内河航运系统体系框架设计的关键问题研究
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摘要
内河航运在社会经济和综合运输体系中占有重要的地位和作用,但与其他运输方式发展相比,我国内河航运发展滞后。作为一种占地少、污染小、能耗小、运量大的运输方式,内河航运的优势符合可持续发展对运输业的要求。
随着公路和铁路建设的快速发展和综合运输体系的不断完善,内河航运受到来自其它运输方式特别是公路和铁路的严峻挑战。内河航运业整体的效益和效率较低,内河航运的资源和优势没有得到充分的开发和利用,在综合运输体系中的市场竞争力下降,增长速度受到限制,内河货运量在全社会总货运量和周转量中的份额略有下降,整个行业的发展呈现出比较低迷的态势。
与国外内河航运发达国家相比,我国内河航运的基础设施状况以及劳动生产率都存在很大差距,内河航运业处于一种较低的发展水平。而发达国家的经验表明,内河航运有着其他运输方式不可替代的潜在优势,即使社会经济高度发达后仍在综合运输体系中占有一席之地,应该提倡宜水则水、宜陆则陆,各种运输方式协调发展。
为了既不产生运输方式之间的重复建设,又有适当的市场竞争,研究内河航运系统就显得非常重要,而发展内河航运系统最紧迫、最核心的工作就是制定体系框架。因此,对内河航运系统进行研究,分析和研究内河航运系统体系框架设计的关键问题,是当前迫切需要解决的问题。
本文在本人主持的《内河航运系统体系框架设计研究》课题的基础上,首次提出并定义了基于智能化的内河航运系统,对内河航运体系框架设计方法进行了初步探索和研究。运用系统工程的结构模型法对基于智能化的内河航运系统体系框架进行了深入的研究,设计出基于智能化的内河航运系统体系框架的结构模型。并根据系统逻辑功能要求和逻辑结构与物理结构的模糊关系,采用优化方法确定基于智能化的内河航运系统体系框架的物理结构和具体实现方案,即系统功能如何在物理子系统及设备上进行配置,实现逻辑结构到物理结构的优化映射。在此基础上,对内河航运系统体系框架物理结构的设计方法和应用进行了研究,并分析基于智能化的内河航运系统体系框架集成体系。集成体系可以使各种应用系统有机地结合在一起,让它们充分发挥各自的作用,给航运管理者提供全面完整的集成平台。本文在考虑内河航运智能化的基础上,重点进行基于GIS的综合监控系统软件的研究和开发,它使用软件工具对计算机及软件的各种资源进行配置,达到使计算机或软件按照预先设置,自动执行特定任务,满足内河航运管理目的。
论文的主要研究工作和创新点为:
(1)首次提出和研究基于智能化的内河航运系统(Shipping IntelligentTransportation System,SITS)体系框架,SITS体系框架把纷繁复杂的内河航运系统按照一定方式分解为逻辑关系明确、物理上互连互通、且较易操作的若干子系统,并使其服务功能规范化、逻辑结构条理化、物理结构明确化,从而为各个应用系统的设计、实施、管理提供依据。
(2)根据内河航运的实际需求,运用系统工程的结构模型法对SITS体系框架进行了深入的研究,设计出SITS体系框架的结构模型。同时将局限于数据流程图和定性分析的SITS体系框架设计方法发展为形式化、定量的分析方法,同时也是对结构模型方法的进一步扩展。
(3)提出基于模糊聚类的功能单元聚合方法,实现了SITS体系框架逻辑结构的分解。SITS体系框架中包括了大量基本过程,关系复杂,当系统逐渐扩大到一定规模,可能超过人的理解能力,这时需要有一种能自动归纳逻辑组织和结构的方法。本文提出的方法在不同粒度下,将强关联过程聚合为一类,将系统分解为若干数据关联程度高、耦合关系低的易于处理的功能单元,为逻辑结构到物理结构层次化优化映射提供了方法支撑,有效降低了系统设计复杂度。对系统聚类的准则和方法进行了讨论。以内河航道导航系统DFD图为例,实现了大系统分解,验证了方法有效性。
(4)根据SITS体系框架逻辑结构与物理结构之间的模糊映射关系,以及逻辑结构到物理结构层次化优化映射的设计思想和方法,本文提出方案的评价与择优是体系框架设计的关键问题之一,首次将LOGIT模型引入到体系框架的设计问题中,选择SITS运营管理子系统之内河船舶营运组织方案的决策问题进行实例分析,构建船舶营运组织方案的LOGIT决策模型,由LOGIT策模型得到的船舶营运组织方案的选择比例与调查统计的结果十分吻合,验证了船舶营运组织方案决策模型的有效性,说明利用该模型决策船舶营运组织方案较符合实际。
(5)提出SITS体系框架的集成体系概念,研究了SITS体系框架集成体系的总体结构,在考虑内河航运智能化的基础上,集成体系分为六大部分:集成管理员、集成数据库、基于GIS的综合监控系统、应用软件系统、设备接入代理和其它系统接入代理等。并重点研究基于GIS的综合监控系统软件的开发。研究表明SITS体系框架集成体系技术可解决SITS中应用系统集成困难、用户操作复杂、各应用系统之间集成度低、应用系统可扩性和兼容性差等问题,使之满足SITS快速扩充和技术高速发展的需要。
本文提出的方法具有一定的普适性,将有利于内河航运体系框架设计摆脱经验的束缚,促进其向科学设计、优化设计方向发展,本文的研究可为今后内河航运系统的规划和建设提供重要依据和参考作用。
Inland shipping system plays an important role in our country's society and economy as well as in our transportation system. Compared with other kinds of transportation methods, inland shipping system lags behind others. As an advantage transportation method, Inland shipping system needs less land, produces less pollution, consumes less energy but carries more goods. With fast development of highways and railways and integrated transportation system, inland shipping system faces much more challenges right now. Inland shipping industry's general profit and efficiency are becoming lower and inland shipping system's resource is not yet exploited yet, and its competency goes lower than any other transportation system. The development speed of inland shipping industry is limited, and the market share of inland shipping industry in society gross goods transportation is less than ever.
Compared with foreign inland shipping system, our infrastructure of inland shipping is very bad, and its productivity is much lower. Our inland shipping industry is just at a lower level. From the experiences in developed countries, inland shipping system can not be replaced by any other systems and is an important transportation method in any developed country. And multiple transportation systems can be coordinated and develop well.
In order to avoid redundant construction and foster competition, it is very important to research inland shipping transportation system. Above all, research of management structure of the inland shipping system is the most urgent and important.
This paper is based on a research fund "Analysis and Design of Inland Shipping System Frame" which is undertaken by me. An intelligent Inland Shipping System is first proposed in this paper, and the inland shipping system's frame and structure is analyzed. Then the frame and structure of the intelligent inland shipping system are exploited further and proposed based on structure model method from system engineering. The structure model of intelligent inland shipping system is designed. According to logic functions of the system and the fuzzy relationship of logic structure and physical structure, the physical structure and application scheme of the intelligent inland shipping system is determined, which reveals how system functions are deployed in physical system and equipments, and mapping relationship from logic structure to physical structure. And then an integrated system of the intelligent inland shipping is discussed and developed, the integrated system which combines with many other useful systems provides the shipping administrators an comprehensive platform which is based on an comprehensive monitoring system with GIS. The platform can operated certain tasks automatically if it is set well and this can meet the goal of modern inland shipping transportation.
There are some research highlights and creative ideas:
(1) A structure frame of Shipping Intelligent Transportation System (SITS) is first proposed and discussed in this paper. The structure frame of SITS is composed of several sub systems which are clear in logical relationship, connected with different physics and operated easily. And the frame provides a base for design, implement and management of an application system.
(2) According to the actual requirements of inland shipping transportation, the structure frame of SITS is discussed further with a systematic structure model and a structure model of the frame is presented. Meanwhile the design method of structure frame of SITS which was once constrained by data flow diagram and natural analysis is replaced by formalization and quantitative method, and the research method is expanded.
(3) The logic structure of frame of SITS is decomposed by the method of fuzzy clustering in functions. There are a lot of basic processes, compound relationships in SITS which is beyond human's ability when the system expands. Then an automatic logic organization and structure method is needed in system analysis. This paper presents a system decomposition approach which can cluster according to relationships and the resulted functional units can be handed out easily because they are tightly connected internally and less connect externally. This decomposition supports the mapping from logic structure to physical structure and decreases the difficulties of the system design. The DFD of inland shipping system is described which testifies the validity of this approach.
(4) An optimized design approach of mapping from logic structure to physical structure is proposed in this paper. The design of physical structure of SITS frame consists of four phases: concept design phase, constraints clearance phase, scheme decision phase, and design optimization phase. Because the appraisal and selection of schemes is a key problem which will affect the design goal and system performance, quality and cost, the scheme of inland shipping operation and organization is analyzed by a trial where a decision model of shipping operation and organization scheme is built and it is testified by statistic data.
(5) An integrated concept of SITS frame is presented in this paper, where general structure of the integrated SITS frame is discussed and the integrated system consists six departments: Integrated administrator, Integrated database, Comprehensive monitoring system based on GIS, Application software system, Equipment connection deputy and other systems connection deputy. And the comprehensive monitoring system based on GIS is developed in this paper. The integrated system of SITS can solve systematic communication problems, compound operation problems, application expansion problems and compatibility problems, which will lead fast development and application of SITS.
The approaches of this paper which will benefit frame design of inland shipping transportation from practical method to scientific and optimized method can be used in many other fields. This paper provides importation resources and a reference for future planning and construction if inland shipping system.
随着公路和铁路建设的快速发展和综合运输体系的不断完善,内河航运受到来自其它运输方式特别是公路和铁路的严峻挑战。内河航运业整体的效益和效率较低,内河航运的资源和优势没有得到充分的开发和利用,在综合运输体系中的市场竞争力下降,增长速度受到限制,内河货运量在全社会总货运量和周转量中的份额略有下降,整个行业的发展呈现出比较低迷的态势。
与国外内河航运发达国家相比,我国内河航运的基础设施状况以及劳动生产率都存在很大差距,内河航运业处于一种较低的发展水平。而发达国家的经验表明,内河航运有着其他运输方式不可替代的潜在优势,即使社会经济高度发达后仍在综合运输体系中占有一席之地,应该提倡宜水则水、宜陆则陆,各种运输方式协调发展。
为了既不产生运输方式之间的重复建设,又有适当的市场竞争,研究内河航运系统就显得非常重要,而发展内河航运系统最紧迫、最核心的工作就是制定体系框架。因此,对内河航运系统进行研究,分析和研究内河航运系统体系框架设计的关键问题,是当前迫切需要解决的问题。
本文在本人主持的《内河航运系统体系框架设计研究》课题的基础上,首次提出并定义了基于智能化的内河航运系统,对内河航运体系框架设计方法进行了初步探索和研究。运用系统工程的结构模型法对基于智能化的内河航运系统体系框架进行了深入的研究,设计出基于智能化的内河航运系统体系框架的结构模型。并根据系统逻辑功能要求和逻辑结构与物理结构的模糊关系,采用优化方法确定基于智能化的内河航运系统体系框架的物理结构和具体实现方案,即系统功能如何在物理子系统及设备上进行配置,实现逻辑结构到物理结构的优化映射。在此基础上,对内河航运系统体系框架物理结构的设计方法和应用进行了研究,并分析基于智能化的内河航运系统体系框架集成体系。集成体系可以使各种应用系统有机地结合在一起,让它们充分发挥各自的作用,给航运管理者提供全面完整的集成平台。本文在考虑内河航运智能化的基础上,重点进行基于GIS的综合监控系统软件的研究和开发,它使用软件工具对计算机及软件的各种资源进行配置,达到使计算机或软件按照预先设置,自动执行特定任务,满足内河航运管理目的。
论文的主要研究工作和创新点为:
(1)首次提出和研究基于智能化的内河航运系统(Shipping IntelligentTransportation System,SITS)体系框架,SITS体系框架把纷繁复杂的内河航运系统按照一定方式分解为逻辑关系明确、物理上互连互通、且较易操作的若干子系统,并使其服务功能规范化、逻辑结构条理化、物理结构明确化,从而为各个应用系统的设计、实施、管理提供依据。
(2)根据内河航运的实际需求,运用系统工程的结构模型法对SITS体系框架进行了深入的研究,设计出SITS体系框架的结构模型。同时将局限于数据流程图和定性分析的SITS体系框架设计方法发展为形式化、定量的分析方法,同时也是对结构模型方法的进一步扩展。
(3)提出基于模糊聚类的功能单元聚合方法,实现了SITS体系框架逻辑结构的分解。SITS体系框架中包括了大量基本过程,关系复杂,当系统逐渐扩大到一定规模,可能超过人的理解能力,这时需要有一种能自动归纳逻辑组织和结构的方法。本文提出的方法在不同粒度下,将强关联过程聚合为一类,将系统分解为若干数据关联程度高、耦合关系低的易于处理的功能单元,为逻辑结构到物理结构层次化优化映射提供了方法支撑,有效降低了系统设计复杂度。对系统聚类的准则和方法进行了讨论。以内河航道导航系统DFD图为例,实现了大系统分解,验证了方法有效性。
(4)根据SITS体系框架逻辑结构与物理结构之间的模糊映射关系,以及逻辑结构到物理结构层次化优化映射的设计思想和方法,本文提出方案的评价与择优是体系框架设计的关键问题之一,首次将LOGIT模型引入到体系框架的设计问题中,选择SITS运营管理子系统之内河船舶营运组织方案的决策问题进行实例分析,构建船舶营运组织方案的LOGIT决策模型,由LOGIT策模型得到的船舶营运组织方案的选择比例与调查统计的结果十分吻合,验证了船舶营运组织方案决策模型的有效性,说明利用该模型决策船舶营运组织方案较符合实际。
(5)提出SITS体系框架的集成体系概念,研究了SITS体系框架集成体系的总体结构,在考虑内河航运智能化的基础上,集成体系分为六大部分:集成管理员、集成数据库、基于GIS的综合监控系统、应用软件系统、设备接入代理和其它系统接入代理等。并重点研究基于GIS的综合监控系统软件的开发。研究表明SITS体系框架集成体系技术可解决SITS中应用系统集成困难、用户操作复杂、各应用系统之间集成度低、应用系统可扩性和兼容性差等问题,使之满足SITS快速扩充和技术高速发展的需要。
本文提出的方法具有一定的普适性,将有利于内河航运体系框架设计摆脱经验的束缚,促进其向科学设计、优化设计方向发展,本文的研究可为今后内河航运系统的规划和建设提供重要依据和参考作用。
Inland shipping system plays an important role in our country's society and economy as well as in our transportation system. Compared with other kinds of transportation methods, inland shipping system lags behind others. As an advantage transportation method, Inland shipping system needs less land, produces less pollution, consumes less energy but carries more goods. With fast development of highways and railways and integrated transportation system, inland shipping system faces much more challenges right now. Inland shipping industry's general profit and efficiency are becoming lower and inland shipping system's resource is not yet exploited yet, and its competency goes lower than any other transportation system. The development speed of inland shipping industry is limited, and the market share of inland shipping industry in society gross goods transportation is less than ever.
Compared with foreign inland shipping system, our infrastructure of inland shipping is very bad, and its productivity is much lower. Our inland shipping industry is just at a lower level. From the experiences in developed countries, inland shipping system can not be replaced by any other systems and is an important transportation method in any developed country. And multiple transportation systems can be coordinated and develop well.
In order to avoid redundant construction and foster competition, it is very important to research inland shipping transportation system. Above all, research of management structure of the inland shipping system is the most urgent and important.
This paper is based on a research fund "Analysis and Design of Inland Shipping System Frame" which is undertaken by me. An intelligent Inland Shipping System is first proposed in this paper, and the inland shipping system's frame and structure is analyzed. Then the frame and structure of the intelligent inland shipping system are exploited further and proposed based on structure model method from system engineering. The structure model of intelligent inland shipping system is designed. According to logic functions of the system and the fuzzy relationship of logic structure and physical structure, the physical structure and application scheme of the intelligent inland shipping system is determined, which reveals how system functions are deployed in physical system and equipments, and mapping relationship from logic structure to physical structure. And then an integrated system of the intelligent inland shipping is discussed and developed, the integrated system which combines with many other useful systems provides the shipping administrators an comprehensive platform which is based on an comprehensive monitoring system with GIS. The platform can operated certain tasks automatically if it is set well and this can meet the goal of modern inland shipping transportation.
There are some research highlights and creative ideas:
(1) A structure frame of Shipping Intelligent Transportation System (SITS) is first proposed and discussed in this paper. The structure frame of SITS is composed of several sub systems which are clear in logical relationship, connected with different physics and operated easily. And the frame provides a base for design, implement and management of an application system.
(2) According to the actual requirements of inland shipping transportation, the structure frame of SITS is discussed further with a systematic structure model and a structure model of the frame is presented. Meanwhile the design method of structure frame of SITS which was once constrained by data flow diagram and natural analysis is replaced by formalization and quantitative method, and the research method is expanded.
(3) The logic structure of frame of SITS is decomposed by the method of fuzzy clustering in functions. There are a lot of basic processes, compound relationships in SITS which is beyond human's ability when the system expands. Then an automatic logic organization and structure method is needed in system analysis. This paper presents a system decomposition approach which can cluster according to relationships and the resulted functional units can be handed out easily because they are tightly connected internally and less connect externally. This decomposition supports the mapping from logic structure to physical structure and decreases the difficulties of the system design. The DFD of inland shipping system is described which testifies the validity of this approach.
(4) An optimized design approach of mapping from logic structure to physical structure is proposed in this paper. The design of physical structure of SITS frame consists of four phases: concept design phase, constraints clearance phase, scheme decision phase, and design optimization phase. Because the appraisal and selection of schemes is a key problem which will affect the design goal and system performance, quality and cost, the scheme of inland shipping operation and organization is analyzed by a trial where a decision model of shipping operation and organization scheme is built and it is testified by statistic data.
(5) An integrated concept of SITS frame is presented in this paper, where general structure of the integrated SITS frame is discussed and the integrated system consists six departments: Integrated administrator, Integrated database, Comprehensive monitoring system based on GIS, Application software system, Equipment connection deputy and other systems connection deputy. And the comprehensive monitoring system based on GIS is developed in this paper. The integrated system of SITS can solve systematic communication problems, compound operation problems, application expansion problems and compatibility problems, which will lead fast development and application of SITS.
The approaches of this paper which will benefit frame design of inland shipping transportation from practical method to scientific and optimized method can be used in many other fields. This paper provides importation resources and a reference for future planning and construction if inland shipping system.
引文
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