GPS与地面测量数据联合平差方法研究及软件研制
|
摘要
近年来,随着GPS定位技术的飞速发展,应用GPS技术建立和改造各种大地和工程控制网引起了测绘界的重视。本文从GPS与地面测量数据联合平差的函数模型与随机模型的建立两方面进行了论述与探讨。
本文首先从GPS与地面测量数据联合平差基本原理出发,详细论述了GPS与地面测量数据联合平差数据处理中较为常用的4种数学模型,包括：在参心空间直角坐标系中平差的数学模型、在参心大地坐标系中平差的数学模型,以及在二维平面直角坐标系中平差的两种模式的数学模型,并对这4种联合平差的数学模型进行了比较与分析,总结了各种联合平差数学模型的优缺点,及其适用范围。
然后,对GPS与地面测量数据联合平差中不同类观测值的定权方法进行了研究,并通过比较经验定权法与赫尔默特方差分量估计定权法的联合平差结果,得出了不同的定权方法将会影响联合平差的结果。为了得到参数的最优估计和合理的精度评定,应利用赫尔默特方差分量估计法进行联合平差处理。
最后,基于GPS与地面测量数据联合平差的函数模型与随机模型的理论基础,采用Visual C++作为开发工具,研制了能满足不同实际工程需要的GPS与地面测量数据联合平差软件(UnionAdj)。
In recent years, with the rapid development of GPS positioning technology, application of GPS technology to establish and transform a variety of land and engineering surveying and mapping control network has aroused world attention. This thesis presents the discussion and investigation on the function model and stochastic model established in the combined adjustment of GPS and terrestrial surveying data.
First, it is illustrated that four kinds of commonly used mathematical model and their fundamentals for GPS and terrestrial surveying data combined adjustment. These mathematical models include:The mathematical model of adjustment in the reference center rectangular space coordinates, the mathematical model of adjustment in the reference center geodetic coordinates and the two modes'mathematical model of adjustment in the two-dimensional Cartesian coordinates. These four kinds of combined adjustment of the mathematical model are compared and analyzed. Summarize the advantages and disadvantages of various mathematical models of the combined adjustment and their application.
Then, the methods of weight determination of different observations were studied. By comparing the results of two combined adjustment of weight determination with experience and weight determination with Helmert variance component estimation, obtained that using different methods to determine weight, the results of the combined adjustment will be affected. In order to obtain the optimal parameter estimates and reasonable accuracy evaluation should use Helmert variance component estimation method to deal with the combined adjustment.
Finally, according to the derived algorithms and conclusions, the software, GPS and terrestrial surveying data combined adjustment (UnionAdj) is developed utilizing Visual C++ tool to meet the needs in various projects.
本文首先从GPS与地面测量数据联合平差基本原理出发,详细论述了GPS与地面测量数据联合平差数据处理中较为常用的4种数学模型,包括：在参心空间直角坐标系中平差的数学模型、在参心大地坐标系中平差的数学模型,以及在二维平面直角坐标系中平差的两种模式的数学模型,并对这4种联合平差的数学模型进行了比较与分析,总结了各种联合平差数学模型的优缺点,及其适用范围。
然后,对GPS与地面测量数据联合平差中不同类观测值的定权方法进行了研究,并通过比较经验定权法与赫尔默特方差分量估计定权法的联合平差结果,得出了不同的定权方法将会影响联合平差的结果。为了得到参数的最优估计和合理的精度评定,应利用赫尔默特方差分量估计法进行联合平差处理。
最后,基于GPS与地面测量数据联合平差的函数模型与随机模型的理论基础,采用Visual C++作为开发工具,研制了能满足不同实际工程需要的GPS与地面测量数据联合平差软件(UnionAdj)。
In recent years, with the rapid development of GPS positioning technology, application of GPS technology to establish and transform a variety of land and engineering surveying and mapping control network has aroused world attention. This thesis presents the discussion and investigation on the function model and stochastic model established in the combined adjustment of GPS and terrestrial surveying data.
First, it is illustrated that four kinds of commonly used mathematical model and their fundamentals for GPS and terrestrial surveying data combined adjustment. These mathematical models include:The mathematical model of adjustment in the reference center rectangular space coordinates, the mathematical model of adjustment in the reference center geodetic coordinates and the two modes'mathematical model of adjustment in the two-dimensional Cartesian coordinates. These four kinds of combined adjustment of the mathematical model are compared and analyzed. Summarize the advantages and disadvantages of various mathematical models of the combined adjustment and their application.
Then, the methods of weight determination of different observations were studied. By comparing the results of two combined adjustment of weight determination with experience and weight determination with Helmert variance component estimation, obtained that using different methods to determine weight, the results of the combined adjustment will be affected. In order to obtain the optimal parameter estimates and reasonable accuracy evaluation should use Helmert variance component estimation method to deal with the combined adjustment.
Finally, according to the derived algorithms and conclusions, the software, GPS and terrestrial surveying data combined adjustment (UnionAdj) is developed utilizing Visual C++ tool to meet the needs in various projects.
引文
[1]刘大杰,施一民,过静君.全球定位系统的原理与应用[M].上海：同济大学出版社.1996.
[2]周忠谟,易杰军,周琪.GPS卫星测量原理与应用[M].北京：测绘出版社.1992.
[3]黄丁发,熊永良,袁林果.全球定位系统(GPS)-理论与实践[M].成都：西南交通大学出版社.2006.
[4]查明,欧阳桂崇.区域GPS网与地面网3维联合处理[J].测绘学报,2001,30(3)：242-246
[5]杨润书.GPS网与地面网的联合布设及混合平差[J].地矿测绘.1998(4)：17-19
[6]刘大杰,刘经南,刘国辉.GPS与地面测量数据的三维联合平差[J].测绘学报,1994,23(1)：14-22.
[7]崔希璋,於宗俦,陶本藻等.广义测量平差[M].北京：测绘出版社.1992
[8]魏子卿,葛茂荣.GPS相对定位的数学模型[M].北京：测绘出版社.1998.
[9]边少锋,柴洪洲,金际航.大地坐标系与大地基准[M].北京：国防工业出版社.2005.
[10]刘大杰,白征东,施一民,沈云中.大地坐标转换与GPS控制网平差计算及软件系统[M].上海：同济大学出版社.1997.
[11]陈健,晁定波.椭球大地测量学[M].北京：测绘出版社.1989.
[12]孔祥元,郭际明,刘宗泉.大地测量学基础[M].武汉：武汉大学出版社.2005.
[13]施一民.现代大地控制测量[M].北京：测绘出版社.2003.
[14]白征东,刘大杰.GPS网3维平差软件的编程方法[J].测绘通报,1999(12)：30-33.
[15]施闯.大规模高精度GPS网平差与分析理论及其应用[M].北京：测绘出版社.2002.
[16]沈云中,方颍,白征东.GPS网与常规网三维联合平差的一种简便模型[J].解放军测绘学院学报,2002,16(1)：25-26.
[17]郑国宁,陈明剑.高斯平面上GPS工程网数据处理[J].解放军测绘学院学报,1997,14(2)：91-96.
[18]李征航,黄劲松.GPS测量与数据处理[M].武汉：武汉大学出版社.2005.
[19]魏二虎,黄劲松.GPS测量操作与数据处理[M].武汉：武汉大学出版社.2005.
[19]孔祥元,梅是义.控制测量学下册(第二版)[M].武汉：武汉大学出版社.2005.
[20]刘经南,刘大杰,崔希璋.卫星网与地面网联合平差的理论和应用[J].武汉测绘科技大学学报.1987,12(4)：1-5.
[21]单杰.联合平差中大地测量观测值的数学模型[J].武汉测绘科技大学学报,1988,19(4)：105-111
[22]施一民.工程GPS控制网平差转换的要点与模型[J].测绘通报,2003(4)：7-9.
[23]A. Leick. GPS Satellite Surveying [M].NewYork:A Wiley-Interscience Publication.1990.
[24]Hein G W, Landau H, Eissfeller B. OPERA-An Integrated Geodesy Adjustment Software Package[J]. Institute of Astronomical and Phisical Geodesy Universiy FAF, Munich.1988.
[25]Kleusberg A. Precise defferential positioning and surveying. GPS World. 1992,3(7)
[26]Wells, Vanicek. Alignement of geodetic and satellite coordinate system to the average terrestrial system, Bull. Geod. No 117,1975.
[27]陶本藻.测量数据统计分析[M].北京：测绘出版社.1992
[28]陶本藻.模型误差理论及其在地壳形变数据处理中的应用[J].地壳形变与地震,1991,11(增刊)：1-8
[29]吴俊昶,刘大杰,于正林.控制网测量平差[M].北京：测绘出版社.1998.
[30]刘长建,马高峰.Helmert方差分量估计结果的方差一致性检验实质[J].测绘学院学报,2002,19(2)：96-98.
[31]黄维彬.近代平差理论及其应用[M].北京：解放军出版社.1992.
[32]周永明,黄立人.定权误差对平差结果的影响[J].地壳形变与地震,1992,7(1)：35-42.
[33]王仲锋.方差分量估计简化公式新探[J].测绘工程,2002,11(1)：26-27.
[34]武汉测绘科技大学测量平差教研室.测量平差基础(第三版)[M].北京：测绘出版社.1996.
[35]樊功瑜.误差理论与测量平差[M].上海：同济大学出版社.1998
[36]张朝玉,陶本藻,时晋.多类观测量联合平差中方差分量估计的序贯算法[J].大地测量与地球动力学,2005,25(3)：34-38.
[37]成英燕,程鹏飞,顾旦生等.联合平差中的方差分量估计问题的探讨[J].测绘科学,2005,30(2)：51-54.
[38]李德仁.误差处理和可靠性理论[M].北京：测绘出版社.1988.
[39]於宗涛等.平差模型误差理论及其应用论文集[D].北京：测绘出版社.1993.
[40]GRAFAREND E. Variance-covariance-component Estimation of Helmert Type in the Gauss-Helmert Model [J]. ZfV,1984,109(1):34-44.
[41]Rao Poduri S R S. Variance Components Estimation [M]. London:St Edmundsbury Press.1997.
[42]鄂栋臣,詹必伟,姜卫平,张胜凯.应用GAMIT／GLOBK软件进行高精度GPS数据处理[J].极地研究,2005,17(3)：173-182.
[43]王志强,李军.GAMIT使用指南[J].全球定位系统,2002(2)：36-39.
[44]黄维通.Visual C++6.0程序设计实用教程[M].北京：清华大学出版社.1994.
[45]W Kernighan Brian, M, Richie Dennis. The C Programming Language [M].北京：清华大学出版社.1997.
[46]Waite, S. Prata著,范植华,樊莹译.新编C语言大全[M].北京：清华大学出版社.1994.
[47]侯俊杰.深入浅出MFC(第2版)[M].武汉：华中科技大学出版社.2001.
[48]姚连璧,周小平.基于MATLAB的控制网平差程序设计[M].上海：同济大学出版社.2006.
[49]宋力杰.测量平差程序设计[M].北京：国防工业出版社.2009.
[50]李洪涛.GPS应用程序设计[M].北京：科学出版社.1999.
[51]葛永慧,余哲,刘志德.测绘编程基础[M].北京：测绘出版社.2002.
[52]刘经南,刘大杰,桑吉章.GPS网与地面网综合数据处理商业化软件包的研制和应用[J].测绘通报,1992(5)：3-7.
[2]周忠谟,易杰军,周琪.GPS卫星测量原理与应用[M].北京：测绘出版社.1992.
[3]黄丁发,熊永良,袁林果.全球定位系统(GPS)-理论与实践[M].成都：西南交通大学出版社.2006.
[4]查明,欧阳桂崇.区域GPS网与地面网3维联合处理[J].测绘学报,2001,30(3)：242-246
[5]杨润书.GPS网与地面网的联合布设及混合平差[J].地矿测绘.1998(4)：17-19
[6]刘大杰,刘经南,刘国辉.GPS与地面测量数据的三维联合平差[J].测绘学报,1994,23(1)：14-22.
[7]崔希璋,於宗俦,陶本藻等.广义测量平差[M].北京：测绘出版社.1992
[8]魏子卿,葛茂荣.GPS相对定位的数学模型[M].北京：测绘出版社.1998.
[9]边少锋,柴洪洲,金际航.大地坐标系与大地基准[M].北京：国防工业出版社.2005.
[10]刘大杰,白征东,施一民,沈云中.大地坐标转换与GPS控制网平差计算及软件系统[M].上海：同济大学出版社.1997.
[11]陈健,晁定波.椭球大地测量学[M].北京：测绘出版社.1989.
[12]孔祥元,郭际明,刘宗泉.大地测量学基础[M].武汉：武汉大学出版社.2005.
[13]施一民.现代大地控制测量[M].北京：测绘出版社.2003.
[14]白征东,刘大杰.GPS网3维平差软件的编程方法[J].测绘通报,1999(12)：30-33.
[15]施闯.大规模高精度GPS网平差与分析理论及其应用[M].北京：测绘出版社.2002.
[16]沈云中,方颍,白征东.GPS网与常规网三维联合平差的一种简便模型[J].解放军测绘学院学报,2002,16(1)：25-26.
[17]郑国宁,陈明剑.高斯平面上GPS工程网数据处理[J].解放军测绘学院学报,1997,14(2)：91-96.
[18]李征航,黄劲松.GPS测量与数据处理[M].武汉：武汉大学出版社.2005.
[19]魏二虎,黄劲松.GPS测量操作与数据处理[M].武汉：武汉大学出版社.2005.
[19]孔祥元,梅是义.控制测量学下册(第二版)[M].武汉：武汉大学出版社.2005.
[20]刘经南,刘大杰,崔希璋.卫星网与地面网联合平差的理论和应用[J].武汉测绘科技大学学报.1987,12(4)：1-5.
[21]单杰.联合平差中大地测量观测值的数学模型[J].武汉测绘科技大学学报,1988,19(4)：105-111
[22]施一民.工程GPS控制网平差转换的要点与模型[J].测绘通报,2003(4)：7-9.
[23]A. Leick. GPS Satellite Surveying [M].NewYork:A Wiley-Interscience Publication.1990.
[24]Hein G W, Landau H, Eissfeller B. OPERA-An Integrated Geodesy Adjustment Software Package[J]. Institute of Astronomical and Phisical Geodesy Universiy FAF, Munich.1988.
[25]Kleusberg A. Precise defferential positioning and surveying. GPS World. 1992,3(7)
[26]Wells, Vanicek. Alignement of geodetic and satellite coordinate system to the average terrestrial system, Bull. Geod. No 117,1975.
[27]陶本藻.测量数据统计分析[M].北京：测绘出版社.1992
[28]陶本藻.模型误差理论及其在地壳形变数据处理中的应用[J].地壳形变与地震,1991,11(增刊)：1-8
[29]吴俊昶,刘大杰,于正林.控制网测量平差[M].北京：测绘出版社.1998.
[30]刘长建,马高峰.Helmert方差分量估计结果的方差一致性检验实质[J].测绘学院学报,2002,19(2)：96-98.
[31]黄维彬.近代平差理论及其应用[M].北京：解放军出版社.1992.
[32]周永明,黄立人.定权误差对平差结果的影响[J].地壳形变与地震,1992,7(1)：35-42.
[33]王仲锋.方差分量估计简化公式新探[J].测绘工程,2002,11(1)：26-27.
[34]武汉测绘科技大学测量平差教研室.测量平差基础(第三版)[M].北京：测绘出版社.1996.
[35]樊功瑜.误差理论与测量平差[M].上海：同济大学出版社.1998
[36]张朝玉,陶本藻,时晋.多类观测量联合平差中方差分量估计的序贯算法[J].大地测量与地球动力学,2005,25(3)：34-38.
[37]成英燕,程鹏飞,顾旦生等.联合平差中的方差分量估计问题的探讨[J].测绘科学,2005,30(2)：51-54.
[38]李德仁.误差处理和可靠性理论[M].北京：测绘出版社.1988.
[39]於宗涛等.平差模型误差理论及其应用论文集[D].北京：测绘出版社.1993.
[40]GRAFAREND E. Variance-covariance-component Estimation of Helmert Type in the Gauss-Helmert Model [J]. ZfV,1984,109(1):34-44.
[41]Rao Poduri S R S. Variance Components Estimation [M]. London:St Edmundsbury Press.1997.
[42]鄂栋臣,詹必伟,姜卫平,张胜凯.应用GAMIT／GLOBK软件进行高精度GPS数据处理[J].极地研究,2005,17(3)：173-182.
[43]王志强,李军.GAMIT使用指南[J].全球定位系统,2002(2)：36-39.
[44]黄维通.Visual C++6.0程序设计实用教程[M].北京：清华大学出版社.1994.
[45]W Kernighan Brian, M, Richie Dennis. The C Programming Language [M].北京：清华大学出版社.1997.
[46]Waite, S. Prata著,范植华,樊莹译.新编C语言大全[M].北京：清华大学出版社.1994.
[47]侯俊杰.深入浅出MFC(第2版)[M].武汉：华中科技大学出版社.2001.
[48]姚连璧,周小平.基于MATLAB的控制网平差程序设计[M].上海：同济大学出版社.2006.
[49]宋力杰.测量平差程序设计[M].北京：国防工业出版社.2009.
[50]李洪涛.GPS应用程序设计[M].北京：科学出版社.1999.
[51]葛永慧,余哲,刘志德.测绘编程基础[M].北京：测绘出版社.2002.
[52]刘经南,刘大杰,桑吉章.GPS网与地面网综合数据处理商业化软件包的研制和应用[J].测绘通报,1992(5)：3-7.