土家族中学生依恋、自尊特点及二者关系研究
|
摘要
依恋和自尊是个体社会性发展的重要心理指标,以前关于青少年依恋和自尊特点及其关系的研究还存在许多争议,而针对土家族这样的特殊群体的研究还未见报端,对土家族青少年依恋和自尊的研究有着非同寻常的意义。
本研究以275个来自恩施土家族苗族自治州的中学生为被试,运用父母和同伴依恋量表、SES、SEI和IAT等工具,采用T检验、方差分析、回归分析等方法考察了土家族中学生父亲、母亲、同伴依恋以及自尊的特点,同时还检验了前人关于依恋和自尊关系研究的结果。
本研究的主要结果如下:
1、在父亲依恋上,土家族中学生没有性别、年级和家庭所在地的差异,但在是否独生子女和母亲受教育程度上差异显著。非独生子女对父亲的依恋高于独生子女;母亲受教育水平为小学及以下的中学生父亲依恋显著高于母亲受教育水平为中学的。
在母亲依恋上,农村中学生显著高于城镇中学生。
在同伴依恋上,女生显著高于男生,初中生显著低于高中生。
2、依恋和以SES和SEI构成的外显自尊与内隐自尊都没有显著相关。高一是土家族中学生自尊发展的转折点。无论是SES还是SEI都是随年级的升高而逐渐升高,到高一达到最高水平,然后逐渐下降。
3、只有同伴依恋对SES有非常显著的预测力,而父亲、母亲依恋对SES没有显著影响。但父亲、母亲、同伴依恋却同时都能显著预测SEI,且母亲依恋的解释率最高,其次是父亲依恋和同伴依恋。
Attachment and self-esteem are important psychological indicators of the individual’s social development, former researches on the adolescents’attachment and self-esteem and its relations there are still many controversial. And for the special group of Tujia minority, the study has not yet been seen. So explore the Tujia minority adolescents’Attachment and self-esteem has extraordinary significance.
In this study, 275 middle school minority students from the Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous are tested, using of Inventory of Parent Peer Attachment, SES, SEI and IAT. And used Compare Means, analysis of variance, regression analysis and other methods inspected the characteristics and the relationship between them of Tujia Middle School Students’father, mother, peer attachment and self-esteem ,and also test the predecessors’findings of the study.
The outcome is presented as the followings:
1. There is no difference of the sex, the age or the region but the only child and the mother’s education in the attachment to fathers. The only child’s attachment to fathers is stronger than those who are not; but the students whose mothers receive a higher education have less attachment to their fathers. But referring to the attachment to mothers, the attachment of students in countryside is much stronger than that of students in cities. And the senior school students are much more attached to companions than the junior students. the attachment of girl students is much stronger than that of boy students as well.
2. There is no distinct relationship between Implicit Self-Esteem and Explicit Self-Esteem formed by the SES and SEI. The SES and SEI grows with the grading up, but they stop at a level and then begin to decrease.
3. The attachment not to father or mother but to companions has a distinct prediction to the SES, but all of them can interpret the scores of SEI. The attachment to mother influenced SEI mostly, followed by the one to father and companions
本研究以275个来自恩施土家族苗族自治州的中学生为被试,运用父母和同伴依恋量表、SES、SEI和IAT等工具,采用T检验、方差分析、回归分析等方法考察了土家族中学生父亲、母亲、同伴依恋以及自尊的特点,同时还检验了前人关于依恋和自尊关系研究的结果。
本研究的主要结果如下:
1、在父亲依恋上,土家族中学生没有性别、年级和家庭所在地的差异,但在是否独生子女和母亲受教育程度上差异显著。非独生子女对父亲的依恋高于独生子女;母亲受教育水平为小学及以下的中学生父亲依恋显著高于母亲受教育水平为中学的。
在母亲依恋上,农村中学生显著高于城镇中学生。
在同伴依恋上,女生显著高于男生,初中生显著低于高中生。
2、依恋和以SES和SEI构成的外显自尊与内隐自尊都没有显著相关。高一是土家族中学生自尊发展的转折点。无论是SES还是SEI都是随年级的升高而逐渐升高,到高一达到最高水平,然后逐渐下降。
3、只有同伴依恋对SES有非常显著的预测力,而父亲、母亲依恋对SES没有显著影响。但父亲、母亲、同伴依恋却同时都能显著预测SEI,且母亲依恋的解释率最高,其次是父亲依恋和同伴依恋。
Attachment and self-esteem are important psychological indicators of the individual’s social development, former researches on the adolescents’attachment and self-esteem and its relations there are still many controversial. And for the special group of Tujia minority, the study has not yet been seen. So explore the Tujia minority adolescents’Attachment and self-esteem has extraordinary significance.
In this study, 275 middle school minority students from the Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous are tested, using of Inventory of Parent Peer Attachment, SES, SEI and IAT. And used Compare Means, analysis of variance, regression analysis and other methods inspected the characteristics and the relationship between them of Tujia Middle School Students’father, mother, peer attachment and self-esteem ,and also test the predecessors’findings of the study.
The outcome is presented as the followings:
1. There is no difference of the sex, the age or the region but the only child and the mother’s education in the attachment to fathers. The only child’s attachment to fathers is stronger than those who are not; but the students whose mothers receive a higher education have less attachment to their fathers. But referring to the attachment to mothers, the attachment of students in countryside is much stronger than that of students in cities. And the senior school students are much more attached to companions than the junior students. the attachment of girl students is much stronger than that of boy students as well.
2. There is no distinct relationship between Implicit Self-Esteem and Explicit Self-Esteem formed by the SES and SEI. The SES and SEI grows with the grading up, but they stop at a level and then begin to decrease.
3. The attachment not to father or mother but to companions has a distinct prediction to the SES, but all of them can interpret the scores of SEI. The attachment to mother influenced SEI mostly, followed by the one to father and companions
引文
[1]刘敏珍.老年人之人际亲密、依附风格与幸福感指关系研究[D].台湾:国立高雄师范大学成人教育研究所,2000
[2]肖君政,江光荣.成人依恋理论研究[J] .中国行为医学科学[J] ,2006,15(9)
[3]王红艳,王冰.儿童依恋的研究及其新进展[J].幼儿教育(教育科学版), 2006,(4)
[4]谷传华,王美萍.儿童依恋理论述评[J].山东师大学报(社会科学版), 2000 ,(1)
[5]刘志军.90年代西方依恋理论研究的概述[J].上海师范大学学报(社会科学版), 2000,29(8)
[6] Growell J A. Treboux D. A review of adult attachment measures: Implications for theory and research. Social Development,1995,4:294—327
[7] Collins N,Read S.Cognitive representations of attachment:the structure and function of working models. In :D Perlman, K Bartholomew(Eds). Adavances in personal relationships:Attachment processes in adulthood. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers Std 1994,53-90
[8] Zimmermann P, Becker-Stoll F. Stability of attachment representations during adolescence: the influence of ego-identity status. Journal of Adolescence, 2002, 25:107-124
[9] Weinfield,N.S.,Sroufe,L.A.,Egleind,B. Attachment from infancy to early adulthood in a high-risk sample:continuity,discontinuity,and their correlates. Child Development,2000,71:695-702
[10]Feeney J A, Noller P, Callan V J. Attachment style,communication and satisfaction in the early years of marriage.In:K Bartholomew, P Daniel (Eds); Attachment processes in adulthood. Philadelphia, PA, US: Jessica Kingsley Publishers, Ltd. 1994,269-308
[11]Kirkpatrick L A, Hazan C. Attachment styles and close relationships: A four-year prospective study. Personal Relationships, 1994, 1:123-142
[12] [20]宋海荣.青少年自尊、依恋及其二者关系的发展性研究[D]:[硕士学位论文].上海:华东师范大学,2004
[13] [37]田瑞琪.大学生成人依恋的测量及相关人格研究[D]: [硕士学位论文].上海:上海师范大学,2004
[14] [19]琚晓燕.青少年依恋的测量及其与自尊、社会适应性关系研究[D]: [硕士学位论文].浙江:浙江师范大学,2005
[15] Fraley R C, Spieker S J. Are Infant Attachment Patterns Continuously or Categorically Distributed? A Taxometric Analysis of Strange Situation Behavior. Developmental Psychology,2003,39(3):387-404
[16] Brennan K A, Clark C L, Shaver P R. Self-report Measurement of Adult Attachment: An Integrative Overview. In: Simpson J A, Rholes W S. Attachment Theory and Close Relationships. New York: The Guilford Press,1998:46-76
[17]侯珂,邹泓,蒋索.社会人格取向的成人依恋研究[J].心理科学进展. 2005,13(5):640～650
[18]金凤兰.论早期亲子依恋模式的心理病理学意义[D]:[硕士学位论文].吉林:吉林大学,2005
[21] Leary M.R.,Tambor E.S.,Terdal S.K.,Downs D.L. Self-esteem as an interpersonal monitor: The sociometer hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,1995(68):518-530
[22]朱智贤主编.心理学大辞典(1989年版).北京:北京师范大学出版社,1989
[23]张文新.儿童社会性发展[M].北京:北京师范大学出版社,1999:393
[24]Greenwald A.G., Banaji M.R. Implicit social cognition:Attitudes,self-esteem,and stereotypes.Psychological Review, ,1995 Vol 102,4-27
[25]张林.青少年自尊结构、发展特点及其影响因素的研究[D]. [博士学位论文].长春:东北师范大学,2004
[26] Mruk C.J.Self-esteem:Research,theory and practice(2nd). New Yoke:Springer Publishing Company INC,1999
[27]蔡华俭.内隐自尊的作用机制及特性研究[D]: [博士学位论文].上海:华东师范大学,2002
[28]蔡华俭.内隐自尊效应及内隐自尊与外显自尊的关系[J].心理学报,2003,35(6):796-801
[29] [37] Robinson,Shaver,Wrightsman.杨宜音,彭泗清译,杨中芳校.性格与社会心理测量总览[M].香港:远流出版事业股份有限公司,1997,159-218
[30]肖森桂.湘西土家族、苗族15-18岁女生体格发育的研究[J].中国公共卫生,2002,18(3)
[31]王文初.湖南省土家族中小学生体质现状的比较研究[J].北京体育大学学报,2005 ,28(4)
[32]张有平,李鹏,段辉涛.湖北土家族3-6岁幼儿体质研究[J].中国体育科技,2003,39(3)
[33]袁震.湖北民族学院土家族医学生心理健康状况[J].中国学校卫生,2004,25(3)
[34]陈煦海,李怀虎.苗族、土家族高三学生自我价值感与时间管理倾向的调查研究[J].保健医学研究与实践,2007,4(2)
[35]陈汉英.黔东少数民族儿童行为问题与父母教养方式研究[J].中国学校卫生,2006,27(12)
[36]田录梅.Rosenberg(1965)自尊量表中文版的美中不足[J].心理学探新,2006(2)
[38]张文新.初中学生自尊特点的初步研究[J].心理科学,1997,20(6):504-508
[39]梁凌寒,侯志瑾,田璐.北京市青少年对父亲、母亲及同伴的依恋及其关系[J].中国心理卫生杂志,2006,20(10)
[40]段超.改土归流后汉文化在土家族地区的传播及其影响[J].中南民族大学学报,2004,24(6)
[41]马杰.大学生自尊、依恋与自我评价及其关系的研究[D]: [硕士学位论文].北京:北京师范大学,2006
[42]张镇,李幼穗.青少年内隐与外显自尊的比较研究[J].心理与行为研究,2005(3)
[43]钱铭怡,肖广兰.青少年心理健康水平、自我效能、自尊与父母养育方式的相关研究[J].心理科学,1998,21(6)
[44] Janis Paterson,Jan Pryor,and Jeff Field. Adolescent Attachment to Parents and Friend in Relation to Aspects of Self-Esteem. Jaournal of Youth and Adolescence ,Vol. 24, No3,1995
[45]王争艳.父母和同伴依恋问卷(IPPA)在中国的修订[C].全国发展心理学会第九届学术研讨会.大连,2005
[2]肖君政,江光荣.成人依恋理论研究[J] .中国行为医学科学[J] ,2006,15(9)
[3]王红艳,王冰.儿童依恋的研究及其新进展[J].幼儿教育(教育科学版), 2006,(4)
[4]谷传华,王美萍.儿童依恋理论述评[J].山东师大学报(社会科学版), 2000 ,(1)
[5]刘志军.90年代西方依恋理论研究的概述[J].上海师范大学学报(社会科学版), 2000,29(8)
[6] Growell J A. Treboux D. A review of adult attachment measures: Implications for theory and research. Social Development,1995,4:294—327
[7] Collins N,Read S.Cognitive representations of attachment:the structure and function of working models. In :D Perlman, K Bartholomew(Eds). Adavances in personal relationships:Attachment processes in adulthood. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers Std 1994,53-90
[8] Zimmermann P, Becker-Stoll F. Stability of attachment representations during adolescence: the influence of ego-identity status. Journal of Adolescence, 2002, 25:107-124
[9] Weinfield,N.S.,Sroufe,L.A.,Egleind,B. Attachment from infancy to early adulthood in a high-risk sample:continuity,discontinuity,and their correlates. Child Development,2000,71:695-702
[10]Feeney J A, Noller P, Callan V J. Attachment style,communication and satisfaction in the early years of marriage.In:K Bartholomew, P Daniel (Eds); Attachment processes in adulthood. Philadelphia, PA, US: Jessica Kingsley Publishers, Ltd. 1994,269-308
[11]Kirkpatrick L A, Hazan C. Attachment styles and close relationships: A four-year prospective study. Personal Relationships, 1994, 1:123-142
[12] [20]宋海荣.青少年自尊、依恋及其二者关系的发展性研究[D]:[硕士学位论文].上海:华东师范大学,2004
[13] [37]田瑞琪.大学生成人依恋的测量及相关人格研究[D]: [硕士学位论文].上海:上海师范大学,2004
[14] [19]琚晓燕.青少年依恋的测量及其与自尊、社会适应性关系研究[D]: [硕士学位论文].浙江:浙江师范大学,2005
[15] Fraley R C, Spieker S J. Are Infant Attachment Patterns Continuously or Categorically Distributed? A Taxometric Analysis of Strange Situation Behavior. Developmental Psychology,2003,39(3):387-404
[16] Brennan K A, Clark C L, Shaver P R. Self-report Measurement of Adult Attachment: An Integrative Overview. In: Simpson J A, Rholes W S. Attachment Theory and Close Relationships. New York: The Guilford Press,1998:46-76
[17]侯珂,邹泓,蒋索.社会人格取向的成人依恋研究[J].心理科学进展. 2005,13(5):640～650
[18]金凤兰.论早期亲子依恋模式的心理病理学意义[D]:[硕士学位论文].吉林:吉林大学,2005
[21] Leary M.R.,Tambor E.S.,Terdal S.K.,Downs D.L. Self-esteem as an interpersonal monitor: The sociometer hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,1995(68):518-530
[22]朱智贤主编.心理学大辞典(1989年版).北京:北京师范大学出版社,1989
[23]张文新.儿童社会性发展[M].北京:北京师范大学出版社,1999:393
[24]Greenwald A.G., Banaji M.R. Implicit social cognition:Attitudes,self-esteem,and stereotypes.Psychological Review, ,1995 Vol 102,4-27
[25]张林.青少年自尊结构、发展特点及其影响因素的研究[D]. [博士学位论文].长春:东北师范大学,2004
[26] Mruk C.J.Self-esteem:Research,theory and practice(2nd). New Yoke:Springer Publishing Company INC,1999
[27]蔡华俭.内隐自尊的作用机制及特性研究[D]: [博士学位论文].上海:华东师范大学,2002
[28]蔡华俭.内隐自尊效应及内隐自尊与外显自尊的关系[J].心理学报,2003,35(6):796-801
[29] [37] Robinson,Shaver,Wrightsman.杨宜音,彭泗清译,杨中芳校.性格与社会心理测量总览[M].香港:远流出版事业股份有限公司,1997,159-218
[30]肖森桂.湘西土家族、苗族15-18岁女生体格发育的研究[J].中国公共卫生,2002,18(3)
[31]王文初.湖南省土家族中小学生体质现状的比较研究[J].北京体育大学学报,2005 ,28(4)
[32]张有平,李鹏,段辉涛.湖北土家族3-6岁幼儿体质研究[J].中国体育科技,2003,39(3)
[33]袁震.湖北民族学院土家族医学生心理健康状况[J].中国学校卫生,2004,25(3)
[34]陈煦海,李怀虎.苗族、土家族高三学生自我价值感与时间管理倾向的调查研究[J].保健医学研究与实践,2007,4(2)
[35]陈汉英.黔东少数民族儿童行为问题与父母教养方式研究[J].中国学校卫生,2006,27(12)
[36]田录梅.Rosenberg(1965)自尊量表中文版的美中不足[J].心理学探新,2006(2)
[38]张文新.初中学生自尊特点的初步研究[J].心理科学,1997,20(6):504-508
[39]梁凌寒,侯志瑾,田璐.北京市青少年对父亲、母亲及同伴的依恋及其关系[J].中国心理卫生杂志,2006,20(10)
[40]段超.改土归流后汉文化在土家族地区的传播及其影响[J].中南民族大学学报,2004,24(6)
[41]马杰.大学生自尊、依恋与自我评价及其关系的研究[D]: [硕士学位论文].北京:北京师范大学,2006
[42]张镇,李幼穗.青少年内隐与外显自尊的比较研究[J].心理与行为研究,2005(3)
[43]钱铭怡,肖广兰.青少年心理健康水平、自我效能、自尊与父母养育方式的相关研究[J].心理科学,1998,21(6)
[44] Janis Paterson,Jan Pryor,and Jeff Field. Adolescent Attachment to Parents and Friend in Relation to Aspects of Self-Esteem. Jaournal of Youth and Adolescence ,Vol. 24, No3,1995
[45]王争艳.父母和同伴依恋问卷(IPPA)在中国的修订[C].全国发展心理学会第九届学术研讨会.大连,2005