家蚕corazonin受体信号转导机制及生理功能的研究
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摘要
神经多肽是一类由多个氨基酸组成的内源活性物质,广泛存在于生物各个门类中,在生物体内参与了多种生理功能的调节,包括生长、发育、繁殖和内环境的稳定等。家蚕作为大型鳞翅目昆虫,其基因组的测序已完成,可以作为研究神经多肽功能的理想模型；另外,家蚕还具有十分重要的药用价值和经济价值,因此,研究神经肽对家蚕生理功能的调节机制具有重大的实际意义。Corazonin(Crz)神经肽作为昆虫神经多肽家族的重要一员,行使了心率加速、体色改变、物质代谢增减、发育与生理节律调控、蜕皮延迟、吐丝减少等非常广泛的生理功能。Crz由11个氨基酸组成,结构非常保守,在大部分昆虫中是由前侧脑的神经元分泌,也有一些昆虫可以由腹部和食管下神经元分泌产生。然而,目前针对家蚕Crz神经肽的生理功能及其受体的信号转导机制研究尚未得以深入开展。
基于家蚕全基因组数据库资源,通过生物信息学方法,对已知的昆虫神经肽和神经肽受体的序列进行比对分析,发现在进化上比较保守的昆虫(包括烟草天蛾和果蝇等)的神经肽Crz受体与家蚕神经肽受体A21(BNGR-A21)有着高度的相似性,它们都是具有7次跨膜结构的G蛋白偶联受体(G protein-coupled receptor, GPCR),推测家蚕BNGR-A21应为其Crz受体。以此为基础,对BNGR-A21介导的信号转导路径进行了研究,发现在哺乳动物细胞HEK293和昆虫细胞BmN、Sf21中,BNGR-A21能唯一地被家蚕Crz激活,因此可以将家蚕的BNGR-A21定名为家蚕corazonin受体(Bombyx mori Corazonin Receptor, BmCrzR)。进一步实验表明,BmCrz与BmCrzR有着高亲和力,且BmCrzR被BmCrz激活后,能进一步激活腺苷酸环化酶产生第二信使cAMP的积累,并且这一反应不能被百日咳毒素(PTX:Gai蛋白的抑制剂)所抑制,也不能被霍乱毒素(CTX：持续性激活Gαs蛋白)所饱和；同时,BmCrzR被BmCrz激活后,可以检测到较强的胞内Ca2+信号,且这一反应能被Gαq的抑制剂YM-254890所抑制。以上结果表明cAMP和Ca2+作为第二信使共同参与了BmCrzR的下游的信号传递,也表明BmCrzR同时偶联Gαs和Gaq的G蛋白,介导了胞外至胞内的信号转导。
丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase, MAPK)作为重要的细胞信号传递因子广泛参与生物多种生理过程的调控,它的直接作用靶点之一就是细胞外调节激酶(Extracecullar Regulated protein Kinase, ERK1/2)。本研究的结果显示,BmCrzR能显著介导ERK1/2的磷酸化且呈现出配体浓度和时间梯度的依赖性,ERK1/2磷酸化程度受到蛋白激酶A(PKA)、蛋白激酶C(PKC)和胞外钙离子的调控。
内吞是介导GPCR脱敏的重要机制。研究结果表明,BmCrzR的内吞呈现BmCrz的处理时间和浓度依赖性,且可以被PKA、PKC的抑制剂和胞外钙离子螯合剂的作用所抑制。由于β-arrestin对GPCR的内吞十分重要,本研究克隆了昆虫中与β-arrestin同源的协助蛋白kurtz,实验结果表明,BmCrzR内吞需要招募协助蛋白β-arrestin1、β-arrestin2和kurtz到细胞膜上,与P-arrestin1相比,受体招募β-arrestin2和kurtz有着更高的亲和力。单独干扰β-arrestinl或β-arrestin2的表达,受体的内吞都不会受到明显的影响,但同时干扰β-arrestin1和β-arrestin2的表达,BmCrzR的内吞则受到了抑制。结果说明,BmCrzR的内吞可以同时招募α-arrestin1和β-arrestin2,但是β-arrestin2和kurtz是BmCrzR内吞主要的调控因子；另外,干扰网格蛋白表达后,BmCrzR的内吞没有受到影响,说明其内吞不需要网格蛋白的协助。BmCrzR内吞后,会进入到早期内含体,并在配体移除后回到细胞膜上。GPCR的C末端对于其信号转导和内吞是非常重要的,为了阐释BmCrzR构效机制与信号转导间的关系,本研究构建了BmCrzR C末端的四个缺失突变体,结果显示BmCrzR(Δ408-422)的缺失突变体对BmCrzR的内吞造成了影响,说明在第408-422区域的氨基酸中包含了与BmCrzR内吞相关的关键位点。进一步研究发现,正是这个区域中的411-413位的TSS丝氨酸/苏氨酸簇在一定程度上影响了BmCrzR的内吞。
最后本研究对家蚕BmCrzR的基因表达组织分布进行检测,并采用基因沉默技术从体内实验水平对其功能进行分析。实时荧光定量PCR检测的结果显示,在五龄家蚕中,BmCrzR在大部分组织中都有表达,其中在后部丝腺中表达量最高,在脑、表皮、脂肪体、中肠、马氏管、卵巢和睾丸中表达量相对较低。siRNA是近年来用于特异基因沉默的有效手段。我们体外注射了能够干扰BmCrzR表达的dsRNA和家蚕Crz,结果表明BmCrz/BmCrzR可能直接或者间接的影响了家蚕的吐丝以及物质和能量代谢。
综上所述,本论文丰富了家蚕corazomn神经肽及其受体的信号转导机制的理论基础,对于BmCrzR介导的下游第二信使cAMP和Ca2+的产生、受体的内吞、ERK1/2磷酸化路径等信号通路进行了较为详细的阐释,为日后进一步深入、系统地研究家蚕神经肽受体信号转导通路和神经肽介导的生理功能奠定了基础。
Neuropeptides are neuronal signaling molecules consisting of short chains of amino acids used for cell-to-cell communication. Neuropeptides have been identified from all levels of organism ranging from hydrozoans to Drosophila to humans, and play essential roles in the regulation of a wide range of physiological functions including growth, development, food intake, metabolism, reproduction, social behaviors, learning and memory. The silkworm, Bombyx mori, in addition to its utility as an economically important insect for silk production, has been served as an important model for biochemical, genetic and genomic studies. The availability of complete genome sequences, a relatively large body size, and obvious developmental markers make the silkworm well-suited for elucidation of novel functions and mechanisms of neuropeptides in the regulation of growth and development. Corazonin (Crz) is one of the important neuropeptides in insects, which is playing different physiological roles in the regulation of heart contraction rates, silk spinning rates, the induction of dark color and morphometric phase changes, and ecdysis. It has been identified in most arthropods examined with the notable exception of beetles and an aphid. As a conserved oligopeptide comprised by11amino acids, Crz mostly distributes in neurosecretory neurons of the protocerebrum with some in abdominal and suboesophageal ganglia. However, its signaling pathways and physiological function in Bombyx mori remian obscure so far.
Based on the database of Bombyx mori genome, we made sequence alignment with pubulished genome of different insects. Results showed that insects corazonin receptor (including Manduca sexta and Drosophila melanogaster) had the high homologies with Bombyx mori neuropeptide receptor A21(BNGR-A21). And they all have the typical seven-transmembrane domain as the G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). Thus we proposed that BNGR-A21might be the corazonin receptor in silkworm. Based on the assumption, a systematic and intensive research was made on BNGR-A21mediated signaling pathway and its probable physiological roles by performing a series of experiments (including cAMP measurement, internalization, ERK phosphorylation). In the current study, using both the mammalian cell line HEK293and insect cell lines BmN and Sf21, we paired the Bombyx corazonin neuropeptide as a specific endogenous ligand for BNGR-A21, and we therefore designated this receptor as BmCrzR. The direct interaction of BmCrzR with BmCrz was confirmed by a Rhodamine-labeled BmCrz peptide, indicating that synthetic BmCrz demonstrated a high affinity for and activated BmCrzR. The activated receptor mediated the intracellular cAMP accumulation by activation of adenylate cyclase. Besides, the induced cAMP could not be inhibited by PTX (Pertussis toxin), nor saturated by CTX (Choleratoxin). When stimulated by Crz, BmCrzR could also mobilized Ca2+, which could be blocked by Gaq inhibitor YM-254890. Above results showed that cAMP and Ca2+participated in the process of downstream cascades, indicating that both Gaq and Gas involved in the BmCrzR mediated signal transduction.
Mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways (MAPK) play an important role in regulation of physiological process. Our research demonstrated that activated BmCrzR can evoke ERK1/2phosphorylation in time-and Crz dose-dependent ways, and the phosphorylation was regulated by cAMP/PKA and Ca2+/PKC signaling pathway.
Internalization is an essential mechanism for GPCR desensitization. Our results revealed that the internalization of BmCrzR stimulated by BmCrz was in the time-and dose-dependent manner and could be blocked by inhibitors of PKA、PKC and chelator of extracecullar Ca2+. As β-arrestins involved in the internalization of many GPCR, we cloned kurtz gene, an non-visual arrestin in Drosophila melanogaster from Bombyx mori, Bm-kurtz.When BmCrzR internalized in cytoplasm, β-arrestins and kurtz were recruited on the cell membrane. Compared with β-arrestin1, BmCrzR had a higher affinity with β-arrestin2and kurtz. The internalization of BmCrzR was not influenced when only β-arrestinl or β-arrestin2was silenced by siRNA. However, simultaneous knockdown of β-arrestins1and β-arrestins2notably inhibited the internalizaiton of BmCrzR, suggesting that both arrestins participating in the process of BmCrzR internalization. Besides, knockdown of clathrin indicated that it is not essential for BmCrzR internalization. Further investigation demonstrated that internalized BmCrzR was sorted in endosomes and recycled to the cell surface after the removal of agonist. In general, C-terminal is very important in GPCR signaling. In order to clarifying the relationship of structure and function, we constructed four mutants through deleting some sequences in C-terminal of BmCrzR. Results indicated that the internalization of BmCrzR (Δ408-422) was significantly blocked, suggesting the sequence (408-422) contains some sites or domains responsible for internalization. Further exploration proposed that it was the411-413Ser/Thr cluster that is responsable for the inhibited internalization of BmCrzR.
Results from quantitative RT-PCR showed that BmCrzR expression was detectable in most of the tissues, of which the silk gland was found as a major expression site, whereas other tissues, including brain, fat body, epidermis, midgut, Malpighian tubule, testis and ovary, expressing BmCrzR at a lower level.siRNA has been used as one of effective methods to knockdown of the target gene expression in recent years. In order to access the physiological processes of BmCrzR, we used in vitro siRNA injection to inhibit the BmCrzR expression in silkworm. Experiments with dsRNA and synthetic peptide injection suggested a possible role of BmCrz/BmCrzR in the regulation of larval growth and spinning rate.
Our present results provide the first in-depth information on BmCrzR-mediated signaling, inculding intracellcular accumulation of cAMP, Ca2+, ERK1/2phosphoylation and receptor internalization. Combined with the study of physiology, these results will lead to a better understanding of the BmCrz/BmCrzR system in the regulation of fundamental physiological processes.
基于家蚕全基因组数据库资源,通过生物信息学方法,对已知的昆虫神经肽和神经肽受体的序列进行比对分析,发现在进化上比较保守的昆虫(包括烟草天蛾和果蝇等)的神经肽Crz受体与家蚕神经肽受体A21(BNGR-A21)有着高度的相似性,它们都是具有7次跨膜结构的G蛋白偶联受体(G protein-coupled receptor, GPCR),推测家蚕BNGR-A21应为其Crz受体。以此为基础,对BNGR-A21介导的信号转导路径进行了研究,发现在哺乳动物细胞HEK293和昆虫细胞BmN、Sf21中,BNGR-A21能唯一地被家蚕Crz激活,因此可以将家蚕的BNGR-A21定名为家蚕corazonin受体(Bombyx mori Corazonin Receptor, BmCrzR)。进一步实验表明,BmCrz与BmCrzR有着高亲和力,且BmCrzR被BmCrz激活后,能进一步激活腺苷酸环化酶产生第二信使cAMP的积累,并且这一反应不能被百日咳毒素(PTX:Gai蛋白的抑制剂)所抑制,也不能被霍乱毒素(CTX：持续性激活Gαs蛋白)所饱和；同时,BmCrzR被BmCrz激活后,可以检测到较强的胞内Ca2+信号,且这一反应能被Gαq的抑制剂YM-254890所抑制。以上结果表明cAMP和Ca2+作为第二信使共同参与了BmCrzR的下游的信号传递,也表明BmCrzR同时偶联Gαs和Gaq的G蛋白,介导了胞外至胞内的信号转导。
丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase, MAPK)作为重要的细胞信号传递因子广泛参与生物多种生理过程的调控,它的直接作用靶点之一就是细胞外调节激酶(Extracecullar Regulated protein Kinase, ERK1/2)。本研究的结果显示,BmCrzR能显著介导ERK1/2的磷酸化且呈现出配体浓度和时间梯度的依赖性,ERK1/2磷酸化程度受到蛋白激酶A(PKA)、蛋白激酶C(PKC)和胞外钙离子的调控。
内吞是介导GPCR脱敏的重要机制。研究结果表明,BmCrzR的内吞呈现BmCrz的处理时间和浓度依赖性,且可以被PKA、PKC的抑制剂和胞外钙离子螯合剂的作用所抑制。由于β-arrestin对GPCR的内吞十分重要,本研究克隆了昆虫中与β-arrestin同源的协助蛋白kurtz,实验结果表明,BmCrzR内吞需要招募协助蛋白β-arrestin1、β-arrestin2和kurtz到细胞膜上,与P-arrestin1相比,受体招募β-arrestin2和kurtz有着更高的亲和力。单独干扰β-arrestinl或β-arrestin2的表达,受体的内吞都不会受到明显的影响,但同时干扰β-arrestin1和β-arrestin2的表达,BmCrzR的内吞则受到了抑制。结果说明,BmCrzR的内吞可以同时招募α-arrestin1和β-arrestin2,但是β-arrestin2和kurtz是BmCrzR内吞主要的调控因子；另外,干扰网格蛋白表达后,BmCrzR的内吞没有受到影响,说明其内吞不需要网格蛋白的协助。BmCrzR内吞后,会进入到早期内含体,并在配体移除后回到细胞膜上。GPCR的C末端对于其信号转导和内吞是非常重要的,为了阐释BmCrzR构效机制与信号转导间的关系,本研究构建了BmCrzR C末端的四个缺失突变体,结果显示BmCrzR(Δ408-422)的缺失突变体对BmCrzR的内吞造成了影响,说明在第408-422区域的氨基酸中包含了与BmCrzR内吞相关的关键位点。进一步研究发现,正是这个区域中的411-413位的TSS丝氨酸/苏氨酸簇在一定程度上影响了BmCrzR的内吞。
最后本研究对家蚕BmCrzR的基因表达组织分布进行检测,并采用基因沉默技术从体内实验水平对其功能进行分析。实时荧光定量PCR检测的结果显示,在五龄家蚕中,BmCrzR在大部分组织中都有表达,其中在后部丝腺中表达量最高,在脑、表皮、脂肪体、中肠、马氏管、卵巢和睾丸中表达量相对较低。siRNA是近年来用于特异基因沉默的有效手段。我们体外注射了能够干扰BmCrzR表达的dsRNA和家蚕Crz,结果表明BmCrz/BmCrzR可能直接或者间接的影响了家蚕的吐丝以及物质和能量代谢。
综上所述,本论文丰富了家蚕corazomn神经肽及其受体的信号转导机制的理论基础,对于BmCrzR介导的下游第二信使cAMP和Ca2+的产生、受体的内吞、ERK1/2磷酸化路径等信号通路进行了较为详细的阐释,为日后进一步深入、系统地研究家蚕神经肽受体信号转导通路和神经肽介导的生理功能奠定了基础。
Neuropeptides are neuronal signaling molecules consisting of short chains of amino acids used for cell-to-cell communication. Neuropeptides have been identified from all levels of organism ranging from hydrozoans to Drosophila to humans, and play essential roles in the regulation of a wide range of physiological functions including growth, development, food intake, metabolism, reproduction, social behaviors, learning and memory. The silkworm, Bombyx mori, in addition to its utility as an economically important insect for silk production, has been served as an important model for biochemical, genetic and genomic studies. The availability of complete genome sequences, a relatively large body size, and obvious developmental markers make the silkworm well-suited for elucidation of novel functions and mechanisms of neuropeptides in the regulation of growth and development. Corazonin (Crz) is one of the important neuropeptides in insects, which is playing different physiological roles in the regulation of heart contraction rates, silk spinning rates, the induction of dark color and morphometric phase changes, and ecdysis. It has been identified in most arthropods examined with the notable exception of beetles and an aphid. As a conserved oligopeptide comprised by11amino acids, Crz mostly distributes in neurosecretory neurons of the protocerebrum with some in abdominal and suboesophageal ganglia. However, its signaling pathways and physiological function in Bombyx mori remian obscure so far.
Based on the database of Bombyx mori genome, we made sequence alignment with pubulished genome of different insects. Results showed that insects corazonin receptor (including Manduca sexta and Drosophila melanogaster) had the high homologies with Bombyx mori neuropeptide receptor A21(BNGR-A21). And they all have the typical seven-transmembrane domain as the G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). Thus we proposed that BNGR-A21might be the corazonin receptor in silkworm. Based on the assumption, a systematic and intensive research was made on BNGR-A21mediated signaling pathway and its probable physiological roles by performing a series of experiments (including cAMP measurement, internalization, ERK phosphorylation). In the current study, using both the mammalian cell line HEK293and insect cell lines BmN and Sf21, we paired the Bombyx corazonin neuropeptide as a specific endogenous ligand for BNGR-A21, and we therefore designated this receptor as BmCrzR. The direct interaction of BmCrzR with BmCrz was confirmed by a Rhodamine-labeled BmCrz peptide, indicating that synthetic BmCrz demonstrated a high affinity for and activated BmCrzR. The activated receptor mediated the intracellular cAMP accumulation by activation of adenylate cyclase. Besides, the induced cAMP could not be inhibited by PTX (Pertussis toxin), nor saturated by CTX (Choleratoxin). When stimulated by Crz, BmCrzR could also mobilized Ca2+, which could be blocked by Gaq inhibitor YM-254890. Above results showed that cAMP and Ca2+participated in the process of downstream cascades, indicating that both Gaq and Gas involved in the BmCrzR mediated signal transduction.
Mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways (MAPK) play an important role in regulation of physiological process. Our research demonstrated that activated BmCrzR can evoke ERK1/2phosphorylation in time-and Crz dose-dependent ways, and the phosphorylation was regulated by cAMP/PKA and Ca2+/PKC signaling pathway.
Internalization is an essential mechanism for GPCR desensitization. Our results revealed that the internalization of BmCrzR stimulated by BmCrz was in the time-and dose-dependent manner and could be blocked by inhibitors of PKA、PKC and chelator of extracecullar Ca2+. As β-arrestins involved in the internalization of many GPCR, we cloned kurtz gene, an non-visual arrestin in Drosophila melanogaster from Bombyx mori, Bm-kurtz.When BmCrzR internalized in cytoplasm, β-arrestins and kurtz were recruited on the cell membrane. Compared with β-arrestin1, BmCrzR had a higher affinity with β-arrestin2and kurtz. The internalization of BmCrzR was not influenced when only β-arrestinl or β-arrestin2was silenced by siRNA. However, simultaneous knockdown of β-arrestins1and β-arrestins2notably inhibited the internalizaiton of BmCrzR, suggesting that both arrestins participating in the process of BmCrzR internalization. Besides, knockdown of clathrin indicated that it is not essential for BmCrzR internalization. Further investigation demonstrated that internalized BmCrzR was sorted in endosomes and recycled to the cell surface after the removal of agonist. In general, C-terminal is very important in GPCR signaling. In order to clarifying the relationship of structure and function, we constructed four mutants through deleting some sequences in C-terminal of BmCrzR. Results indicated that the internalization of BmCrzR (Δ408-422) was significantly blocked, suggesting the sequence (408-422) contains some sites or domains responsible for internalization. Further exploration proposed that it was the411-413Ser/Thr cluster that is responsable for the inhibited internalization of BmCrzR.
Results from quantitative RT-PCR showed that BmCrzR expression was detectable in most of the tissues, of which the silk gland was found as a major expression site, whereas other tissues, including brain, fat body, epidermis, midgut, Malpighian tubule, testis and ovary, expressing BmCrzR at a lower level.siRNA has been used as one of effective methods to knockdown of the target gene expression in recent years. In order to access the physiological processes of BmCrzR, we used in vitro siRNA injection to inhibit the BmCrzR expression in silkworm. Experiments with dsRNA and synthetic peptide injection suggested a possible role of BmCrz/BmCrzR in the regulation of larval growth and spinning rate.
Our present results provide the first in-depth information on BmCrzR-mediated signaling, inculding intracellcular accumulation of cAMP, Ca2+, ERK1/2phosphoylation and receptor internalization. Combined with the study of physiology, these results will lead to a better understanding of the BmCrz/BmCrzR system in the regulation of fundamental physiological processes.
引文
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