, Zhong L, Rabaey J M. Low-power distributed MAC for ad hoc sensor radio networks. In: Proc, of Internet Performance Symposium (Globecom'01), San Antonio, IEEE press, 2001, pp.2944-2948.
[106]Tavli B. Broadcast Capacity of Wireless Networks, IEEE communications letters, Vol.10, N0.2, Feb.2006, pp.68-69.