高层管理者管理工作研究
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摘要
本文以企业高层管理者为研究对象,通过对现有文献的综合梳理,分析了其中的前提假设、研究过程、研究结论及相互矛盾之处,再以定性研究和定量研究相结合的方法,对管理工作进行了扎根理论研究,提出了高层管理者的管理工作行为类型和管理认知模式。在对管理工作类型和认知模式进行因子分析与内容效度检验的基础上,从个体、组织和环境三个方面分析了它们对管理工作行为的影响,并对管理工作行为对职业成就和组织绩效的作用机理进行了实证性研究论证。
下面分别就本研究解决的三个主要问题、所采用的实证方法和研究结果进行简要说明:
首先,对高层管理者的管理工作内容进行了研究,形成了管理工作行为类型和管理认知模式。本文在回顾相关文献的基础上,通过半结构化问卷、数据编码和内容分析,提出了高层管理者管理工作的12种活动类型和3种管理认知模式。经过深入访谈,对管理工作类型和认知模式进行了内容效度检验。在将提出的管理工作类型与西方研究结果的比较分析中,发现了高层管理者管理工作在内容和时间分配上的典型特征。在此基础上,本文开发了管理工作测量量表,并通过预试问卷,进行了探索性因子分析和内部一致性检验,进一步确认了管理工作类型和认知模式的有效性。
其次,探索了管理工作的影响因素。本文将管理者个人、组织和环境三方面的变量进行综合考虑,探讨了所有制、管理层级和职能、环境不确定性对管理工作行为的影响作用。尤其是,将所有制和环境不确定性两个变量考虑其中,更为全面地揭示了管理工作行为的影响因素。在研究方法方面,由于所有制、管理层级和职能为分类数据,数据的起始点不确定,各分类数据之间的关系比较模糊,对变量分析和比较存在一定的障碍。本文通过将这些分类数据变量转化为哑变量的方式,通过STATA10.0(SE版)统计软件,将其与管理工作行为进行了回归分析,提出的研究假设得到了验证。
最后,研究了管理工作对职业成就和组织绩效的影响。目前对高层管理者的研究主要着重于其领导行为研究,领导行为和组织绩效关系的研究已成为研究者关注的焦点,但是鲜见管理行为对组织绩效影响的相关研究。高层管理者兼具领导行为和管理行为,并且是二者有机结合的体现。本文从高层管理者的管理工作行为入手,将管理工作的5个因子维度与组织的产品绩效、管理绩效和财务绩效进行了多层回归分析,揭示了高层管理者的管理工作行为对组织绩效的作用。同时,将管理工作行为对管理者职业成就的影响进行了研究,并与西方的研究结果进行了比较,发现二者既有相同之处又存在着差异。此外,本文还探讨了管理认知模式对组织绩效的影响作用,实证数据显示,兼顾组织内外部的认知模式能够显著影响组织绩效。
本研究的主要创新点在于:(1)对中国高层管理者的管理工作内容进行了基础性研究,提出了12种管理工作类型和3种管理认知模式,形成了管理工作类型和管理认知模式的基础理论范式,并通过因子分析和内容效度检验,确认了类型和模式的有效性。(2)从个人、组织和环境角度对管理工作行为的影响因素进行了综合研究,从而对高层管理者管理工作行为差异的原因进行了较为全面的解释。(3)研究了高层管理者的管理工作行为和认知模式对管理者职业成就和组织绩效的影响,揭示了高层管理者的管理行为和认知模式对其个人和组织结果变量的作用。
This article explores managerial work of senior managers using grounded theory method. Combining qualitative and quantitative studies, the present article identifies and categorizes managerial work activities and cognitive models used by senior managers regarding the nature of their work, which can potentially open new avenues for future research. After exploratory factor analysis and content validity test, this paper also proposes the antecedent variables of managerial work from individual, organization and environment perspectives, then, taking an empirical research examining the influence mechanism of managerial work on career achievement and organizational performance.
Explanations for three major research questions, empirical method and research findings are as below.
First of all, the present article produces managerial work patterns and cognitive models. Based on literature review, the paper establishes 12 managerial work patterns and 3 cognitive models through semi-structured survey, data coding and content analysis. Content validity of work patterns and cognitive models is tested by interview. Compared to Western findings, this article addresses unique dimensions on managerial work content and time distribution. The article further develops managerial work questionnaire and confirms the validity and reliability of managerial work study.
Secondary, the article explores the antecedent variables of managerial work from individual, organization and environment perspectives. Ownership, position, function and environment uncertainty are used to test the effects on managerial work. This study adopts regression analysis to examine the impacts of the antecedent model by STATA 10.0(SE version) software because antecedent variables are category variables such as ownership, position and functin. The hypotheses of antecedence have been confirmed.
Finally, the article explores the effects of managerial work on career achievement and organizational performance. In present, the executive research is focusing on executive leadership behavior which has flourished some important theories in the relationship of leadership behavior and organizational performance. There is few studies has been taken on the relationship of managerial work behavior and organizational performance. The senior managers are an integrated identity of both leadership behavior and managerial behavior. The present article explores the influence by using 5 dimensions of managerial work on product performance, managerial performance and financial performance regarding to the organization. Meanwhile, the article also analyzes the influence of managerial work on career achievement comparing the research results with existed Western findings. The impact of cognitive models on organizational performance has also been checked empirically. The results show that internal-external cognitive model has significant impact on organizational performance.
The contributions of this article mainly concentrated on the following three aspects: (1) This study is a basic research on managerial work in the Chinese context. On the basic logic of analysis on managerial work and internal assumptions, this study brings out 12 managerial work behaviors and 3 cognitive models and establishes a clear definition and interpretation examples for the patterns of managerial work and cognitive models. EFA and content validity already confirms the effectiveness of both of it. (2) This study explores the antecedent variables from individual, organization and environment perspectives, better interpreting the differences of senior managers' behavior. (3) This study also explores the influence of managerial work behavior and cognitive models on career achievement and organizational performance.
下面分别就本研究解决的三个主要问题、所采用的实证方法和研究结果进行简要说明:
首先,对高层管理者的管理工作内容进行了研究,形成了管理工作行为类型和管理认知模式。本文在回顾相关文献的基础上,通过半结构化问卷、数据编码和内容分析,提出了高层管理者管理工作的12种活动类型和3种管理认知模式。经过深入访谈,对管理工作类型和认知模式进行了内容效度检验。在将提出的管理工作类型与西方研究结果的比较分析中,发现了高层管理者管理工作在内容和时间分配上的典型特征。在此基础上,本文开发了管理工作测量量表,并通过预试问卷,进行了探索性因子分析和内部一致性检验,进一步确认了管理工作类型和认知模式的有效性。
其次,探索了管理工作的影响因素。本文将管理者个人、组织和环境三方面的变量进行综合考虑,探讨了所有制、管理层级和职能、环境不确定性对管理工作行为的影响作用。尤其是,将所有制和环境不确定性两个变量考虑其中,更为全面地揭示了管理工作行为的影响因素。在研究方法方面,由于所有制、管理层级和职能为分类数据,数据的起始点不确定,各分类数据之间的关系比较模糊,对变量分析和比较存在一定的障碍。本文通过将这些分类数据变量转化为哑变量的方式,通过STATA10.0(SE版)统计软件,将其与管理工作行为进行了回归分析,提出的研究假设得到了验证。
最后,研究了管理工作对职业成就和组织绩效的影响。目前对高层管理者的研究主要着重于其领导行为研究,领导行为和组织绩效关系的研究已成为研究者关注的焦点,但是鲜见管理行为对组织绩效影响的相关研究。高层管理者兼具领导行为和管理行为,并且是二者有机结合的体现。本文从高层管理者的管理工作行为入手,将管理工作的5个因子维度与组织的产品绩效、管理绩效和财务绩效进行了多层回归分析,揭示了高层管理者的管理工作行为对组织绩效的作用。同时,将管理工作行为对管理者职业成就的影响进行了研究,并与西方的研究结果进行了比较,发现二者既有相同之处又存在着差异。此外,本文还探讨了管理认知模式对组织绩效的影响作用,实证数据显示,兼顾组织内外部的认知模式能够显著影响组织绩效。
本研究的主要创新点在于:(1)对中国高层管理者的管理工作内容进行了基础性研究,提出了12种管理工作类型和3种管理认知模式,形成了管理工作类型和管理认知模式的基础理论范式,并通过因子分析和内容效度检验,确认了类型和模式的有效性。(2)从个人、组织和环境角度对管理工作行为的影响因素进行了综合研究,从而对高层管理者管理工作行为差异的原因进行了较为全面的解释。(3)研究了高层管理者的管理工作行为和认知模式对管理者职业成就和组织绩效的影响,揭示了高层管理者的管理行为和认知模式对其个人和组织结果变量的作用。
This article explores managerial work of senior managers using grounded theory method. Combining qualitative and quantitative studies, the present article identifies and categorizes managerial work activities and cognitive models used by senior managers regarding the nature of their work, which can potentially open new avenues for future research. After exploratory factor analysis and content validity test, this paper also proposes the antecedent variables of managerial work from individual, organization and environment perspectives, then, taking an empirical research examining the influence mechanism of managerial work on career achievement and organizational performance.
Explanations for three major research questions, empirical method and research findings are as below.
First of all, the present article produces managerial work patterns and cognitive models. Based on literature review, the paper establishes 12 managerial work patterns and 3 cognitive models through semi-structured survey, data coding and content analysis. Content validity of work patterns and cognitive models is tested by interview. Compared to Western findings, this article addresses unique dimensions on managerial work content and time distribution. The article further develops managerial work questionnaire and confirms the validity and reliability of managerial work study.
Secondary, the article explores the antecedent variables of managerial work from individual, organization and environment perspectives. Ownership, position, function and environment uncertainty are used to test the effects on managerial work. This study adopts regression analysis to examine the impacts of the antecedent model by STATA 10.0(SE version) software because antecedent variables are category variables such as ownership, position and functin. The hypotheses of antecedence have been confirmed.
Finally, the article explores the effects of managerial work on career achievement and organizational performance. In present, the executive research is focusing on executive leadership behavior which has flourished some important theories in the relationship of leadership behavior and organizational performance. There is few studies has been taken on the relationship of managerial work behavior and organizational performance. The senior managers are an integrated identity of both leadership behavior and managerial behavior. The present article explores the influence by using 5 dimensions of managerial work on product performance, managerial performance and financial performance regarding to the organization. Meanwhile, the article also analyzes the influence of managerial work on career achievement comparing the research results with existed Western findings. The impact of cognitive models on organizational performance has also been checked empirically. The results show that internal-external cognitive model has significant impact on organizational performance.
The contributions of this article mainly concentrated on the following three aspects: (1) This study is a basic research on managerial work in the Chinese context. On the basic logic of analysis on managerial work and internal assumptions, this study brings out 12 managerial work behaviors and 3 cognitive models and establishes a clear definition and interpretation examples for the patterns of managerial work and cognitive models. EFA and content validity already confirms the effectiveness of both of it. (2) This study explores the antecedent variables from individual, organization and environment perspectives, better interpreting the differences of senior managers' behavior. (3) This study also explores the influence of managerial work behavior and cognitive models on career achievement and organizational performance.
引文
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