面向大规模定制的供应链机理与运作研究
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摘要
自从Alvin Toffler于1970年在《Future Shock》中提出了一种以接近标准化生产的成本和时间来满足客户特定需求的创造性设想,并且Stan Davis随后在1987年首次将这种设想的生产方式称为大规模定制(mass customization)以来,大规模定制以一种近乎完美的构思令众多企业界学术界人士看好,并普遍认为这是一种战略生产模式的革新与跃迁,代表着新世纪生产制造的发展趋势。大规模定制作为继大规模生产模式后的一种新型生产模式,是大规模生产在面对个性化需求极度释放的市场环境下,企业做出的一种战略选择。理论上大规模定制生产模式将依托规模经济、范围经济以及集成经济实现对个性化需求的高效满足。然而综观企业实际,将大规模定制成功实施却并不是一件容易的事,大规模定制生产模式在具体实施过程中面临着诸如信息过载、知识约束与资源约束的困难。
在同样的市场背景下,供应链这种战略组织模式是企业为提高自身应对市场变化的能力和拓展资源利用途径的一种适应性选择,供应链战略的提出为大规模定制的实现提供了出路,这种战略组织模式为企业实现自身应变能力的提高的同时拓展资源利用途径提供了可能。它与大规模定制战略具有很强的耦合性,针对大规模定制所服务的市场需求的特征,文章提出了与供应链战略结合的合成供应链的构筑方法,以增强大规模定制实施过程中供应链的运作效率和响应能力。并且结合大规模定制的供应链战略定位,确定了以敏捷产品开发、制造创新、流程再造以及组织管理创新为驱动因子的实施框架。
在大规模定制的实现的诸多环节中,快速实现对定制产品的选择与定制设计是致关重要的一步,它决定了定制生产的效率与响应速度。设计阶段的工作好坏决定了整个供应链后续活动的最终价值的市场承兑情况,它从响应速度、定制制造效率以及客户需求的满足程度等多方面直接决定着服务与大规模定制的供应链的效率。纵观机遇产品的定制设计过程,不难发现,这是一个其强调合作的多伙伴、多主体共同协作的过程,要最终实现定制机遇产品的选择、设计过程的顺利开展需要良好的组织工作、多方面知识的融合、协调运用。
文章提出了面向定制的机遇产品的多阶段集合决策的方法以及基于核心能力的序列产品开发战略。在此基础上为提高定制设计的效率以及对沉淀设计知识的利用率,提出了基于供应链产品数据共享的产品结构与配置模式,以期提高定制设计的效率与敏捷性。并且探讨了从客户个性化需求到定制配置方案的定量设计模型。
面对机遇产品通过基于供应链的PDM的快速变型定制设计与制造、配送定制
武汉理工大学博士学位论文
产品有赖于对应的定制化的供应链的功能配置。作为低成本、快速地实现大规模
定制的支撑体系,必须针对机遇产品规模化定制过程中的能力需要,在供应链中
合理设置能力配置、规划职能模块,在此基础上在可供选择的合作伙伴中整合外
部资源。文章依次探讨了面向机遇产品规模化定制的供应链定制设计功能模块构
建、机遇产品大规模定制的生产定制能力模块设置以及物流子系统设置。
从机遇产品定制的特征出发,在准确把握定制生产规律的基础上制订大规模
定制生产的策略,将推、拉式供应链与延迟制造的本质结合在一起,文章提出了
在供应链中分阶段实现推拉结合的延迟定制策略,并详实地探讨了在供应链中实
施该两阶段延迟策略的具体模式和步骤。在供应链的多主体、多功能单元间实施
大规模定制连续、高效生产的关键在于生产计划的制订实施工作,一个姗Pll与
J IT集成化的推、拉结合定制流程可以有效地实现推拉式供应链的定制系统有序
运行。从规模化定制在时间和成本上的精益要求出发,为克服传统模式可能带来
的大量库存等导致成本攀升的问题,文中提出了面向定制零部件的灰色预测模
式,以弱化了供应链推式生产阶段预侧不够精确的现象,另一方面从精益的角度
考虑,提出了经济地设置供应链的相关企业的生产制造单元的能力、合理分配资
源的方法。考虑到库存以及运输在物流成本中所占的比重,文中重点探讨了物流
中心的设置方法,并根据外部环境以及供应链不断调整的运作实际,提出了一个
物流系统评价与诊断的方法以促进其不断完善。
要实现跨主体、跨阶段的供应链集成运作,通过企业内部与外部的界面集成
化地管理可以较好地实现以上目的,同时通过企业的组织模式创新,以实现一定
组织对供应链集成运作功能地结构性支持。超文本组织的构建是实现供应链节点
企业能动、灵活协作的组织保证。
要从众多的市场伙伴中根据大规模定制的供应链特性要求挑选合适的主体
企业,对目的企业的质量快速准确测评是保证供应链良性运作的重要环节,评价
是一项关键工作,快速高效地完成对目的企业的评估是供应链组建、定制响应速
度乃至供应链合作体捕捉市场机遇能力大小的决定性环节,一种基于BP神经网
络的评价方法可以较好的满足这一要求。为保证大规模定制总体目标的实现还必
须加强对组建供应链的相关合作伙伴进行管理,尤其是对供应商的管理工作,在
供应链合作企业之间保证利润与投入的对称性是合作的基础,也是最棘手的问
题。对供应链组织特性和运作机理的准确把握是实施有效控制的基础,
In 1970 an innovative idea, that products customized were manufactured as efficiently as mass production to satisfy consumers was created by Alvin Toffler, which was defined by Stan Davis as mass customization in 1987. Mass customization was accepted generally for its perfect conceptive idea and apt to become the main manufacturing trend in the new century. As the follower of mass production mass customization is companies' strategic choice when they encounter market with extremity of personal need. In theory mass customization relies on scale economics, scope economics and integration economics to meet personal need in low cost and short responding time. But in fact, it is difficult to realize this advanced manufacturing mode, in the process of mass customization many difficulties such as over-loaded information, technology constrain and resource constrain have to be overcame.Under the same kind of circumstance, a strategic organization model supply chain was chose by companies to improve their responsive capability and extend their resource availability in market. Supply chain matches strongly with mass customization and increases the possibility of mass customization for its responsive capability and resource availability. With eyes on market characteristics targeted by mass customization an establishing measurement of mixed supply chain strategy is offered in dissertation to strengthen the responsive capability and improve the efficiency in the process of mass customization. According to the supply chain position for mass customization, an executing frame with four drivers, such as agile product design, manufacture innovation, process reengineering and organization innovation is provided to support mass customization.In the process of mass customization to make decision about the choice of customized products and design the certain products are critical to the efficiency and rapidity of customizing production. The performance in designing stage determines the value and meaning of the following activities in the certain supply chain in terms of customers' recognition. It affects strongly the supply chain's efficiency because it is critical to responsive speed, production efficiency and customers' satisfaction degree. Designing opportunity products customized is a process of cooperation-involved multi-partner. In the process of customizing product multi-technology are needed while co-partners and activities are organized effectively.A multi-stage and integrated decision-making model is provided while a new product strategy is formed based on core-competence. In this circumstance to enhance the utilization of deposited design knowledge is a good choice to improve the designing efficiency. So a product structure and configuration management model based on electronic product data in supply chain is raised to increase the efficiency and agile-ability of customizing design.A quantity model from personal need to product configuration scheme is exploited for customizing design process.After opportunity product is configured based on product data management in supply chain, the process of realization this design relies on the certain function set of supply chain. In order to customize products with low cost and high speed it is necessary to configure the supply chain's functions according the customizing process
and integrate available social resource. The establishment of manufacturing and logistic function model is analyzed in the dissertation.According the manufacturing characteristics of opportunity products, a customization tactic that a push-pull supply chain integrated with postponed strategy is speculated, and how to take in effect is represented in detail. The key to manufacture continuously among multi-partner in supply chain to customize products is to plan the production carefully. A push and pull integration process with MRP II and JIT is likely to operate effectively. In order to control the customizing cost and time according market need it is necessary to decrease the inventory resulted form distorted demand i
在同样的市场背景下,供应链这种战略组织模式是企业为提高自身应对市场变化的能力和拓展资源利用途径的一种适应性选择,供应链战略的提出为大规模定制的实现提供了出路,这种战略组织模式为企业实现自身应变能力的提高的同时拓展资源利用途径提供了可能。它与大规模定制战略具有很强的耦合性,针对大规模定制所服务的市场需求的特征,文章提出了与供应链战略结合的合成供应链的构筑方法,以增强大规模定制实施过程中供应链的运作效率和响应能力。并且结合大规模定制的供应链战略定位,确定了以敏捷产品开发、制造创新、流程再造以及组织管理创新为驱动因子的实施框架。
在大规模定制的实现的诸多环节中,快速实现对定制产品的选择与定制设计是致关重要的一步,它决定了定制生产的效率与响应速度。设计阶段的工作好坏决定了整个供应链后续活动的最终价值的市场承兑情况,它从响应速度、定制制造效率以及客户需求的满足程度等多方面直接决定着服务与大规模定制的供应链的效率。纵观机遇产品的定制设计过程,不难发现,这是一个其强调合作的多伙伴、多主体共同协作的过程,要最终实现定制机遇产品的选择、设计过程的顺利开展需要良好的组织工作、多方面知识的融合、协调运用。
文章提出了面向定制的机遇产品的多阶段集合决策的方法以及基于核心能力的序列产品开发战略。在此基础上为提高定制设计的效率以及对沉淀设计知识的利用率,提出了基于供应链产品数据共享的产品结构与配置模式,以期提高定制设计的效率与敏捷性。并且探讨了从客户个性化需求到定制配置方案的定量设计模型。
面对机遇产品通过基于供应链的PDM的快速变型定制设计与制造、配送定制
武汉理工大学博士学位论文
产品有赖于对应的定制化的供应链的功能配置。作为低成本、快速地实现大规模
定制的支撑体系,必须针对机遇产品规模化定制过程中的能力需要,在供应链中
合理设置能力配置、规划职能模块,在此基础上在可供选择的合作伙伴中整合外
部资源。文章依次探讨了面向机遇产品规模化定制的供应链定制设计功能模块构
建、机遇产品大规模定制的生产定制能力模块设置以及物流子系统设置。
从机遇产品定制的特征出发,在准确把握定制生产规律的基础上制订大规模
定制生产的策略,将推、拉式供应链与延迟制造的本质结合在一起,文章提出了
在供应链中分阶段实现推拉结合的延迟定制策略,并详实地探讨了在供应链中实
施该两阶段延迟策略的具体模式和步骤。在供应链的多主体、多功能单元间实施
大规模定制连续、高效生产的关键在于生产计划的制订实施工作,一个姗Pll与
J IT集成化的推、拉结合定制流程可以有效地实现推拉式供应链的定制系统有序
运行。从规模化定制在时间和成本上的精益要求出发,为克服传统模式可能带来
的大量库存等导致成本攀升的问题,文中提出了面向定制零部件的灰色预测模
式,以弱化了供应链推式生产阶段预侧不够精确的现象,另一方面从精益的角度
考虑,提出了经济地设置供应链的相关企业的生产制造单元的能力、合理分配资
源的方法。考虑到库存以及运输在物流成本中所占的比重,文中重点探讨了物流
中心的设置方法,并根据外部环境以及供应链不断调整的运作实际,提出了一个
物流系统评价与诊断的方法以促进其不断完善。
要实现跨主体、跨阶段的供应链集成运作,通过企业内部与外部的界面集成
化地管理可以较好地实现以上目的,同时通过企业的组织模式创新,以实现一定
组织对供应链集成运作功能地结构性支持。超文本组织的构建是实现供应链节点
企业能动、灵活协作的组织保证。
要从众多的市场伙伴中根据大规模定制的供应链特性要求挑选合适的主体
企业,对目的企业的质量快速准确测评是保证供应链良性运作的重要环节,评价
是一项关键工作,快速高效地完成对目的企业的评估是供应链组建、定制响应速
度乃至供应链合作体捕捉市场机遇能力大小的决定性环节,一种基于BP神经网
络的评价方法可以较好的满足这一要求。为保证大规模定制总体目标的实现还必
须加强对组建供应链的相关合作伙伴进行管理,尤其是对供应商的管理工作,在
供应链合作企业之间保证利润与投入的对称性是合作的基础,也是最棘手的问
题。对供应链组织特性和运作机理的准确把握是实施有效控制的基础,
In 1970 an innovative idea, that products customized were manufactured as efficiently as mass production to satisfy consumers was created by Alvin Toffler, which was defined by Stan Davis as mass customization in 1987. Mass customization was accepted generally for its perfect conceptive idea and apt to become the main manufacturing trend in the new century. As the follower of mass production mass customization is companies' strategic choice when they encounter market with extremity of personal need. In theory mass customization relies on scale economics, scope economics and integration economics to meet personal need in low cost and short responding time. But in fact, it is difficult to realize this advanced manufacturing mode, in the process of mass customization many difficulties such as over-loaded information, technology constrain and resource constrain have to be overcame.Under the same kind of circumstance, a strategic organization model supply chain was chose by companies to improve their responsive capability and extend their resource availability in market. Supply chain matches strongly with mass customization and increases the possibility of mass customization for its responsive capability and resource availability. With eyes on market characteristics targeted by mass customization an establishing measurement of mixed supply chain strategy is offered in dissertation to strengthen the responsive capability and improve the efficiency in the process of mass customization. According to the supply chain position for mass customization, an executing frame with four drivers, such as agile product design, manufacture innovation, process reengineering and organization innovation is provided to support mass customization.In the process of mass customization to make decision about the choice of customized products and design the certain products are critical to the efficiency and rapidity of customizing production. The performance in designing stage determines the value and meaning of the following activities in the certain supply chain in terms of customers' recognition. It affects strongly the supply chain's efficiency because it is critical to responsive speed, production efficiency and customers' satisfaction degree. Designing opportunity products customized is a process of cooperation-involved multi-partner. In the process of customizing product multi-technology are needed while co-partners and activities are organized effectively.A multi-stage and integrated decision-making model is provided while a new product strategy is formed based on core-competence. In this circumstance to enhance the utilization of deposited design knowledge is a good choice to improve the designing efficiency. So a product structure and configuration management model based on electronic product data in supply chain is raised to increase the efficiency and agile-ability of customizing design.A quantity model from personal need to product configuration scheme is exploited for customizing design process.After opportunity product is configured based on product data management in supply chain, the process of realization this design relies on the certain function set of supply chain. In order to customize products with low cost and high speed it is necessary to configure the supply chain's functions according the customizing process
and integrate available social resource. The establishment of manufacturing and logistic function model is analyzed in the dissertation.According the manufacturing characteristics of opportunity products, a customization tactic that a push-pull supply chain integrated with postponed strategy is speculated, and how to take in effect is represented in detail. The key to manufacture continuously among multi-partner in supply chain to customize products is to plan the production carefully. A push and pull integration process with MRP II and JIT is likely to operate effectively. In order to control the customizing cost and time according market need it is necessary to decrease the inventory resulted form distorted demand i
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