大菱鲆及半滑舌鳎蛋白质营养生理研究

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英文题名：The Study on Protein Nutrition Physiology of Turbot, Scophthalmus Maximus Linnaeus and Half-Smooth Tongue-Sole, Cynoglossus Semilaevis Gunther 作者：刘兴旺 论文级别：博士 学科专业名称：水生生物 中文关键词：大菱鲆 ; 半滑舌鳎 ; 蛋白质 ; 蛋能比 ; 大豆浓缩蛋白 ; 玉米蛋白粉 ; 牛磺酸 英文关键词：Turbot ; Half-Smooth Tongue-Sole ; protein ; protein ; energy ratios ; soy protein concentrate ; corn protein meal ; taurine 学位年度：2010 导师：麦康森 学科代码：071004 学位授予单位：中国海洋大学 论文提交日期：2010-04-01

摘要

本文选择我国重要的海水养殖品种大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus Linnaeus)及半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis Gunther)为研究对象,在室内养殖系统中进行摄食生长实验,探讨饲料中蛋白水平、蛋白能量比、大豆浓缩蛋白和玉米蛋白粉替代鱼粉不同水平、不同蛋白源饲料中添加牛磺酸对大菱鲆摄食、生长和饲料利用的影响以及蛋白能量比对半滑舌鳎摄食、生长和体组成的影响。主要研究结果如下：
     1.大菱鲆特定生长率(SGR)随饲料蛋白含量的升高而显著升高(P<0.05),当饲料蛋白水平高于50.99%时,SGR在各处理组间(50.99-63.62%)未出现显著差异(P>0.05)。饲料效率(FER)的变化趋势与SGR相似,当饲料蛋白水平高于54.62%时,各处理组FER没有显著差异。根据饲料蛋白含量与大菱鲆SGR的关系,经折线模型拟合后得到大菱鲆对饲料蛋白质的适宜需求量为57.0%。饲料中不同的蛋白质含量对大菱鲆体组成未产生显著影响(P>0.05),对大菱鲆血清中氨氮含量的影响也不显著(P>0.05),但血清中尿素氮含量随饲料蛋白的升高而显著升高(P<0.05)。
     2.饲料中不同能量蛋白比(P/E)显著影响大菱鲆生长和饲料利用率。随着饲料蛋白水平的升高,大菱鲆的特定生长率(SGR)和饲料效率(FER)都显著升高(P<0.05)。投喂55%蛋白和12%脂肪(P/E比为26.37 mg蛋白kJ-1)组大菱鲆均具有最高的SGR、FER、蛋白质沉积率(PPV)和能量转化率(ER)。在幼鱼(初始体重4.50±0.01g)和中鱼(初始体重59.09±0.24g)阶段,饲料脂肪水平显著提高了大菱鲆的终末体重、SGR、FER和蛋白质效率(PER)(P<0.05)。45%蛋白16%脂肪组大菱鲆的PER和PPV与55%蛋白12%脂肪组相当,且显著高于45%蛋白12%脂肪组,说明脂肪对蛋白质存在一定的节约效应。幼鱼与中鱼阶段大菱鲆鱼体脂肪和能量水平都与饲料能量水平正相关,而鱼体蛋白和灰分含量在各组间无显著差异。饲料中不同蛋白脂肪水平对不同阶段大菱鲆脏体比无显著影响,却显著影响大菱鲆的肥满度和肝体比,随着饲料蛋白水平的升高,肥满度和肝体比显著升高(P<0.05),而随着脂肪水平升高,肝体比显著降低(P<0.05)。饲料蛋白能量比对幼鱼和中鱼阶段肝脏糖原含量无显著影响,却显著影响大鱼阶段(初始体重209.12±0.21g)大菱鲆肝脏糖原含量,在相同蛋白水平下,高脂肪水平(16%)处理组大菱鲆肝糖原含量与12%脂肪组相比显著降低(P<0.05)。饲料蛋白能量比对中鱼和大鱼阶段肝脏转氨酶、肝脏脂肪、血清胆固醇、甘油三酯和尿素氮含量无显著影响。但在幼鱼阶段,肝脏谷草转氨酶和谷丙转氨酶水平在低蛋白低脂肪处理(45%和50%蛋白,12%脂肪)显著升高(P<0.05),而低蛋白高脂肪(45和50%蛋白,16%脂肪)水平处理组肝脏脂肪显著升高(P<0.05),而血清甘油三酯、胆固醇和尿素氮均有随着饲料蛋白和脂肪水平升高而升高的趋势(P<0.05)。
     3.随大豆浓缩蛋白(SPC)替代鱼粉(FM)水平的升高,大菱鲆摄食率(P<0.001)和特定生长率(SGR)(P<0.001)均呈极显著下降趋势。而饲料效率(FER)(P<0.05)和蛋白质效率(PER)(P<0.01)只在SPC水平为49.5%(S5)组显著降低,而当SPC水平为0%-37.0%时(S1-S4)各组间无显著差异。不同SPC替代水平对大菱鲆的干物质和粗蛋白表观消化率无显著影响(P>0.05),对大菱鲆脏体比和肥满度的影响也无显著差异(P>0.05)。饲料中不同SPC替代水平对各组大菱鲆鱼体的干物质、粗蛋白、粗脂肪和灰分含量均无显著差异(P>0.05)。大菱鲆肌肉中甘氨酸含量随SPC替代水平的升高而显著升高(P<0.05),其他氨基酸组成则无显著差异(P>0.05)。饲料中SPC替代鱼粉对大菱鲆血清中甘油三酯和尿素氮含量无显著影响。而血清总胆固醇含量随着SPC替代量的升高而显著下降(P<0.01)。
     4.随着饲料中玉米蛋白粉(CGM)替代鱼粉(FM)水平的升高,大菱鲆的摄食率(FI)、特定生长率(SGR)、饲料效率(FER)、蛋白质效率(PER)都显著下降(P<0.05)。当饲料中CGM含量为50.5%时,大菱鲆FI显著低于其他处理组(P<0.05)。当饲料中CGM含量超过25%时,大菱鲆SGR显著低于对照组(CO)(P<0.05)。当饲料中CGM含量超过38%时,FER和PER与对照组(CO)相比显著下降(P<0.05)。添加晶体氨基酸组(C50.5CAA组)的FI、SGR和PER与未添加组(C50.5组)相比均有升高的趋势,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。但饲料中添加晶体氨基酸显著提高了大菱鲆的FER(P<0.05)。饲料中CGM替代FM对大菱鲆鱼体水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪及灰分含量无显著影响(P>0.05)。饲料中CGM替代鱼粉水平对大菱鲆血清甘油三酯和尿素氮含量也不产生显著影响(P>0.05),然而,随着饲料中CGM含量的升高,血清总胆固醇含量显著下降(P<0.05)。
     5.高水平SPC替代鱼粉组与对照组相比,大菱鲆终末体重、摄食率(FI)、特定生长率(SGR)、饲料效率(FER)和蛋白质效率(PER)都极显著下降(P<0.001)。饲料中添加牛磺酸对大菱鲆的FI未造成显著影响(P>0.05),却显著影响了大菱鲆的SGR、FER和PER。随着饲料中牛磺酸含量的升高,投喂不同蛋白源饲料的大菱鲆SGR、FER和PER都显著升高(P<0.05)。饲料中SPC替代鱼粉导致大菱鲆鱼体水分升高、蛋白和脂肪降低(P<0.001),随着牛磺酸的添加,大菱鲆鱼体水分有降低的趋势,而蛋白有升高的趋势(P<0.05)。饲料中不同蛋白源和添加牛磺酸对大菱鲆的肥满度和内脏指数无显著影响(P>0.05),但SPC替代组与鱼粉组相比肝体比显著降低(P<0.05)。饲料中SPC替代鱼粉显著降低了大菱鲆血清总胆固醇含量(P<0.001),但SPC替代组血清总胆固醇含量随着牛磺酸的添加而显著升高(P<0.05)。同样,饲料中SPC替代鱼粉显著降低了大菱鲆血清中甘油三酯含量(P<0.01),且随着牛磺酸的添加,血清中甘油三酯有升高的趋势,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。
     6.饲料中不同的蛋白能量比(P/E)显著影响半滑舌鳎的生长和饲料利用率。当蛋白质为55%、脂肪为12%(P/E比26.37mg蛋白kJ-1)时,半滑舌鳎表现出最好的特定生长率(SGR)、饲料效率(FER)、蛋白质沉积率(PPV)和能量沉积率(ER)。在两个脂肪水平,舌鳎的SGR均随着饲料蛋白质水平的升高而显著升高(P<0.05)。但在每个蛋白水平,16%脂肪组舌鳎与12%脂肪组舌鳎相比,摄食率显著升高(P<0.001),而SGR、FER、PER、PPV和ER却显著下降(P<0.001),肝体比(HSI)也显著降低(P<0.01)。实验各处理组对舌鳎鱼体脂肪和灰分含量无显著影响,但舌鳎鱼体蛋白水平在45%蛋白16%脂肪组显著降低,而水分显著升高(P<0.05)。饲料中不同P/E比对舌鳎肥满度、脏体比、血清尿素氮、氨氮含量、肝脏脂肪含量均无显著影响,但显著影响舌鳎肝脏糖原、谷草转氨酶(AST)和谷丙转氨酶(ALT)活性,16%脂肪组与12%脂肪组舌鳎相比,肝糖原显著降低(P<0.01),而转氨酶活性却显著升高(P<0.001)。在本实验条件下,半滑舌鳎饲料中最适宜蛋白、脂肪和P/E比分别为55%、12%和26.37mg蛋白KJ-1。
Feeding trials were conducted in indoor culture system to investigate the effects of protein level, protein to energy ratios, soy protein concentrate (SPC) and corn gluten meal (CGM) levels partially replacing fish meal (FM),supplemental taurine in diets on feed intake, growth and feed utilization of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus Linnaeus).Also, effects of protein to energy ratios on growth performance of Half-Smooth Tongue-Sole, Cynoglossus semilaevis Gunther was conducted. Results of the study are presented as follows:
     Ⅰ.Specific growth rate (SGR) of Turbot increased with increasing dietary protein level from 47.22% to 50.99% and then plateaued above these levels (P<0.05). Fish fed the diets with 63.62% protein had the highest SGR and fish fed the diets with 59.33% protein had the highest FER. Feed intake (FI) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) showed no significant difference among dietary treatments (P>0.05). Carcass moistrue, protein, lipid and ash contents were generally not affected by diets (P>0.05). Dietary protein level had no significant effect on serum ammonia (P>0.05), while serum urea_increased with increasing dietary protein level significantly (P<0.05).Based on broken-line regression analysis of SGR the optimal dietary protein requirement for Turbot was determined to be around 57.0%.
     Ⅱ.Results of three feeding trails with different size of experimental fish suggested that the growth performance and feed conversion ratio of Turbot generally were improved with increasing dietary protein (P<0.05) at each lipid. Fish fed the diets with 55% protein and 12% lipid (P/E ratio of 26.37 mg protein kJ-1)had the highest specific growth rates (SGR), feed efficiency ratio (FER), protein productive value (PPV) and energy retention (ER).However, fish fed the diet with 45% protein and 16% lipid showed comparable protein efficiency ratio (PER) and PPV, and higher values than fish fed the diet with 45% or 50% protein with 12% lipid, indicating a protein sparing effect of lipid. Both carcass lipid and energy content were positively correlated with dietary energy level except in adult stage fish. Carcass protein and ash contents were generally not affected by dietary treatments. Dietary P/E ratios had no significant effect on condition factor (CF), viscerosomatic index (VSI), while hepatosomatic index (HSI) was significantly affected by dietary P/E ratios (P<0.05).In adult stage, hepatic glycogen of fish fed 16% lipid was significantly lower than that of fish fed 12% lipid.The hepatic activity of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lipid of liver, serum triglycerides, serum urea and total cholesterol concentration in serum of middle and adult fish were not significantly influenced by dietary P/E ratios. While in juvenile stage, the hepatic activity of ALT and AST of fish fed 45% or 55% protein with 12% lipid were significantly higher than that of fish fed other diets (P<0.05); lipid of liver were significantly improved in the group of fish fed 45 or 50% protein at 16% lipid (P<0.05); and serum triglycerides, serum urea and total cholesterol concentration in serum were increased with increasing dietary protein or lipid levels (P<0.05).
     Ⅲ.Feed intake (FI) (P<0.001)and specific growth rate (SGR) (P<0.001)decreased linearly with increasing dietary SPC levels. There were no significant differences (P>0.05) in feed efficiency ratio (FER) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) among fish fed diets with 0%-37.0% SPC (diet1-4).However, fish fed the diet with 49.5% SPC (diet5) had significantly lower FER and PER. Apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter and crude protein of the fish were not significantly (P>0.05) affected by dietary treatments. Dietary SPC level had no significant effect on condition factor (CF), viscerosomatic index (VSI), carcass composition, serum triglycerides, serum urea and amino acids composition except glycin. Total cholesterol concentration in serum of fish was significantly reduced with increasing dietary SPC level (P<0.01).
     Ⅳ.Feed intake (FI), specific growth rate (SGR), feed efficiency ratio (FER) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) were decreased significantly with the increase of CGM in diets. There were no significant differences (P>0.05) in growth performance between fish fed diet with 0% and 12% CGM.However, fish fed diet containing above 25% CGM had significantly lower (P<0.05) growth than those fed diet with 0% and 12% CGM.Supplementation with CAA improved FI, SGR, PER of fish, but no significant difference was observed. PER of fish was significantly improved by supplemented with CAA (P>0.05).Survival ranged from 92.59% to 98.15% and no significant difference was observed.(P>0.05). Carcass composition, serum triglycerides and serum urea of the fish were not significantly (P>0.05)affected by dietary treatments. Total cholesterol concentration in serum of fish was significantly reduced with increasing dietary CGM level (P<0.05).
     V.Feed intake (FI), the specific growth rate (SGR), feed efficiency ratio (FER), protein effciency ratio (PER), hepatosomatic index (HSI), serum total cholesterol concentration and serum triglycerides in fish fed FM-based diets were significantly higher than those in fish fed SPC-based diets (P<0.05).In addition, carcass protein and lipid contents of fish fed SPC-based diets were significantly lower than those in fish fed FM-based diets (P<0.001).Survival,FI,final weight, serum triglycerides, condition factor (CF) and viscerosomatic index (VSI) were not significantly different among fish fed graded levels of taurine levels (P>0.05). While SGR, FER, PER, serum total cholesterol concentration and carcass protein content were significantly improved with increasing dietary taurine levels (P<0.05).
     VI.The growth of Cynoglossus semilaevis Gunther was significantly affected by dietary P/E ratio (P<0.05). Fish fed the diets with 55% protein(12% lipid, P/E ratio of 26.37mg protein kJ-1) had the highest specific growth rates (SGR), feed efficiency ratio (FER), protein productive value (PPV) and energy retention (ER). SGR significantly increased with increasing dietary protein from 45% to 55% irrespective of dietary lipid (P<0.05). However, at each protein level,fish fed the diet with 16% lipid showed significant higher FI (P<0.001)and lower SGR, FER, PER, PPV, ER (P<0.001) and HSI (P<0.01)than fish fed the diet with 12% lipid. No significant differences in survival were found among dietary treatments. Carcass protein content was significantly reduced by diet with 45% protein and 16% lipid and inversely correlated with carcass moisture content. Carcass lipid and ash contents were generally not significantly affected by dietary treatments. Dietary P/E ratios had no significant effect on condition factor (CF), viscerosomatic index (VSI), lipid of liver, serum urea and ammonia. Hepatic glycogen of fish fed 16% lipid was significantly lower than that of fish fed 12% lipid (P<0.01),while the hepatic activity of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were significantly higher(P<0.001).These results suggest that the diet containing 55% protein and 12% lipid with P/E of 26.37 mg protein kJ-1 is optimal for Cynoglossus semilaevis Gunther and increase of dietary lipid level has no efficient protein-sparing effect.

引文

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