不确定因素下供应链中库存和安全库存的研究
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摘要
供应链管理最早从物流管理演变而来,随着全球化经济发展的大趋势形成,企业管理已经不仅在于物流和资金流,企业关系管理更多体现在广义上的信息沟通,进而达到企业间的大范围、深层次合作与共赢,其间产生的各种矛盾与协调问题困扰着企业界,也引发了学术界的研究热潮。本文就供应链系统面对最终市场的不确定性需求情况,其中的库存问题和安全库存及协调策略做了一些工作。
本文的主要工作如下：
1.讨论了供应链概念和供应链管理概念,以及供应链组织的合作方式,并从系统论的观点讨论若干供应链中的协调问题。
2.总结了供应链管理中的不确定性的表现及原因,回顾了库存管理的思想和方法,综述了前人在供应链库存成本方面的研究成果,讨论了供应链协调对库存问题的影响。
3.分析了安全库存的概念及影响因素,在供应链系统集成的基础上设置必要的安全库存,通过对供应链及其目标和供应链库存管理目标的了解,找出供应链不确定性产生的原因及其与安全库存之间的关系,再通过模型对在供应链系统集成基础上的安全库存进行具体研究。
4.最后研究了随机需求环境下并允许缺货条件下的两种服务水平的概念和其间的关系,分析了安全库存在成本最小目标下的搜索算法,分别针对晚交货情况和损失销售情况作了分析,得出了不确定需求条件下安全库存的优选策略。
最后,结合供应链管理中的实际情况,阐明了在管理实践中应注意的问题。
本文分析供应链管理中的安全库存问题,在供给和需求变化的情况下,安全库存是如何提高供应链的产品供给能力的；产品供给的各种方法,以及管理人员如何确定安全库存水平、确保理想的产品供给水平；管理人员会采取什么措施,来减少必需的安全库存量,同时维持甚至提高产品供给能力。可以说,供应链管理中好的库存管理是现代企业管理中的重要一环,也是企业提高利润,提升经济效益的关键,所以研究供应链中库存管理问题有着重要的现实意义。
Supply chain management came from classical logistic problems.With the trend of global economic developing coming into being,enterprise management is not limited to logistic and financing management.The relation of enterprises is materialized to communicate information in broad sense,and achieve cooperation and win-win results.But many contradiction produced,coordination is needed.This brought up a tideway of research in academe.In this dissertation,some coordination policy about inventory control was investigated,which was described under random demand.
The main content is as follows:
l.The concepts of supply chain and supply chain management were demonstrated and some coordinate problem in it were instituted from point of view of systematic theory.
2.The performance and causation of uncertainty in supply chain management were summarized,and then the ideas and methods of inventory management were reviewed.Some of the former research work on the cost of inventory in supply chain were summarized,in succession,the impact on inventory problem from coordination of partners in supply chain was discussed.
3. Analyses the concept and the safety stock influence factors.To solve the problem relys on setting up the essential security on the basis of supply chain system integration.This paper briefly introduces chain and supply chain stock management.It analyses the uncertainty of chain products and the relantionship between safe stocks.
4.Finally the random demands environment and the allowable stock-out conditions of two kinds of service level of concepts and their relationship, analyzed the safety stock in the cost of search algorithm under minimum target for late delivery respectively, and the loss of sales for analysis, we can get the uncertain demand conditions safety stock selection strategy
Finally, combined with the actual situation, supply chain management in the business management practice illustrates the problems that should be paid attention to.
This paper analysis the security of supply chain management, inventory problem in supply and demand change, safety stock is how to improve the ability to supply the products supply chain; Product supplies various methods and management personnel how to determine the safety stock level, ensure the ideal product supply level; Managers will take what measure, to reduce the necessary safety stock, while simultaneously maintaining even improve product supply capacity, supply chain management in good inventory management is the modern enterprise management, but also an important part of enterprise increase profits, promote the economic benefits, so the study of key supply chain inventory management problem has important practical significance.
本文的主要工作如下：
1.讨论了供应链概念和供应链管理概念,以及供应链组织的合作方式,并从系统论的观点讨论若干供应链中的协调问题。
2.总结了供应链管理中的不确定性的表现及原因,回顾了库存管理的思想和方法,综述了前人在供应链库存成本方面的研究成果,讨论了供应链协调对库存问题的影响。
3.分析了安全库存的概念及影响因素,在供应链系统集成的基础上设置必要的安全库存,通过对供应链及其目标和供应链库存管理目标的了解,找出供应链不确定性产生的原因及其与安全库存之间的关系,再通过模型对在供应链系统集成基础上的安全库存进行具体研究。
4.最后研究了随机需求环境下并允许缺货条件下的两种服务水平的概念和其间的关系,分析了安全库存在成本最小目标下的搜索算法,分别针对晚交货情况和损失销售情况作了分析,得出了不确定需求条件下安全库存的优选策略。
最后,结合供应链管理中的实际情况,阐明了在管理实践中应注意的问题。
本文分析供应链管理中的安全库存问题,在供给和需求变化的情况下,安全库存是如何提高供应链的产品供给能力的；产品供给的各种方法,以及管理人员如何确定安全库存水平、确保理想的产品供给水平；管理人员会采取什么措施,来减少必需的安全库存量,同时维持甚至提高产品供给能力。可以说,供应链管理中好的库存管理是现代企业管理中的重要一环,也是企业提高利润,提升经济效益的关键,所以研究供应链中库存管理问题有着重要的现实意义。
Supply chain management came from classical logistic problems.With the trend of global economic developing coming into being,enterprise management is not limited to logistic and financing management.The relation of enterprises is materialized to communicate information in broad sense,and achieve cooperation and win-win results.But many contradiction produced,coordination is needed.This brought up a tideway of research in academe.In this dissertation,some coordination policy about inventory control was investigated,which was described under random demand.
The main content is as follows:
l.The concepts of supply chain and supply chain management were demonstrated and some coordinate problem in it were instituted from point of view of systematic theory.
2.The performance and causation of uncertainty in supply chain management were summarized,and then the ideas and methods of inventory management were reviewed.Some of the former research work on the cost of inventory in supply chain were summarized,in succession,the impact on inventory problem from coordination of partners in supply chain was discussed.
3. Analyses the concept and the safety stock influence factors.To solve the problem relys on setting up the essential security on the basis of supply chain system integration.This paper briefly introduces chain and supply chain stock management.It analyses the uncertainty of chain products and the relantionship between safe stocks.
4.Finally the random demands environment and the allowable stock-out conditions of two kinds of service level of concepts and their relationship, analyzed the safety stock in the cost of search algorithm under minimum target for late delivery respectively, and the loss of sales for analysis, we can get the uncertain demand conditions safety stock selection strategy
Finally, combined with the actual situation, supply chain management in the business management practice illustrates the problems that should be paid attention to.
This paper analysis the security of supply chain management, inventory problem in supply and demand change, safety stock is how to improve the ability to supply the products supply chain; Product supplies various methods and management personnel how to determine the safety stock level, ensure the ideal product supply level; Managers will take what measure, to reduce the necessary safety stock, while simultaneously maintaining even improve product supply capacity, supply chain management in good inventory management is the modern enterprise management, but also an important part of enterprise increase profits, promote the economic benefits, so the study of key supply chain inventory management problem has important practical significance.
引文
[1]《物流术语》GB/T 18354-2001修订本2001
[2]Sunil Chopra, Peter Meindl廖理主编《供应链管理——战略、规划与运营》社会科学文献出版社,2003年2月第一版4-5页
[3]Richard B.Chase,Nicholas J.Aquilano,F.Robert Jacobs宋国防等译,生产与运作管理制造与服务,机械工业出版社,1999
[4]Chase,Aquilano,Jacobs.Operations Management for Competitive Advantage.The McGraw-Hill Com panies INC.
[5]Edvard A.Silver,David F.Pyke,Rein Peterson.Inventory Management and Production Planning and Scheduling.Third Edition.JOHN WILLY&SONS
[6]Yano,C.A.and Carlson,R.C.,1987,Interaction between frequency of rescheduling and the role of sa fety stock in material requirements planning systems,International Journal of Production Research,V ol.24,No.2,221-232
[7]Carlson,R.C.and Yano,C.A,1986,Safety Stocks in MRP-Systems with Emergency Setups for Com ponents,Management Science,Vol.32,No.4,403-412
[8]Whybark,D.C.and Williams,J.G.,1976,Material Requirements Planning Under Uncertainty,Decision Sciences, Vol.7,No.4,595-606
[9]De Bodt,M.A.and Wassenhove,L.V.,1983,Lot sizes and safety stocks in MRP:a case study,Production and Inventory Management,First Quarter,1-16.
[10]Sridharan,V.and LaForge,R.L.,1989,The Impact of Safety Stock on Schedule Instability,Cost and Service,Journal of Operations Management, Vol.8,No.4,327-347
[11]吴振宇、刘沃野、杨石军,企业库存问题研究—离散事件的动态模拟,数理统计与管理,数理统计与管理1994年02期,pp.14-18
[12]隋明刚,魏嶷,综述：供应链库存成本研究的现状及其发展趋势,物流技术,2000年05期28－32
[13]Silver,E.A.and Meal,H.C.,A heuristic for selecting lot-sizing quantities for the case of determini stic time varying demand rate and discrete opportunities for replenishment.Production and inventory management.1973,14(2):64-74
[14]Graves,S.C.,Multistage lot-sizing:An iterative procedure.In Schwartz,L.B.(Ed.),Multi-level Product ion/Inventory Control System:Theory and Practice.North Holland,New York and Amsterdam,1981,Ch apter 4.
[15]Blackburn,J.D.and Millen,R.A.,1982a,Improved heuristics for multi-stage requirements planning s ystems.Management Science,28(1),44-56.
[16]Blackburn,J.D.and Millen,R.A,1982a,The impact of a rolling schedule in a multilevel MRP syst em.Journal of Operations Management,2(2),125-135.
[17]Veral,E.A.and La Forge,R.L.,The performance of a simple incrementa lot-sizing rule in a multi-level inventory environment.Decision science,1985,16(1):57-72
[18]Bookbinder,J.H.,Koch,L.A.Production planning for mixedassembly/arborescent systems.Journal of Operations Management,1990.9:7-23.
[19]Roundy,R.O..Efficient,effective lot sizing for multistage production systems Operations Research, 1993,41:371-385.
[20]Zhao,X.,Lee,T.S.,Chang,P.and Adam,E.E.Jr.Lot-Sizing Rules and Forecasting Error in Multiple-St age Production-Inventory Systems.Journal of the Chinese Institute of Industrial Engineering,Vol.12,N 0.4,1995,271-279.
[21]Lagodimos,A.G.and Edward James Anderson.Optimal positioning of safety stocks MRP.Internati onal Journal of Production Research,Vol 31(1993):1797-1814.
[22]W.HENK M.ZIJM&GJ.van Houtum.On multi-stage production/inventory systems under stochasti c demand.International Journal of Production Economics.35:391-400.
[23]Erenguc,S.Selcuk;Simpson,N.C.;Vakharia,AsooJ.Integratedproduction/distribution planning in suppl y chains:An invited review.European Journal of Operational Research.1999,115(2):219-236
[24]Axs?ter,Sven;Zhang,Wen-Fa.A joint replenishment policy for multi-echelon inventory control.Inte rnationa Journal of Production Economics,1999,Volume:59,Issue:1-3,pp.243-250
[25]Dekker,R.;Kleijn,M.J.;de Kok,A.G.The break quantity rule's effect on inventory costs in a 1-war ehouse,N-retailers distribution system.International Journal of Production Economics,1998,Volume:56-57,pp.61-68
[26]Axster,Sven.Approximate evaluation of batch ordering policies for a one-warehouse N non-ident ical retailer systems under compound Poisson demand Naval Research Logistics,1995.42:807-891.
[27]Williams,J.F.,Heuristic techniques for simultaneous scheduling of production and distribution in multi-echelon inventory structures:Theory and empirica comparisons.Management Science 27:336-35 2.
[28]Lee,L.L.,Billington,C.,1995.The evolution of supply chain managemen models and practice at H ewlett-Packard.INTERFACES 25(5),42-63.
[29]Van Houtum,G.J.;Inderfurth,K.;Zijm,W.H.M.Materials coordination in stochastic multi-echelon sys tems.
[30]Federgruen,A.andZipkin,P.,Approximationsofdynamic,Multilocation production and inventory probl emsManagement Science,1984,30:69-84
[31]Lee H.L,Padmanabhan V.,Whang S.The bullwhip effect in supply chain.Sloan Management Rev iew,1997,38(4):93-102
[32]Lee,H.,Padmanabhan,P.,Whang,S.,1997b.Information distortion in a supply chain:the bullwhip eff ect.Management Science 43(4),546-558
[33]Metters,Richard.Quantifying the bullwhip effect in supply chains.Journal of Operations Manage ment Volume:15,Issue:2,May,1997,pp.89-100
[34]Chen,F.,Drezner,Z.,Ryan,J.K.,Simchi-Levi,D.,2000.Quantifying the bullwhip effect in a simple su pplychain:the impact of forecasting,lead times and information.Management Science 46(3),436-443.
[35]陈安刘鲁,供应链管理问题的研究现状及挑战,系统工程学报.2000,15(2)：179－186
[36]赵树军,供应链上的不确定因素与库存[J],物流技术,2002(118)7：10-11
[37]M.Wisniewski,C.Jones,K.Kristenses,H.Madsen,P.Ostergaard,Does anyone use the techniques we te achOR Insight 7(2)(1994)PP.2-7
[38]Yano,C.A.and Carlson,R.C.,Interaction between frequency of rescheduling and the role osafety s tock in material requirements planning systems,International Journal of ProductionResearch,1987,24 (2):221-232
[39]Carlson,R.C.and Yano,C.A.,Safety Stocks in MRP-Systems with Emergency Setups for Compon ents,Management Science,1986,32(4):403-412
[40]Whybark,D.C.and Williams,J.G.,Material Requirements Planning Under Uncertainty,Decision Scie nces,1976,7(4):595-606
[41]Blackburn,J.D.,Kro,D.H.,and Millen,R.A.,A Comparison of Strategies to Dampen Nervousness i n MRP Systems,Management Science,1986,32(4):413-429
[42]Karl Inderfouth,Stefan Minner.,Safety stocks in mul-stage inventory systems under different serv ice measures,European Journal of Operational Research,1998,106:57-73.
[43]Richard B.Chase,Nicholas J.Aquilano,F.Robert Jacobs.宋国防等译，生产与运作管理制造与服务， 机械工业出版社,1999
[44]陈荣秋、马士华,生产与运作管理,高等教育出版社,1999
[2]Sunil Chopra, Peter Meindl廖理主编《供应链管理——战略、规划与运营》社会科学文献出版社,2003年2月第一版4-5页
[3]Richard B.Chase,Nicholas J.Aquilano,F.Robert Jacobs宋国防等译,生产与运作管理制造与服务,机械工业出版社,1999
[4]Chase,Aquilano,Jacobs.Operations Management for Competitive Advantage.The McGraw-Hill Com panies INC.
[5]Edvard A.Silver,David F.Pyke,Rein Peterson.Inventory Management and Production Planning and Scheduling.Third Edition.JOHN WILLY&SONS
[6]Yano,C.A.and Carlson,R.C.,1987,Interaction between frequency of rescheduling and the role of sa fety stock in material requirements planning systems,International Journal of Production Research,V ol.24,No.2,221-232
[7]Carlson,R.C.and Yano,C.A,1986,Safety Stocks in MRP-Systems with Emergency Setups for Com ponents,Management Science,Vol.32,No.4,403-412
[8]Whybark,D.C.and Williams,J.G.,1976,Material Requirements Planning Under Uncertainty,Decision Sciences, Vol.7,No.4,595-606
[9]De Bodt,M.A.and Wassenhove,L.V.,1983,Lot sizes and safety stocks in MRP:a case study,Production and Inventory Management,First Quarter,1-16.
[10]Sridharan,V.and LaForge,R.L.,1989,The Impact of Safety Stock on Schedule Instability,Cost and Service,Journal of Operations Management, Vol.8,No.4,327-347
[11]吴振宇、刘沃野、杨石军,企业库存问题研究—离散事件的动态模拟,数理统计与管理,数理统计与管理1994年02期,pp.14-18
[12]隋明刚,魏嶷,综述：供应链库存成本研究的现状及其发展趋势,物流技术,2000年05期28－32
[13]Silver,E.A.and Meal,H.C.,A heuristic for selecting lot-sizing quantities for the case of determini stic time varying demand rate and discrete opportunities for replenishment.Production and inventory management.1973,14(2):64-74
[14]Graves,S.C.,Multistage lot-sizing:An iterative procedure.In Schwartz,L.B.(Ed.),Multi-level Product ion/Inventory Control System:Theory and Practice.North Holland,New York and Amsterdam,1981,Ch apter 4.
[15]Blackburn,J.D.and Millen,R.A.,1982a,Improved heuristics for multi-stage requirements planning s ystems.Management Science,28(1),44-56.
[16]Blackburn,J.D.and Millen,R.A,1982a,The impact of a rolling schedule in a multilevel MRP syst em.Journal of Operations Management,2(2),125-135.
[17]Veral,E.A.and La Forge,R.L.,The performance of a simple incrementa lot-sizing rule in a multi-level inventory environment.Decision science,1985,16(1):57-72
[18]Bookbinder,J.H.,Koch,L.A.Production planning for mixedassembly/arborescent systems.Journal of Operations Management,1990.9:7-23.
[19]Roundy,R.O..Efficient,effective lot sizing for multistage production systems Operations Research, 1993,41:371-385.
[20]Zhao,X.,Lee,T.S.,Chang,P.and Adam,E.E.Jr.Lot-Sizing Rules and Forecasting Error in Multiple-St age Production-Inventory Systems.Journal of the Chinese Institute of Industrial Engineering,Vol.12,N 0.4,1995,271-279.
[21]Lagodimos,A.G.and Edward James Anderson.Optimal positioning of safety stocks MRP.Internati onal Journal of Production Research,Vol 31(1993):1797-1814.
[22]W.HENK M.ZIJM&GJ.van Houtum.On multi-stage production/inventory systems under stochasti c demand.International Journal of Production Economics.35:391-400.
[23]Erenguc,S.Selcuk;Simpson,N.C.;Vakharia,AsooJ.Integratedproduction/distribution planning in suppl y chains:An invited review.European Journal of Operational Research.1999,115(2):219-236
[24]Axs?ter,Sven;Zhang,Wen-Fa.A joint replenishment policy for multi-echelon inventory control.Inte rnationa Journal of Production Economics,1999,Volume:59,Issue:1-3,pp.243-250
[25]Dekker,R.;Kleijn,M.J.;de Kok,A.G.The break quantity rule's effect on inventory costs in a 1-war ehouse,N-retailers distribution system.International Journal of Production Economics,1998,Volume:56-57,pp.61-68
[26]Axster,Sven.Approximate evaluation of batch ordering policies for a one-warehouse N non-ident ical retailer systems under compound Poisson demand Naval Research Logistics,1995.42:807-891.
[27]Williams,J.F.,Heuristic techniques for simultaneous scheduling of production and distribution in multi-echelon inventory structures:Theory and empirica comparisons.Management Science 27:336-35 2.
[28]Lee,L.L.,Billington,C.,1995.The evolution of supply chain managemen models and practice at H ewlett-Packard.INTERFACES 25(5),42-63.
[29]Van Houtum,G.J.;Inderfurth,K.;Zijm,W.H.M.Materials coordination in stochastic multi-echelon sys tems.
[30]Federgruen,A.andZipkin,P.,Approximationsofdynamic,Multilocation production and inventory probl emsManagement Science,1984,30:69-84
[31]Lee H.L,Padmanabhan V.,Whang S.The bullwhip effect in supply chain.Sloan Management Rev iew,1997,38(4):93-102
[32]Lee,H.,Padmanabhan,P.,Whang,S.,1997b.Information distortion in a supply chain:the bullwhip eff ect.Management Science 43(4),546-558
[33]Metters,Richard.Quantifying the bullwhip effect in supply chains.Journal of Operations Manage ment Volume:15,Issue:2,May,1997,pp.89-100
[34]Chen,F.,Drezner,Z.,Ryan,J.K.,Simchi-Levi,D.,2000.Quantifying the bullwhip effect in a simple su pplychain:the impact of forecasting,lead times and information.Management Science 46(3),436-443.
[35]陈安刘鲁,供应链管理问题的研究现状及挑战,系统工程学报.2000,15(2)：179－186
[36]赵树军,供应链上的不确定因素与库存[J],物流技术,2002(118)7：10-11
[37]M.Wisniewski,C.Jones,K.Kristenses,H.Madsen,P.Ostergaard,Does anyone use the techniques we te achOR Insight 7(2)(1994)PP.2-7
[38]Yano,C.A.and Carlson,R.C.,Interaction between frequency of rescheduling and the role osafety s tock in material requirements planning systems,International Journal of ProductionResearch,1987,24 (2):221-232
[39]Carlson,R.C.and Yano,C.A.,Safety Stocks in MRP-Systems with Emergency Setups for Compon ents,Management Science,1986,32(4):403-412
[40]Whybark,D.C.and Williams,J.G.,Material Requirements Planning Under Uncertainty,Decision Scie nces,1976,7(4):595-606
[41]Blackburn,J.D.,Kro,D.H.,and Millen,R.A.,A Comparison of Strategies to Dampen Nervousness i n MRP Systems,Management Science,1986,32(4):413-429
[42]Karl Inderfouth,Stefan Minner.,Safety stocks in mul-stage inventory systems under different serv ice measures,European Journal of Operational Research,1998,106:57-73.
[43]Richard B.Chase,Nicholas J.Aquilano,F.Robert Jacobs.宋国防等译，生产与运作管理制造与服务， 机械工业出版社,1999
[44]陈荣秋、马士华,生产与运作管理,高等教育出版社,1999