GPS水准工程应用关键技术研究
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摘要
全球定位系统(Global Positioning System—GPS)是美国军方20世纪90年代建成部署的全球卫星导航定位系统,具有观测点间无需通视、定位精度高、观测时间短、提供三维坐标、操作简便以及全天候作业等优点,已广泛应用于工程建设的各领域,并逐步取代了一些传统的测量方法。
作为一种实时高效、覆盖全球的卫星定位技术,GPS平面与高程定位的精度不够平衡。在大范围区域内,其平面定位精度是常规测量技术难以比拟的,而在高程定位上,GPS只能提供给我们高精度的大地高,而非工程应用中所使用的正常高。这使得GPS技术在工程应用上,特别是与高程有关应用上遇到现实挑战。为了提高GPS高程定位精度并使之满足工程应用要求,就需要进一步研究GPS大地高与正常高之间的转换关系,即研究高程异常问题以及GPS高程合适、简便、有效的工程应用实现途径和手段。
本文在学习、把握GPS发展与GPS大地高、正常高和正高概念及其关系基础上,综述了GPS高程拟合的原理和常用方法;基于MATLAB平台,重点利用数值逼近法中比较典型的几种拟合方法(多项式拟合法、多面函数拟合法、加权平均拟合法以及移动曲面拟合法),对某测区实测数据进行了拟合计算;在对拟合模型及其计算结果的综合比较和分析的基础上,评价了拟合模型的精度,并给出了具体的结论和建议。
针对GPS高程转换时可能存在数据粗差及所选用拟合模型的参数问题,论文还对模型进行了抗差估计和参数优选,并通过实例验证了抗差估计和模型参数优选方法的适用性和有效性。
最后,为了工程应用的现实需要,论文还尝试了基于MATLAB环境的GPS水准拟合功能集成及其应用界面开发,实现并提供了基于专业计算软件的可靠而便捷的GPS水准拟合问题整体解决方案。
Global Positioning System(GPS)is the global satellite navigation and positioning system which the American Military completed in the 1990s.With the advantages such as don't need intervisibility between the observation point, high positioning accuracy, short observation time, provides three-dimensional coordinates, simple operation and all-weather work, it has been widely used in construction fields, and gradually replace some of the traditional surveying technique.
As one kind real-time highly effective and covers global satellite positioning technology, the positioning accuracy of GPS in plane and elevation is not balanced. The accuracy of conventional technology can not match to the plane positioning of GPS, but in the elevation positioning aspect, GPS only can provide for us the high accuracy geodetic height, but not the normal height of the engineering application. This makes the GPS technology to face the reality challenge in the elevation application. In order to improve the GPS elevation pointing accuracy, and make it meet the application requirements, it is necessary to further study the transformation relations between the GPS geodetic height and the normal height, namely research abnormal height question, and regarding how to look for the appropriate, simple and effective ways and means about engineering application of GPS height.
This article discusses the GPS development as well as the concept of the GPS geodetic height, normal height and orthometric height and three mutual relations. Then it summarized the GPS height fitting principle and some commonly used methods. Focusing on using some typical fitting methods of the numerical approximation method, such as multinomial surface fitting, Hardy function interpolation, weighting method, moving surface model, to deal with the survey data of one area, witch are based on MATLAB platform. By comparing and analyzing the fitting results, we give different fitting model accuracy evaluation and some concrete conclusion and suggestion.
In view of GPS height transformation maybe exist gross errors in the known survey data and unnecessary fitting model parameters, the paper has also carried on robust estimation and optimizing parameters, and has confirmed the applicability and effectiveness of them.
Finally, the paper has carried on the GPS level fitting function integration and the application interface development based on the MATLAB environment to the practical needs of the engineering application. It provides the realistic way and the technical means to solve the GPS leveling fitting problem by MATLAB software effectively, reliably and conveniently.
作为一种实时高效、覆盖全球的卫星定位技术,GPS平面与高程定位的精度不够平衡。在大范围区域内,其平面定位精度是常规测量技术难以比拟的,而在高程定位上,GPS只能提供给我们高精度的大地高,而非工程应用中所使用的正常高。这使得GPS技术在工程应用上,特别是与高程有关应用上遇到现实挑战。为了提高GPS高程定位精度并使之满足工程应用要求,就需要进一步研究GPS大地高与正常高之间的转换关系,即研究高程异常问题以及GPS高程合适、简便、有效的工程应用实现途径和手段。
本文在学习、把握GPS发展与GPS大地高、正常高和正高概念及其关系基础上,综述了GPS高程拟合的原理和常用方法;基于MATLAB平台,重点利用数值逼近法中比较典型的几种拟合方法(多项式拟合法、多面函数拟合法、加权平均拟合法以及移动曲面拟合法),对某测区实测数据进行了拟合计算;在对拟合模型及其计算结果的综合比较和分析的基础上,评价了拟合模型的精度,并给出了具体的结论和建议。
针对GPS高程转换时可能存在数据粗差及所选用拟合模型的参数问题,论文还对模型进行了抗差估计和参数优选,并通过实例验证了抗差估计和模型参数优选方法的适用性和有效性。
最后,为了工程应用的现实需要,论文还尝试了基于MATLAB环境的GPS水准拟合功能集成及其应用界面开发,实现并提供了基于专业计算软件的可靠而便捷的GPS水准拟合问题整体解决方案。
Global Positioning System(GPS)is the global satellite navigation and positioning system which the American Military completed in the 1990s.With the advantages such as don't need intervisibility between the observation point, high positioning accuracy, short observation time, provides three-dimensional coordinates, simple operation and all-weather work, it has been widely used in construction fields, and gradually replace some of the traditional surveying technique.
As one kind real-time highly effective and covers global satellite positioning technology, the positioning accuracy of GPS in plane and elevation is not balanced. The accuracy of conventional technology can not match to the plane positioning of GPS, but in the elevation positioning aspect, GPS only can provide for us the high accuracy geodetic height, but not the normal height of the engineering application. This makes the GPS technology to face the reality challenge in the elevation application. In order to improve the GPS elevation pointing accuracy, and make it meet the application requirements, it is necessary to further study the transformation relations between the GPS geodetic height and the normal height, namely research abnormal height question, and regarding how to look for the appropriate, simple and effective ways and means about engineering application of GPS height.
This article discusses the GPS development as well as the concept of the GPS geodetic height, normal height and orthometric height and three mutual relations. Then it summarized the GPS height fitting principle and some commonly used methods. Focusing on using some typical fitting methods of the numerical approximation method, such as multinomial surface fitting, Hardy function interpolation, weighting method, moving surface model, to deal with the survey data of one area, witch are based on MATLAB platform. By comparing and analyzing the fitting results, we give different fitting model accuracy evaluation and some concrete conclusion and suggestion.
In view of GPS height transformation maybe exist gross errors in the known survey data and unnecessary fitting model parameters, the paper has also carried on robust estimation and optimizing parameters, and has confirmed the applicability and effectiveness of them.
Finally, the paper has carried on the GPS level fitting function integration and the application interface development based on the MATLAB environment to the practical needs of the engineering application. It provides the realistic way and the technical means to solve the GPS leveling fitting problem by MATLAB software effectively, reliably and conveniently.
引文
[1]刘大杰,施一民.全球定位系统(GPS)的原理与数据处理.上海:同济大学出版社,1996
[2]周忠漠.GPS卫星测量原理与应用北京:测绘出版,2002
[3]徐绍锉,张华海,杨志强等.GPS测量原理及应用.北京:测绘出版,2002
[4]张勤,李家权.GPS测量原理及数据处理基础[M].西安:地图出版社,2001
[5]魏子卿.高程现代化问题.武汉大学学报(信息科学版),2000(5)
[6]陈俊勇,李建成,宁津生等.中国新一代高精度、高分辨率大地水准面的研究和实施.武汉大学学报(信息科学版),2001(4):283-289
[7]NGS.Guidelines for Geodetic Network Surveying Using GPS.DRAFT 4,2000
[8]陈俊勇,李建成.推算我国高精度和高分辨率似大地水准面的若干技术问题.武汉测绘科技大学学报,1998,23(2):95-99
[9]陈俊勇,李建成,宁津生等.中国似大地水准面.测绘学报,2002(31):1-5
[10]李鹏,田林亚,李斌.多面函数法GPS高程拟合在桥梁建设中的应用研究[J].现代测绘,2005,28(2):20-22
[11]金时华.多面函数拟合法转换GPS高程[J].测绘与空间地理信息,2005,28(6):44-47
[12]王殊伟,陈正阳.基于移动曲面模型的GPS高程拟合[J].海洋测绘,2005,25(5):13-14
[13]李景卫,杨荫奎,高建等.GPS高程拟合中多面函数及二次曲面函数的比较与分析[J].山东冶金,2006,28(3):42-43
[14]程卫兴.GPS水准方法比较与分析[J].测绘与空间地理信息,2005,28(5):35-37
[15]徐绍锉,李振洪,吴云孙.GPS高程拟合系统的研究.武汉测绘科技大学学报,1999,24(4)
[16]武汉测绘科技大学测量平差教研室.测量平差基础.北京:测绘出版社,1996
[17]陶本藻.测量数据统计分析[M].北京:测绘出版社,1992
[18]李德仁.误差处理和可靠性理论[M].北京:测绘出版社,1988
[19]刘大杰,陶本藻.实用测量数据处理方法[M].北京:测绘出版社,2000
[20]黄维彬.近代平差理论及其应用[M].北京:解放军出版社,1992
[21]陶本藻.自由网平差与变形分析[M].北京:测绘出版社,1984
[22]张东明.GPS数据处理中的粗差探测及剔除[J].昆明冶金高等专科学校学报,2001,17(4):35-37
[23]Featherstone W.E.and M.P.Stewart.Combined analysis of real-time kinematic GPS equitment and its uers for height determination.Journal of Surveying engineering
[24]张勤,王利.GPS高程拟合中的稳健估计[J].城市勘测,2001(4):9-13
[25]杨凤芸,张旭东.采用抗差推估法剔出GPS高程数据粗差[J].测绘通报,2005(10):9-11
[26]崔希璋,於宗铸,陶本藻等.广义测量平差[M].北京:测绘出版社,1992.
[27]帅开德,王杲,罗秉良.GPS高程转换的模型参数优选与稳健估计[J].经纬天地,全国测绘科技信息网中南分网第十九次学术交流会优秀论文选编:16-21
[28]阮学英,谢灵斌.GPS高程拟合模型及优选[J].城市勘测,2005(4):21-24
[29]华锡生,雷伟刚,岳东杰.GPS高程异常模型的优选及分析[J].大坝观测于土工测试,2000,24(4):16-18
[30]李晓桓.GPS水准拟合模型优选[J].测绘通报,2003(7):11-13
[31]Featherstone,W.E,1998.Do we need a gravimetric geoid or a model of the base of the Australian Height Datum to transform GPS heights?,The Australian Surveyor,43(4):273-280
[32]Featherstone,W.E,1998.Do we need a gravimetric geoid or a model of the base of the Australian Height Datum to transform GPS heights?,The Australian Surveyor,43(4):273-280
[33]JIAO Wenhai,GUO Hairong,FU Yang,et al.Determ ination of the Absolute Rate of Sea Level by Using GPS Reference Station and Tide Gauge Data[J].Geo-spatial Information Science(Quarterly),2005,8(3):220-225
[34]Geva S,Malmstrom K,Sitte J.Local Claster Neural Net:Architecture,Training and Applications[J].Neurocomputing,1998.
[35]Denker H.Regional and Local Gravity Field Modeling.National Report of the Federal Republic of Germany on the Geodetic Activities in the yeas 1995-1999.Munchen,1999
[36]House Hse,Yang Lu.The Regional Geopotential Model in China Bulletion Digeodesia[J],Scienze Affini,1995(2):161-175
[37]D.zhong.Robust estimation and optimal selection of polynomial parameters for the interpolation of GPS geoid height.Journal of Geodesy,1997(71):552-561
[38]匡翠林.高精度GPS水准算法研究及其应用[D].太原:中南大学,2004
[39]李胜.GPS高程异常拟合研究[D].大连:大连理工大学,2006
[40]雷晓霞.基于重力与GPS水准组合法的大地水准面精化研究[D].西安:长安大学,2005
[41]姚吉利,褚丽丽,于志路.GPS水准面拟合方法研究[J].测绘工程,2005,14(4):23-26
[42]张京礼,史振江,李瑞.GPS高程拟合精度探讨[J].测绘工程,2004,13(2):29-31
[43]潘柏龙,匡翠林.GPS高程拟合模型确定[J].现代测绘,2004,27(1):23-25
[44]谢劭峰,王新桥.Matlab在GPS高程转换中的应用[J].测绘与空间地理信息,2005,28(6):75-77
[45]求是科技.MATLAB7.0从入门到精通[M].北京:人民邮电出版社,2006
[46]石博强,赵金.MATLAB数学计算与工程分析范例教程[M].北京:中国铁道出版社,2005
[47]施晓红,周佳.精通GUI图形界面编程[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2003
[48]姚连璧,周小平.基于MATLAB的控制网平差程序[M].上海:同济大学出版社,2006
[49]http:/iwww.cage.curtin.edu.au/_will/
[50]http://solid earth.ou.edu/notes/geoid/earths}eoid.htn/
[2]周忠漠.GPS卫星测量原理与应用北京:测绘出版,2002
[3]徐绍锉,张华海,杨志强等.GPS测量原理及应用.北京:测绘出版,2002
[4]张勤,李家权.GPS测量原理及数据处理基础[M].西安:地图出版社,2001
[5]魏子卿.高程现代化问题.武汉大学学报(信息科学版),2000(5)
[6]陈俊勇,李建成,宁津生等.中国新一代高精度、高分辨率大地水准面的研究和实施.武汉大学学报(信息科学版),2001(4):283-289
[7]NGS.Guidelines for Geodetic Network Surveying Using GPS.DRAFT 4,2000
[8]陈俊勇,李建成.推算我国高精度和高分辨率似大地水准面的若干技术问题.武汉测绘科技大学学报,1998,23(2):95-99
[9]陈俊勇,李建成,宁津生等.中国似大地水准面.测绘学报,2002(31):1-5
[10]李鹏,田林亚,李斌.多面函数法GPS高程拟合在桥梁建设中的应用研究[J].现代测绘,2005,28(2):20-22
[11]金时华.多面函数拟合法转换GPS高程[J].测绘与空间地理信息,2005,28(6):44-47
[12]王殊伟,陈正阳.基于移动曲面模型的GPS高程拟合[J].海洋测绘,2005,25(5):13-14
[13]李景卫,杨荫奎,高建等.GPS高程拟合中多面函数及二次曲面函数的比较与分析[J].山东冶金,2006,28(3):42-43
[14]程卫兴.GPS水准方法比较与分析[J].测绘与空间地理信息,2005,28(5):35-37
[15]徐绍锉,李振洪,吴云孙.GPS高程拟合系统的研究.武汉测绘科技大学学报,1999,24(4)
[16]武汉测绘科技大学测量平差教研室.测量平差基础.北京:测绘出版社,1996
[17]陶本藻.测量数据统计分析[M].北京:测绘出版社,1992
[18]李德仁.误差处理和可靠性理论[M].北京:测绘出版社,1988
[19]刘大杰,陶本藻.实用测量数据处理方法[M].北京:测绘出版社,2000
[20]黄维彬.近代平差理论及其应用[M].北京:解放军出版社,1992
[21]陶本藻.自由网平差与变形分析[M].北京:测绘出版社,1984
[22]张东明.GPS数据处理中的粗差探测及剔除[J].昆明冶金高等专科学校学报,2001,17(4):35-37
[23]Featherstone W.E.and M.P.Stewart.Combined analysis of real-time kinematic GPS equitment and its uers for height determination.Journal of Surveying engineering
[24]张勤,王利.GPS高程拟合中的稳健估计[J].城市勘测,2001(4):9-13
[25]杨凤芸,张旭东.采用抗差推估法剔出GPS高程数据粗差[J].测绘通报,2005(10):9-11
[26]崔希璋,於宗铸,陶本藻等.广义测量平差[M].北京:测绘出版社,1992.
[27]帅开德,王杲,罗秉良.GPS高程转换的模型参数优选与稳健估计[J].经纬天地,全国测绘科技信息网中南分网第十九次学术交流会优秀论文选编:16-21
[28]阮学英,谢灵斌.GPS高程拟合模型及优选[J].城市勘测,2005(4):21-24
[29]华锡生,雷伟刚,岳东杰.GPS高程异常模型的优选及分析[J].大坝观测于土工测试,2000,24(4):16-18
[30]李晓桓.GPS水准拟合模型优选[J].测绘通报,2003(7):11-13
[31]Featherstone,W.E,1998.Do we need a gravimetric geoid or a model of the base of the Australian Height Datum to transform GPS heights?,The Australian Surveyor,43(4):273-280
[32]Featherstone,W.E,1998.Do we need a gravimetric geoid or a model of the base of the Australian Height Datum to transform GPS heights?,The Australian Surveyor,43(4):273-280
[33]JIAO Wenhai,GUO Hairong,FU Yang,et al.Determ ination of the Absolute Rate of Sea Level by Using GPS Reference Station and Tide Gauge Data[J].Geo-spatial Information Science(Quarterly),2005,8(3):220-225
[34]Geva S,Malmstrom K,Sitte J.Local Claster Neural Net:Architecture,Training and Applications[J].Neurocomputing,1998.
[35]Denker H.Regional and Local Gravity Field Modeling.National Report of the Federal Republic of Germany on the Geodetic Activities in the yeas 1995-1999.Munchen,1999
[36]House Hse,Yang Lu.The Regional Geopotential Model in China Bulletion Digeodesia[J],Scienze Affini,1995(2):161-175
[37]D.zhong.Robust estimation and optimal selection of polynomial parameters for the interpolation of GPS geoid height.Journal of Geodesy,1997(71):552-561
[38]匡翠林.高精度GPS水准算法研究及其应用[D].太原:中南大学,2004
[39]李胜.GPS高程异常拟合研究[D].大连:大连理工大学,2006
[40]雷晓霞.基于重力与GPS水准组合法的大地水准面精化研究[D].西安:长安大学,2005
[41]姚吉利,褚丽丽,于志路.GPS水准面拟合方法研究[J].测绘工程,2005,14(4):23-26
[42]张京礼,史振江,李瑞.GPS高程拟合精度探讨[J].测绘工程,2004,13(2):29-31
[43]潘柏龙,匡翠林.GPS高程拟合模型确定[J].现代测绘,2004,27(1):23-25
[44]谢劭峰,王新桥.Matlab在GPS高程转换中的应用[J].测绘与空间地理信息,2005,28(6):75-77
[45]求是科技.MATLAB7.0从入门到精通[M].北京:人民邮电出版社,2006
[46]石博强,赵金.MATLAB数学计算与工程分析范例教程[M].北京:中国铁道出版社,2005
[47]施晓红,周佳.精通GUI图形界面编程[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2003
[48]姚连璧,周小平.基于MATLAB的控制网平差程序[M].上海:同济大学出版社,2006
[49]http:/iwww.cage.curtin.edu.au/_will/
[50]http://solid earth.ou.edu/notes/geoid/earths}eoid.htn/