不同日粮中添加植酸酶对生长猪生产性能及养分利用的影响
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摘要
试验选择体重约55kg左右的杜长大三元(DLY)生长猪240头作为试验动物,随机分配到6处理中,每个处理4个重复,每一栏作为1个重复,每个重复10头试猪,研究了不同日粮(添加菜籽粕日粮和棉籽粕日粮)中不同植酸酶添加水平(0、500、1000U/kg)对生长猪生产性能及养分消化率的影响。试验结果表明:
(1)在菜籽粕日粮或棉籽粕日粮中添加植酸酶明显改善了生长猪的生产性能。在菜籽粕日粮中添加500、1000U/kg的植酸酶,平均日采食量分别提高了2.99%、4.27%(P＜0.05),平均日增重分别提高了6.62%、7.30%(P＜0.01),料肉比下降了3.48%、2.85%(P＜0.05)。但在菜籽粕日粮中添加500U/kg的植酸酶与添加1000U/kg相比,平均日增重、平均日采食量、料肉比均要略低,但差异均不显著(P＞0.05)。
在棉籽粕日粮中添加500、1000U/kg植酸酶,平均日增重分别提高9.81%、13.92%(P＜0.01),料肉比下降了3.16%、6.65%(P＜0.05),但采食量差异不显著(P＞0.05)。但在棉籽粕日粮中添加1000U/kg的植酸酶与添加500U/kg相比,平均日增重提高了1.60%(P＜0.05),料肉比降低了3.72%(P＜0.05),但平均日采食量差异均不显著(P＞0.05)。
(2)在菜籽粕或棉籽粕日粮中添加植酸酶不同程度改善了干物质、粗蛋白、钙磷等养分的表观消化率。在菜籽粕日粮中添加500、1000U/kg的植酸酶,干物质表观消化率分别提高了2.34%、2.53%(P＞0.05),粗蛋白的表观消化率分别提高了0.54%(P＞0.05)、4.95%(P＜0.05),钙的表观消化率分别提高了23.14%、27.44%(P＜0.01),磷的表观消化率分别提高了30.43%、45.11%(P＜0.01),总能的表观消化率差异不显著(P＞0.05)。在菜籽粕日粮中添加1000U/kg的植酸酶与添加500U/kg相比,粗蛋白与磷的表观消化率分别提高了4.39%(P＜0.05)、11.26%(P＜0.01)。
在棉籽粕日粮中添加500、1000U/kg的植酸酶,干物质表观消化率分别提高了1.16%、1.64%(P＞0.05),粗蛋白的表观消化率分别提高了0.18%(P＞0.05)、4.87%(P＜0.05),钙的表观消化率分别提高了23.93%、29.97%(P＜0.01),磷的表观消化率分别提高了29.33%、38.81%(P＜0.01),总能的表观消化率差异不显著(P＞0.05)。但在棉籽粕日粮中添加1000U/kg的植酸酶与添加500U/kg相比,粗蛋白与磷的表观消化率分别提高了4.68%(P＜0.05)、7.33%(P＜0.01)。
(3)菜籽粕、棉籽粕日粮中添加植酸酶明显降低粪便中氮、磷的排泄量。在菜籽粕日粮中添加1000U/kg的植酸酶与添加0、500U/kg的植酸酶,粪中氮的排泄量分别下降了18.59%、18.90%(P＜0.01),磷的排泄量分别下降了49.74%、25.07%(P＜0.01)。而在菜粕日粮中添加500U/kg的植酸酶,粪中的磷排泄量降低32.93%(P＜0.01)。
在棉籽粕日粮中添加1000U/kg的植酸酶与添加0、500U/kg的植酸酶,粪中氮的排泄量分别下降了22.41%(P＜0.01),磷的排泄量分别下降了44.22%、17.36%(P＜0.01)。而在棉粕日粮中添加500U/kg的植酸酶,粪中的磷排泄量降低32.51%(P＜0.01)。
综上所述,在菜籽粕日粮或棉籽粕日粮中添加植酸酶,显著提高了日粮中氮、磷、钙的表观消化率;同时显著降低了粪便中的氮、磷的排泄量。添加植酸酶显著改善了菜籽粕与棉籽粕在生长猪日粮申的应用效果。
This experiment was used to investigate the effect of phytase added to rapeseed meal diet and cottonseed meal diet on performance and nutrients digestibility of growing pigs. Two hundreds and forty DLY (Duroc×Landrance×Yorkshire) crossbred growing pigs were assigned to 6 treatments, and every treatment had 4 replicates, every replicate contained 10 pigs. And the initial average weight of the pigs was about 55 kg. There were two kinds of diets (rapeseed meal diets and cottonseed meal diets), and three levels (0、500、1000U/kg) of phytase were added to two difference diets.The experiment results as follow:
(1) The growth performance of growing pigs significantly improved by added phytase to rapeseed meal or cottonseed meal diet. Added 500、1000U/kg phytase to rapeseed meal diet, increased the AFDI by2.99%, 4.27% (P<0.05), respectively; ADG improved 6.62%、7.30% (P<0.01); decreased F/G by 3.48%, 2.85% (P<0.05). Added 500U/kg phytase to rapeseed meal diets than adding 1000U/kg phytase, decreased the AFDI、ADG and F/G, but there had no significantly differences.
Added 500, 1000U/kg phytase to cottonseed meal diet, ADG improved 9.81%, 13.92% (P<0.01); decreased F/G by 3.16%、6.65% (P<0.05), but added phytase to cottonseed meal diets had no effects on AFDI. Added 1000U/kg phytase to cottonseed meal diets than adding 500U/kg phytase, ADG improved 1.60% (P<0.05), F/G decreased by 3.27% (P<0.05), but there had no significantly differences of ADFI.
(2) Added phytase to rapeseed meal or cottonseed meal diet, improved the apparently digestibility of DM、CP、Ca and P more or less. Added 500、1000U/kg phytase to rapeseed meal diet, apparently digestibility of DM improved 2.34%, 2.53%(P>0.05), respectively; apparently digestibility of CP improved 0.54%、4.95%; apparently digestibility of Ca improved 23.14%, 27.44% (P<0.01); apparently digestibility of P improved 30.43%、45.11% (P<0.01). And there had no significantly differences of apparently digestibility of GE. Added 1000U/kg phytase to rapeseed meal diets than adding 500U/kg phytase, apparently digestibility of CP and P improved 4.39% and 11.26%(P>0.05), respectively.
Added 500、1000U/kg phytase to cottonseed meal diet, apparently digestibility of DM improved 1.16%、1.6%(P>04.05), respectively; apparently digestibility of CP improved 0.18%、4.87%; apparently digestibility of Ca improved 23.93%、29.97% (P<0.01); apparently digestibility of P improved 29.33%、38.81% (P<0.01). And there had no significantly differences of apparently digestibility of GE. Added 1000U/kg phytase to rapeseed meal diets than adding 500U/kg phytase, apparently digestibility of CP and P improved 4.68% and 7.33%(P<0.05), respectively.
(3) Added phytase to rapeseed meal or cottonseed meal diet, significantly decreased the excretion of N、P in feces. Added 1000U/kg phytase to rapeseed meal diets than adding 0 or 500U/kg phytase, the excretion of N in the feces decreased by 18.59%、18.90% (P<0.01); the excretion of P in the feces decreased by 49.74%、25.07% (P<0.01), respectively. Added 500U/kg phytase to rapeseed meal diets, the excretion of P in feces decreased by 32.93% (P<0.01).
Added 1000U/kg phytase to cottonseed meal diets than adding 0 or 500U/kg phytase, the excretion of N in the feces decreased by 22.41% (P<0.01), respectively; the excretion of P in the feces decreased by 44.22%、17.36% (P<0.01), respectively. Added 500U/kg phytase to cottonseed meal diets, the excretion of P in feces decreased by 32.51% (P<0.01).
In conclusion, phytase greatly improved the apparent digestibility of CP、Ca、P in diet with rapeseed meal or cottonseed meal, and the phytase greatly decreased the excretion of N、P in feces. Also phytase increased the nutrition value of rapeseed meal and cottonseed meal in the ration of growing pigs, and improved the production performance of growing pigs fed the diet with rapeseed meal or cottonseed meal.
(1)在菜籽粕日粮或棉籽粕日粮中添加植酸酶明显改善了生长猪的生产性能。在菜籽粕日粮中添加500、1000U/kg的植酸酶,平均日采食量分别提高了2.99%、4.27%(P＜0.05),平均日增重分别提高了6.62%、7.30%(P＜0.01),料肉比下降了3.48%、2.85%(P＜0.05)。但在菜籽粕日粮中添加500U/kg的植酸酶与添加1000U/kg相比,平均日增重、平均日采食量、料肉比均要略低,但差异均不显著(P＞0.05)。
在棉籽粕日粮中添加500、1000U/kg植酸酶,平均日增重分别提高9.81%、13.92%(P＜0.01),料肉比下降了3.16%、6.65%(P＜0.05),但采食量差异不显著(P＞0.05)。但在棉籽粕日粮中添加1000U/kg的植酸酶与添加500U/kg相比,平均日增重提高了1.60%(P＜0.05),料肉比降低了3.72%(P＜0.05),但平均日采食量差异均不显著(P＞0.05)。
(2)在菜籽粕或棉籽粕日粮中添加植酸酶不同程度改善了干物质、粗蛋白、钙磷等养分的表观消化率。在菜籽粕日粮中添加500、1000U/kg的植酸酶,干物质表观消化率分别提高了2.34%、2.53%(P＞0.05),粗蛋白的表观消化率分别提高了0.54%(P＞0.05)、4.95%(P＜0.05),钙的表观消化率分别提高了23.14%、27.44%(P＜0.01),磷的表观消化率分别提高了30.43%、45.11%(P＜0.01),总能的表观消化率差异不显著(P＞0.05)。在菜籽粕日粮中添加1000U/kg的植酸酶与添加500U/kg相比,粗蛋白与磷的表观消化率分别提高了4.39%(P＜0.05)、11.26%(P＜0.01)。
在棉籽粕日粮中添加500、1000U/kg的植酸酶,干物质表观消化率分别提高了1.16%、1.64%(P＞0.05),粗蛋白的表观消化率分别提高了0.18%(P＞0.05)、4.87%(P＜0.05),钙的表观消化率分别提高了23.93%、29.97%(P＜0.01),磷的表观消化率分别提高了29.33%、38.81%(P＜0.01),总能的表观消化率差异不显著(P＞0.05)。但在棉籽粕日粮中添加1000U/kg的植酸酶与添加500U/kg相比,粗蛋白与磷的表观消化率分别提高了4.68%(P＜0.05)、7.33%(P＜0.01)。
(3)菜籽粕、棉籽粕日粮中添加植酸酶明显降低粪便中氮、磷的排泄量。在菜籽粕日粮中添加1000U/kg的植酸酶与添加0、500U/kg的植酸酶,粪中氮的排泄量分别下降了18.59%、18.90%(P＜0.01),磷的排泄量分别下降了49.74%、25.07%(P＜0.01)。而在菜粕日粮中添加500U/kg的植酸酶,粪中的磷排泄量降低32.93%(P＜0.01)。
在棉籽粕日粮中添加1000U/kg的植酸酶与添加0、500U/kg的植酸酶,粪中氮的排泄量分别下降了22.41%(P＜0.01),磷的排泄量分别下降了44.22%、17.36%(P＜0.01)。而在棉粕日粮中添加500U/kg的植酸酶,粪中的磷排泄量降低32.51%(P＜0.01)。
综上所述,在菜籽粕日粮或棉籽粕日粮中添加植酸酶,显著提高了日粮中氮、磷、钙的表观消化率;同时显著降低了粪便中的氮、磷的排泄量。添加植酸酶显著改善了菜籽粕与棉籽粕在生长猪日粮申的应用效果。
This experiment was used to investigate the effect of phytase added to rapeseed meal diet and cottonseed meal diet on performance and nutrients digestibility of growing pigs. Two hundreds and forty DLY (Duroc×Landrance×Yorkshire) crossbred growing pigs were assigned to 6 treatments, and every treatment had 4 replicates, every replicate contained 10 pigs. And the initial average weight of the pigs was about 55 kg. There were two kinds of diets (rapeseed meal diets and cottonseed meal diets), and three levels (0、500、1000U/kg) of phytase were added to two difference diets.The experiment results as follow:
(1) The growth performance of growing pigs significantly improved by added phytase to rapeseed meal or cottonseed meal diet. Added 500、1000U/kg phytase to rapeseed meal diet, increased the AFDI by2.99%, 4.27% (P<0.05), respectively; ADG improved 6.62%、7.30% (P<0.01); decreased F/G by 3.48%, 2.85% (P<0.05). Added 500U/kg phytase to rapeseed meal diets than adding 1000U/kg phytase, decreased the AFDI、ADG and F/G, but there had no significantly differences.
Added 500, 1000U/kg phytase to cottonseed meal diet, ADG improved 9.81%, 13.92% (P<0.01); decreased F/G by 3.16%、6.65% (P<0.05), but added phytase to cottonseed meal diets had no effects on AFDI. Added 1000U/kg phytase to cottonseed meal diets than adding 500U/kg phytase, ADG improved 1.60% (P<0.05), F/G decreased by 3.27% (P<0.05), but there had no significantly differences of ADFI.
(2) Added phytase to rapeseed meal or cottonseed meal diet, improved the apparently digestibility of DM、CP、Ca and P more or less. Added 500、1000U/kg phytase to rapeseed meal diet, apparently digestibility of DM improved 2.34%, 2.53%(P>0.05), respectively; apparently digestibility of CP improved 0.54%、4.95%; apparently digestibility of Ca improved 23.14%, 27.44% (P<0.01); apparently digestibility of P improved 30.43%、45.11% (P<0.01). And there had no significantly differences of apparently digestibility of GE. Added 1000U/kg phytase to rapeseed meal diets than adding 500U/kg phytase, apparently digestibility of CP and P improved 4.39% and 11.26%(P>0.05), respectively.
Added 500、1000U/kg phytase to cottonseed meal diet, apparently digestibility of DM improved 1.16%、1.6%(P>04.05), respectively; apparently digestibility of CP improved 0.18%、4.87%; apparently digestibility of Ca improved 23.93%、29.97% (P<0.01); apparently digestibility of P improved 29.33%、38.81% (P<0.01). And there had no significantly differences of apparently digestibility of GE. Added 1000U/kg phytase to rapeseed meal diets than adding 500U/kg phytase, apparently digestibility of CP and P improved 4.68% and 7.33%(P<0.05), respectively.
(3) Added phytase to rapeseed meal or cottonseed meal diet, significantly decreased the excretion of N、P in feces. Added 1000U/kg phytase to rapeseed meal diets than adding 0 or 500U/kg phytase, the excretion of N in the feces decreased by 18.59%、18.90% (P<0.01); the excretion of P in the feces decreased by 49.74%、25.07% (P<0.01), respectively. Added 500U/kg phytase to rapeseed meal diets, the excretion of P in feces decreased by 32.93% (P<0.01).
Added 1000U/kg phytase to cottonseed meal diets than adding 0 or 500U/kg phytase, the excretion of N in the feces decreased by 22.41% (P<0.01), respectively; the excretion of P in the feces decreased by 44.22%、17.36% (P<0.01), respectively. Added 500U/kg phytase to cottonseed meal diets, the excretion of P in feces decreased by 32.51% (P<0.01).
In conclusion, phytase greatly improved the apparent digestibility of CP、Ca、P in diet with rapeseed meal or cottonseed meal, and the phytase greatly decreased the excretion of N、P in feces. Also phytase increased the nutrition value of rapeseed meal and cottonseed meal in the ration of growing pigs, and improved the production performance of growing pigs fed the diet with rapeseed meal or cottonseed meal.
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Adeola O, and Sands J S. 2003 .Does supplemental dietary microbial phytase improve amino acid utilization? A perspective that it does not [J]. J Anim Sci, 81(E. Suppl. 2):E78-E85.
Applegate T J, Angel R, Clasen H L. 2003. Effect of Dietary Calcium, 25-Hydroxy- cholecalciferol, or Bird Strain on Small Intestinal Phytase Activity in Broiler Chickerns, [J] Poultry Science, 82(7): 1190-1198.
Ashida K Y, Tamura A, Matsui T. 1999,Effect of dietary microbial phytase on Zinc bioavilability in growing pigs [J]. J Anim Sci, 70(5):306-311.
Augspurger N R and Baker D H. 2004. High dietary phytase levels maximize phytate- phosphorus utilization but do not affect protein utilization in chicks fed phosphorus or amino acid-deficient diets[J]Anim. Sci. 82:1100-1107.
Boling S D. 2006. Supplemental phytase improved performance of laying hens consuming diets with low levels of available phosphorous. Poult.Sci.76:5-9.
Campbell R G, Harrison D T, Bulter K J et al.1995. Effects of dietary availability phosphorus and phytase on the performance of pigs from 19 to 40 days post-weaning. In:Mannipulating pig productionV(D.P. Hennessy and P.D. Cranwell), Proc. Of the Fifth Biennial Conf. Of the Australasian Pig Science Association, Werribee, Victoria, Australia, p.193.
Cromwell G L. 1995. Efficacy of low-activity, microbial phytase in improving the bioavailability of Phosphorus in corn-soybean meal diets for Pigs[J]. Anim Sci, 73:449-456.
Cruickshank E W H, Duckworth J, et al. 1945. The digestibility of the phytate oat meal in adult man. J. Physiol. 104:41-46.
Dell B L, Boland A R.1972. Distribution of phytate and nutritionally important elements among the morphologyical components of cereal grains [J]. Agric Food Chem., 20:718-721.
De Boland A R, Garner G B, Dell B L. 1975. Identification and properties of phytate in cereal grains and oilseed products [J]. Journal Agriculture and food Chemistry, 23: 1186-1189.
Edwards H M. 1993.Dietary 1,25-Dihydroxy-cholecalciferol supplementation increases natural phytate phosphorus utilization in chichens[J]. Nutri, 123(3):567~577.
Ellis R, Morris, et al.1986. Effect of level of calcium intake on in vivo hydrlysis of dietary phytate. Fed Proc. 45:374.
Erdam J W. 1979. Oilseed phytates: nutritional implications [J]. Journal of American oil Chemistry Society, 56:736-741.
Gagne F. 2002. The effect of microbial phytase and feed restriction on protein, fat and ash deposition in growing-finishing pigs. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 82(4):551-558.
Gordon R W, RolandD A. 1997a. Performance of commercial laying hens fed various phosphorus levels, with and without supplemental phytase. Pvult. Sci., 76:1172-1177.
Gordon R W, Roland D A. 1997b. Influence of phytase on calcium and phosphorus utilization in commercial laying hens. Poult. Sci, 76:16—19.
Johnson L F, Tete M E.1969. Structure of phytic acids[J].Canadian Journal of Chemistry, 47:67—73.
Jongbloed A W.,Everts H., Kemme, P.A.,et al. 1993.Phosphorus availability and requirements in pigs[J]. Heinemann,eds.Recent advances in animal nutrition.Butterworth, London,UK:65-80.
King R H, Eason P E, Kerton D K, et al. 2001. Evaluation of solventextracted canola meal for growing pigs and lactation sows [J].Austrlian Journal of Agricultural Research. 52( 10): 1033-1041.
Kise A. 1997. Niet-fosfor effecten van Natuphos. IN: BASF Symposium "Enzymen en organische zuren in de Nederlandse mengvoederindustries", Arnhem, The Netherlands, p11.
Kornegay E T, Bedford M R (ed.), Partridge G G. 2000.Digestion of phosphorus and other nutrients: the role of phytase and factors influencing their activity [A].In:
Enzymes-in-farm-animal-nutrition [C], P237-271.Liao S F, Sauer W C, Kies A K, et al. 2005.Effect of phytase supplementation to diets for weanling pigs on the digestibilities of crude proteins, amino acids, and energy [J].J Anim Sci, 83:625-633.
Lei X G, Ku P K, Miller E R, et al. 1993 .Supplemental microbial phytase improves bioavailabiliry of dietary zinc to weanling pigs.J. Nutr., 23:1117-1123.
Li D F, Che X R, Wang Y Q, et al. 1998. Effect of microbial phytase, vitamin D, and citric acid on growth performance and phosphorus, nitrogen and calcium digestibility in growing swine [J]. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 73 (1-3): 773-776.
Lott J N A, Ockenden I, Raboy V, et al. 2000. Phytic acid and phosphorus in crop seed and fruits:a global estimate[J]. Seed Science Research, 10:11—33.
Masuda T. 2002.Reduction of copper and zine excretion in pigs(lI), The effect of phytase instead of copper and zinc supplemented diets on performance, copper and zinc excretion in growing and finishing pigs.Research bulletin of the. Aichi-Ken Agricultural Reserch Center, 34:207—212.
Matsui Y, Nakagawa A, Tamura C, et al. 2000. Efficacy of yeast phytase in improving phosphorus bioavailabiliry in a corn-soybean meal-based diet for growing pigs, [J] Animal Scienc,78(1) 94-99.
Mohammed A, Gibney M J, Taylor T G. 1991. The effects of dietary levels of inorganic phosphorus、calcium and cholecalciferol on the digestility of phytate-P by the chick. British Journal of Nutrition. 66: 251 —259.
Moore J H, Tyler C. 1995. Studies on the intestinal absorption and excretion of Ca and P in the pigs. 2. The intestinal absorption and excretion of radioactive Ca and P. Brit. J. Nutr. 9:81-93.
Mroz Z, Jongbloed A W, Kemme P A. 1994.Apparent digestibility and retention of nutrients bound to phytate complexes as influenced by microbial phytase and feeding regimen in pigs [J]. J Anim Sci, 72:126-132.
Niruntarai S. 2003,.The effects of phytase supplementation on the availability of Ca P and Pr in growing pigs [J]. Animals and veterinary medicine, (2):231-236.
NRC.1998.Nutrient Rquirement of Poultry(9th). Nation Academy Press. Washington D.C.
Qian H. 1996. Effects of supplemental phytase and phosphorus on histological and other tibia bone characteristics and performances of broilers fed semi-purified diets. Poult.Sci, 75:618—626.
Sebastian S.2000. Efficacy of supplemental microbial phytase at different dietary calcium levels on growth performance and mineral utilization of broiler chickens. Poult Sci, 75:1516-1523.
Sefer D. 2000. Performances of piglets supplemented with phytase enzyme. Biotechnology in Animal Husbandry, 16(5): 2530.
Selle P H , Ravindran V, Cadogan D J, et al.1996. The role of microbial phytase in poultry and pig production. Proc. Tenth Australian Poultry and Feed Convenrion, Melbourne, Australia:214—224.
Selle P H. 2003, Influence of phytase and xylanse supplementation on growth performance and nutrient utilization of broiler offered wheat-based diets [J]. Asian-Aust.Anim.Aci, 16(3): 394-402.
Shelton J L, Lemieux F M, Southern L L.2005. Effect of microbial phytase with or without the trace mineral premix in nursery, growing, and growing finishing pigs diets [J]. J Anim Sci, 82:2630—2639.
Simmins P H, Schulze H. 2004.The efficacy of an Escherichia coli-derived phytase preparation, [J] Anim. Sci. 82: 2657-2666.
Sohail S S, Roland D A. 1997. influence of phytase on calcium utilization in commercial layers.Poult.Sci.Abstr. 21(76):6—12.
Veum T L, Bollinger D W, Buff C E, et al. 2006. A genetically engineered Escherichia coli phytase improves nutrients utilization, growth performance and bone strength of young swine fed diets deficient in available phosphorus [J]. J Anim Sci, 84:1147-1158.
Viveros A, Centeno C, Brenes A, et al. 2000. Phytase and acid phosphatase activities in plant feedstuffs[J].J Agric Food Chem, 48(9):4009-4013.
Wise and Gilburt. 1982. Phytate hydrolysis by germfree and conventional rats. Appl.Environ. Microbiol. 43:753-756.
Yi Z, Kornegay E T, Lindemann M D, Ravindran V, et al. 1996.Effectiveness of Natuphos phytase in improving the bioavailabilities of phosphorus and other nutrients in soybean meal-based semipurified diets for young pigs [J]. J Anim Sci, 74: 1601-1611.
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Adeola O, and Sands J S. 2003 .Does supplemental dietary microbial phytase improve amino acid utilization? A perspective that it does not [J]. J Anim Sci, 81(E. Suppl. 2):E78-E85.
Applegate T J, Angel R, Clasen H L. 2003. Effect of Dietary Calcium, 25-Hydroxy- cholecalciferol, or Bird Strain on Small Intestinal Phytase Activity in Broiler Chickerns, [J] Poultry Science, 82(7): 1190-1198.
Ashida K Y, Tamura A, Matsui T. 1999,Effect of dietary microbial phytase on Zinc bioavilability in growing pigs [J]. J Anim Sci, 70(5):306-311.
Augspurger N R and Baker D H. 2004. High dietary phytase levels maximize phytate- phosphorus utilization but do not affect protein utilization in chicks fed phosphorus or amino acid-deficient diets[J]Anim. Sci. 82:1100-1107.
Boling S D. 2006. Supplemental phytase improved performance of laying hens consuming diets with low levels of available phosphorous. Poult.Sci.76:5-9.
Campbell R G, Harrison D T, Bulter K J et al.1995. Effects of dietary availability phosphorus and phytase on the performance of pigs from 19 to 40 days post-weaning. In:Mannipulating pig productionV(D.P. Hennessy and P.D. Cranwell), Proc. Of the Fifth Biennial Conf. Of the Australasian Pig Science Association, Werribee, Victoria, Australia, p.193.
Cromwell G L. 1995. Efficacy of low-activity, microbial phytase in improving the bioavailability of Phosphorus in corn-soybean meal diets for Pigs[J]. Anim Sci, 73:449-456.
Cruickshank E W H, Duckworth J, et al. 1945. The digestibility of the phytate oat meal in adult man. J. Physiol. 104:41-46.
Dell B L, Boland A R.1972. Distribution of phytate and nutritionally important elements among the morphologyical components of cereal grains [J]. Agric Food Chem., 20:718-721.
De Boland A R, Garner G B, Dell B L. 1975. Identification and properties of phytate in cereal grains and oilseed products [J]. Journal Agriculture and food Chemistry, 23: 1186-1189.
Edwards H M. 1993.Dietary 1,25-Dihydroxy-cholecalciferol supplementation increases natural phytate phosphorus utilization in chichens[J]. Nutri, 123(3):567~577.
Ellis R, Morris, et al.1986. Effect of level of calcium intake on in vivo hydrlysis of dietary phytate. Fed Proc. 45:374.
Erdam J W. 1979. Oilseed phytates: nutritional implications [J]. Journal of American oil Chemistry Society, 56:736-741.
Gagne F. 2002. The effect of microbial phytase and feed restriction on protein, fat and ash deposition in growing-finishing pigs. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 82(4):551-558.
Gordon R W, RolandD A. 1997a. Performance of commercial laying hens fed various phosphorus levels, with and without supplemental phytase. Pvult. Sci., 76:1172-1177.
Gordon R W, Roland D A. 1997b. Influence of phytase on calcium and phosphorus utilization in commercial laying hens. Poult. Sci, 76:16—19.
Johnson L F, Tete M E.1969. Structure of phytic acids[J].Canadian Journal of Chemistry, 47:67—73.
Jongbloed A W.,Everts H., Kemme, P.A.,et al. 1993.Phosphorus availability and requirements in pigs[J]. Heinemann,eds.Recent advances in animal nutrition.Butterworth, London,UK:65-80.
King R H, Eason P E, Kerton D K, et al. 2001. Evaluation of solventextracted canola meal for growing pigs and lactation sows [J].Austrlian Journal of Agricultural Research. 52( 10): 1033-1041.
Kise A. 1997. Niet-fosfor effecten van Natuphos. IN: BASF Symposium "Enzymen en organische zuren in de Nederlandse mengvoederindustries", Arnhem, The Netherlands, p11.
Kornegay E T, Bedford M R (ed.), Partridge G G. 2000.Digestion of phosphorus and other nutrients: the role of phytase and factors influencing their activity [A].In:
Enzymes-in-farm-animal-nutrition [C], P237-271.Liao S F, Sauer W C, Kies A K, et al. 2005.Effect of phytase supplementation to diets for weanling pigs on the digestibilities of crude proteins, amino acids, and energy [J].J Anim Sci, 83:625-633.
Lei X G, Ku P K, Miller E R, et al. 1993 .Supplemental microbial phytase improves bioavailabiliry of dietary zinc to weanling pigs.J. Nutr., 23:1117-1123.
Li D F, Che X R, Wang Y Q, et al. 1998. Effect of microbial phytase, vitamin D, and citric acid on growth performance and phosphorus, nitrogen and calcium digestibility in growing swine [J]. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 73 (1-3): 773-776.
Lott J N A, Ockenden I, Raboy V, et al. 2000. Phytic acid and phosphorus in crop seed and fruits:a global estimate[J]. Seed Science Research, 10:11—33.
Masuda T. 2002.Reduction of copper and zine excretion in pigs(lI), The effect of phytase instead of copper and zinc supplemented diets on performance, copper and zinc excretion in growing and finishing pigs.Research bulletin of the. Aichi-Ken Agricultural Reserch Center, 34:207—212.
Matsui Y, Nakagawa A, Tamura C, et al. 2000. Efficacy of yeast phytase in improving phosphorus bioavailabiliry in a corn-soybean meal-based diet for growing pigs, [J] Animal Scienc,78(1) 94-99.
Mohammed A, Gibney M J, Taylor T G. 1991. The effects of dietary levels of inorganic phosphorus、calcium and cholecalciferol on the digestility of phytate-P by the chick. British Journal of Nutrition. 66: 251 —259.
Moore J H, Tyler C. 1995. Studies on the intestinal absorption and excretion of Ca and P in the pigs. 2. The intestinal absorption and excretion of radioactive Ca and P. Brit. J. Nutr. 9:81-93.
Mroz Z, Jongbloed A W, Kemme P A. 1994.Apparent digestibility and retention of nutrients bound to phytate complexes as influenced by microbial phytase and feeding regimen in pigs [J]. J Anim Sci, 72:126-132.
Niruntarai S. 2003,.The effects of phytase supplementation on the availability of Ca P and Pr in growing pigs [J]. Animals and veterinary medicine, (2):231-236.
NRC.1998.Nutrient Rquirement of Poultry(9th). Nation Academy Press. Washington D.C.
Qian H. 1996. Effects of supplemental phytase and phosphorus on histological and other tibia bone characteristics and performances of broilers fed semi-purified diets. Poult.Sci, 75:618—626.
Sebastian S.2000. Efficacy of supplemental microbial phytase at different dietary calcium levels on growth performance and mineral utilization of broiler chickens. Poult Sci, 75:1516-1523.
Sefer D. 2000. Performances of piglets supplemented with phytase enzyme. Biotechnology in Animal Husbandry, 16(5): 2530.
Selle P H , Ravindran V, Cadogan D J, et al.1996. The role of microbial phytase in poultry and pig production. Proc. Tenth Australian Poultry and Feed Convenrion, Melbourne, Australia:214—224.
Selle P H. 2003, Influence of phytase and xylanse supplementation on growth performance and nutrient utilization of broiler offered wheat-based diets [J]. Asian-Aust.Anim.Aci, 16(3): 394-402.
Shelton J L, Lemieux F M, Southern L L.2005. Effect of microbial phytase with or without the trace mineral premix in nursery, growing, and growing finishing pigs diets [J]. J Anim Sci, 82:2630—2639.
Simmins P H, Schulze H. 2004.The efficacy of an Escherichia coli-derived phytase preparation, [J] Anim. Sci. 82: 2657-2666.
Sohail S S, Roland D A. 1997. influence of phytase on calcium utilization in commercial layers.Poult.Sci.Abstr. 21(76):6—12.
Veum T L, Bollinger D W, Buff C E, et al. 2006. A genetically engineered Escherichia coli phytase improves nutrients utilization, growth performance and bone strength of young swine fed diets deficient in available phosphorus [J]. J Anim Sci, 84:1147-1158.
Viveros A, Centeno C, Brenes A, et al. 2000. Phytase and acid phosphatase activities in plant feedstuffs[J].J Agric Food Chem, 48(9):4009-4013.
Wise and Gilburt. 1982. Phytate hydrolysis by germfree and conventional rats. Appl.Environ. Microbiol. 43:753-756.
Yi Z, Kornegay E T, Lindemann M D, Ravindran V, et al. 1996.Effectiveness of Natuphos phytase in improving the bioavailabilities of phosphorus and other nutrients in soybean meal-based semipurified diets for young pigs [J]. J Anim Sci, 74: 1601-1611.
Young, Leunissen M, Atkinson J L. 1993 .Addition of microbial phytase to diets of young pigs [J]. J Anim Sci, 71:2150-2174.