基于数字化测绘技术的城镇第二次土地调查研究与实践
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摘要
第二次土地调查作为一项重大的国情国力调查,目的是全面查清全国土地利用状况,掌握真实的土地基础数据,并对调查成果实行信息化、网络化管理,建立和完善土地调查、统计制度和登记制度,实现土地资源信息的社会化服务,满足经济社会发展、土地宏观调控及国土资源管理的需要。
针对城镇第二次土地调查,本文主要研究了以下几个方面的问题：
(1)论述了GPS测量成果所在坐标系—WGS-84世界大地坐标系和我国常用坐标系之间的转换关系,为后续的工程应用奠定基础。GPS测量成果是WGS-84坐标,而我国在工程实际中使用的是工程坐标(地方坐标)、北京54坐标、西安80坐标和正常高,GPS测量成果需经转换才能在工程实际中使用。因此,论文详细讨论了工程测量中常用的国家坐标系、地方平面直角坐标系和CGCS2000国家大地坐标系以及各种坐标系之间的换算关系。同时,为了解决GPS大地高转化为水准正常高的问题,论文还讨论了GPS高程拟合的几种常用模型和方法,推导出了其详细的求解方法。
(2)阐述了GPS-RTK技术的原理、作业模式和系统构成,全面分析了影响GPS-RTK作业精度的各种因素,并提出了若干方法和措施来消除或减弱这些因素的影响；同时,还结合工程实际探讨了GPS-RTK技术在土地二调中的应用情况,对GPS-RTK技术的作业方案、技术特点和精度情况作了详细总结。
(3)结合我国城镇第二次土地调查工作,对地籍调查中的先进数字化测绘方法进行研究,利用GPS、全站仪、数字化测绘软件和数据库技术等软硬件设备开展了数字地籍二调测量,并对调查区域的土地利用现状进行了分析,为查清土地利用状况、掌握真实的土地基础数据和实现土地调查信息的社会化服务提供了有效的技术支持。
The second land investigation, as a major national conditions and strength investigation, the purpose of which is to ascertain the comprehensive land use status, grasp the truth and the basic data of land survey results of information, practice network management, establish and perfect the system of land survey, statistics and registration system, realize the socialization of land resource information services to meet the social and economic development, land macro-control and land resources management needs.
For urban second land investigation, the article mainly studied the following problems:
(1) Firstly this paper pays more attention to studying the issue of coordinate system and transformation method about GPS data. The result of GPS survey is spatial rectangular coordinates or geodetic coordinates relative to the WGS-84, but the actual result used in the engineering surveying in our country is project (or local) coordinates or Beijing-54 or Xi'an-80 coordinates and normal height. So the result of GPS must be transformed so that it can be used in practical engineering. Hence the geodetic geocentric coordinate system like world geodetic system (WGS-84) which is the frame of GPS surveying data, and the celestial coordinate system which is the frame of GPS satellite ephemeris data has been described and the relationship between the two coordinate systems has been presented. The national reference-ellipsoid-centric coordinate system and local plane coordinates,China Geodetic Coordinate System 2000(CGCS2000) which are the frames of engineering survey has been studied and the relationships in these coordinate systems have been deduced. In the mean time, the relation between the geodetic height which is used in GPS surveying data and the height used in engineering survey has been discussed and the method of transforming height has been generalized, amd some models and methods in common use of coordinates transformation and normal height fitting are introduced and the detail solution to the model is also afforded
(2) Secondly this paper discusses the principles,surveying mode and system construction of GPS RTK. The factors which reduce RTK's surveying accuracy are analyzed across-the-aboard and the ways to eliminate or weaken these factors influence are discussed, the application of RTK technology is studied in the second land investigation.
(3) To improve urban land investigation in the second time,we carries out a digital cadastral investigation so that some practice and researeh are taken by means of advanced methods in surveying and mapping.The useful conclusions are achieved from the analysis on the current situation of land use by using GPS,total stations,digital mapping software,data base technology and other equipments.
针对城镇第二次土地调查,本文主要研究了以下几个方面的问题：
(1)论述了GPS测量成果所在坐标系—WGS-84世界大地坐标系和我国常用坐标系之间的转换关系,为后续的工程应用奠定基础。GPS测量成果是WGS-84坐标,而我国在工程实际中使用的是工程坐标(地方坐标)、北京54坐标、西安80坐标和正常高,GPS测量成果需经转换才能在工程实际中使用。因此,论文详细讨论了工程测量中常用的国家坐标系、地方平面直角坐标系和CGCS2000国家大地坐标系以及各种坐标系之间的换算关系。同时,为了解决GPS大地高转化为水准正常高的问题,论文还讨论了GPS高程拟合的几种常用模型和方法,推导出了其详细的求解方法。
(2)阐述了GPS-RTK技术的原理、作业模式和系统构成,全面分析了影响GPS-RTK作业精度的各种因素,并提出了若干方法和措施来消除或减弱这些因素的影响；同时,还结合工程实际探讨了GPS-RTK技术在土地二调中的应用情况,对GPS-RTK技术的作业方案、技术特点和精度情况作了详细总结。
(3)结合我国城镇第二次土地调查工作,对地籍调查中的先进数字化测绘方法进行研究,利用GPS、全站仪、数字化测绘软件和数据库技术等软硬件设备开展了数字地籍二调测量,并对调查区域的土地利用现状进行了分析,为查清土地利用状况、掌握真实的土地基础数据和实现土地调查信息的社会化服务提供了有效的技术支持。
The second land investigation, as a major national conditions and strength investigation, the purpose of which is to ascertain the comprehensive land use status, grasp the truth and the basic data of land survey results of information, practice network management, establish and perfect the system of land survey, statistics and registration system, realize the socialization of land resource information services to meet the social and economic development, land macro-control and land resources management needs.
For urban second land investigation, the article mainly studied the following problems:
(1) Firstly this paper pays more attention to studying the issue of coordinate system and transformation method about GPS data. The result of GPS survey is spatial rectangular coordinates or geodetic coordinates relative to the WGS-84, but the actual result used in the engineering surveying in our country is project (or local) coordinates or Beijing-54 or Xi'an-80 coordinates and normal height. So the result of GPS must be transformed so that it can be used in practical engineering. Hence the geodetic geocentric coordinate system like world geodetic system (WGS-84) which is the frame of GPS surveying data, and the celestial coordinate system which is the frame of GPS satellite ephemeris data has been described and the relationship between the two coordinate systems has been presented. The national reference-ellipsoid-centric coordinate system and local plane coordinates,China Geodetic Coordinate System 2000(CGCS2000) which are the frames of engineering survey has been studied and the relationships in these coordinate systems have been deduced. In the mean time, the relation between the geodetic height which is used in GPS surveying data and the height used in engineering survey has been discussed and the method of transforming height has been generalized, amd some models and methods in common use of coordinates transformation and normal height fitting are introduced and the detail solution to the model is also afforded
(2) Secondly this paper discusses the principles,surveying mode and system construction of GPS RTK. The factors which reduce RTK's surveying accuracy are analyzed across-the-aboard and the ways to eliminate or weaken these factors influence are discussed, the application of RTK technology is studied in the second land investigation.
(3) To improve urban land investigation in the second time,we carries out a digital cadastral investigation so that some practice and researeh are taken by means of advanced methods in surveying and mapping.The useful conclusions are achieved from the analysis on the current situation of land use by using GPS,total stations,digital mapping software,data base technology and other equipments.
引文
[1]TD/T 1014-2007,第二次全国土地调查技术规程[S].北京：中国标准出版社2007
[2]GB/T 21010-2007,土地利用现状分类[S].北京：中国标准出版社2007
[3]GB/T 18316-2001,数字测绘产品检查验收规定和质量评定[S].北京：中国标准出版社2001
[4]中国土地学会.新技术在土地调查中的应用与土地科学技术发展[R].2005年中国土地学会学术年会报告,2006.01
[5]GB/T 13989-92,国家基本比例尺地形图分幅和编号[S].北京：中国标准出版社,1992
[6]GB/T 18314-2001,全球定位系统(GPS)测量规范[S].北京：中国标准出版社2001
[7]CJJ8-99,《城市测量规范》[S].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,1999
[8]《甘肃省第二次土地调查实施方案》甘肃省第二次土地调查领导小组办公室
[9]《关于进一步开展土地资源调查工作的报告》1984年5月国务院以国发(1984)70号文批转了原农牧渔业部、国家计委、林业部、城乡建设环境保护部、国家统计局
[10]张勤,李家权等.GPS测量原理及应用[M].北京：科学出版社2005
[11]黄丁发,熊永良等.全球定位系统(GPS)—理论与实践[M].北京：西南交大出版社,2006
[12]杨凯,卢健等.遥感图像处理原理和方法[M].成都：测绘出版社,1988
[13]武汉测绘科技大学《测量学》编写组.测量学.第三版.北京：测绘出版社,2002
[14]施一民.现代大地控制测量[M].上海：同济大学出版社,2002
[15]刘大杰,施一民,过静郡.全球定位系统的原理与数据处理[M].上海：同济大学出版社,1996
[16]孔祥元,郭际明,刘宗泉.大地测量学基础[M].武汉：武汉大学出版社,2005
[17]沈云中,刘大杰.GPS快速定位技术的应用[J].城市勘测,1993年第1期
[18]武汉大学测绘学院测量平差学科组.误差理论与测量平差基础[M].武汉：武汉大学出版社,2003
[19]赵俊生,徐卫明.GPS水准拟合与精度分析[J].海洋测绘,1999(3)
[20]刘大杰,陶本藻.实用测量数据处理方法[M].北京：测绘出版社,2000
[21]陈义等.城市GPS控制网建立中的几个问题[J].工程勘察,2002(1)
[22]汪善根.GPS在小区域控制测量中坐标转换的方法[J].测绘通报,2001(9)
[23]施一民.工程GPS控制网平差转换的要点与模型[J].测绘学报,2003(4)
[24]周忠漠,易杰军.周琪.GPS卫星测量原理与应用[M].北京：测绘出版社,1995
[25]许其凤.GPS卫星导航与精密定位[M].北京：解放军出版社,1989
[26]潘正风,杨正尧.数字测图原理与方法[M].武汉：武汉大学出版社,2002
[27]黄维彬.近代平差理论及其应用[M].北京：解放军出版社,1992
[28]徐卫明,赵俊生.GPS测量坐标转换实用性问题的分析[J].测绘工程2000(2)
[29]赵俊生,徐卫明.GPS在城市控制测量应用中的研究[J].测绘通报,2000(9)
[30]陆维维.GPS动态载波相位测量技术研究及应用[D].南京：河海大学2006
[31]陈红权.土地利用更新调查技术的研究与应用[D].南京：河海大学2007
[32]赵俊生.GPS在工程测量中应用的研究[D].大连：大连理工大学2002
[33]谢劭峰.工程GPS数据处理若干问题研究[D].桂林：桂林工学院2005
[34]http://www.surveyingworld.net
[35]http://www.china-askpro.com
[36]http://www.gpsworld.com/gpsworld
[2]GB/T 21010-2007,土地利用现状分类[S].北京：中国标准出版社2007
[3]GB/T 18316-2001,数字测绘产品检查验收规定和质量评定[S].北京：中国标准出版社2001
[4]中国土地学会.新技术在土地调查中的应用与土地科学技术发展[R].2005年中国土地学会学术年会报告,2006.01
[5]GB/T 13989-92,国家基本比例尺地形图分幅和编号[S].北京：中国标准出版社,1992
[6]GB/T 18314-2001,全球定位系统(GPS)测量规范[S].北京：中国标准出版社2001
[7]CJJ8-99,《城市测量规范》[S].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,1999
[8]《甘肃省第二次土地调查实施方案》甘肃省第二次土地调查领导小组办公室
[9]《关于进一步开展土地资源调查工作的报告》1984年5月国务院以国发(1984)70号文批转了原农牧渔业部、国家计委、林业部、城乡建设环境保护部、国家统计局
[10]张勤,李家权等.GPS测量原理及应用[M].北京：科学出版社2005
[11]黄丁发,熊永良等.全球定位系统(GPS)—理论与实践[M].北京：西南交大出版社,2006
[12]杨凯,卢健等.遥感图像处理原理和方法[M].成都：测绘出版社,1988
[13]武汉测绘科技大学《测量学》编写组.测量学.第三版.北京：测绘出版社,2002
[14]施一民.现代大地控制测量[M].上海：同济大学出版社,2002
[15]刘大杰,施一民,过静郡.全球定位系统的原理与数据处理[M].上海：同济大学出版社,1996
[16]孔祥元,郭际明,刘宗泉.大地测量学基础[M].武汉：武汉大学出版社,2005
[17]沈云中,刘大杰.GPS快速定位技术的应用[J].城市勘测,1993年第1期
[18]武汉大学测绘学院测量平差学科组.误差理论与测量平差基础[M].武汉：武汉大学出版社,2003
[19]赵俊生,徐卫明.GPS水准拟合与精度分析[J].海洋测绘,1999(3)
[20]刘大杰,陶本藻.实用测量数据处理方法[M].北京：测绘出版社,2000
[21]陈义等.城市GPS控制网建立中的几个问题[J].工程勘察,2002(1)
[22]汪善根.GPS在小区域控制测量中坐标转换的方法[J].测绘通报,2001(9)
[23]施一民.工程GPS控制网平差转换的要点与模型[J].测绘学报,2003(4)
[24]周忠漠,易杰军.周琪.GPS卫星测量原理与应用[M].北京：测绘出版社,1995
[25]许其凤.GPS卫星导航与精密定位[M].北京：解放军出版社,1989
[26]潘正风,杨正尧.数字测图原理与方法[M].武汉：武汉大学出版社,2002
[27]黄维彬.近代平差理论及其应用[M].北京：解放军出版社,1992
[28]徐卫明,赵俊生.GPS测量坐标转换实用性问题的分析[J].测绘工程2000(2)
[29]赵俊生,徐卫明.GPS在城市控制测量应用中的研究[J].测绘通报,2000(9)
[30]陆维维.GPS动态载波相位测量技术研究及应用[D].南京：河海大学2006
[31]陈红权.土地利用更新调查技术的研究与应用[D].南京：河海大学2007
[32]赵俊生.GPS在工程测量中应用的研究[D].大连：大连理工大学2002
[33]谢劭峰.工程GPS数据处理若干问题研究[D].桂林：桂林工学院2005
[34]http://www.surveyingworld.net
[35]http://www.china-askpro.com
[36]http://www.gpsworld.com/gpsworld