美国社区学院的社区建设研究
|
摘要
克拉克·克尔(C.KerrT)曾说,“两年制社区学院的发明是20世纪美国高等教育的伟大革新。”在过去的一个世纪里,社区学院凭借自己的办学特色、多元的办学功能,在美国高等教育体系中独树一帜。它为处于劣势的各类学生提供了更多、更全方位的服务以促使他们获得学术、职业上的发展,为所在社区的居民及各类机构提供更为广泛、更有针对性的服务以满足居民的教育需求,社区的经济发展需求以及安全防卫的需求,这些构成了社区学院建设社区的要素。最引人注目的是美国社区学院的职业教育,它成为世界各国发展职业教育的楷模。在促进学生成功、满足社区需要方面,社区学院对我国的高职院校有许多可资借鉴的宝贵经验。
本文将社区学院的社区建设分为了学院社区建设和院外社区建设,这样可以更好地分析社区学院在建设社区中所起的作用。无论是针对学院社区,还是针对院外社区,社区学院都试图通过自己的努力来营造一种服务、互动、互助、合作的风气,社区学院向学生、弱势群体、老人、青少年、企业提供的各种学术类、非学术类服务使他们得到了自己的所需。在为这些人服务的过程中,尤其是为弱势群体服务的过程中,社区学院为了达到最好的效果,充分调动起学院的各种力量以及社区的各种力量,共同参与到服务的行动中来。在这个共同参与的过程中,无论是学院社区,还是院外社区,都形成了一种良好的互助、合作的精神与风气,这种精神与风气不仅有利于社区建设,还有利于公民个人的更新乃至国家的更新。
本论文共分六个部分。第一部分绪论,介绍本论文选题的缘由、研究对象的概念界定、国内外相关研究介绍、研究目的和内容以及研究意义和方法;第二部分分析社区学院参与社区建设的思想基础与客观背景;第三部分介绍美国社区学院的学院社区建设,社区学院主要通过向学生提供学术和职业课程,使学生满足学术和职业发展的需求,同时社区学院还提供一系列的学术性和非学术性的支持服务,致力于创造良好的师生关系和学生之间的关系以形成一种服务、互动、互助的社区氛围,最大程度地促使学生取得成功;第四部分从社区学院向社区居民提供的服务、社区学院为当地经济发展提供的服务以及社区学院参与安全防卫来建设院外社区;第五部分从对学生成功的评价标准分析如何衡量社区学院学生的成功,从社区学院对学生、对社区的影响来评价美国社区学院社区建设的成效并提出其发展趋势;第六部分进一步对美国社区学院的社区建设经验进行分析,从而得出中国的高职院校可以从中借鉴的内容。
Clark Kerr (C. Kerr) said, "The invention of two-year community colleges is the greatest innovation of higher education in the United States in the 20th century." During the past century, community colleges developed a school of its own in the United States higher education system. It has provided more comprehensive services to those disadvantages to develop their academic and professional levels. It has also provided more extensive and more targeted services to meet the needs of residents' education, economic development of community and security defense. American community college vocational education is most unique, and it became a model all over the world in this field. Community college provides a lot of valuable experiences in the aspect of promotion of students and meeting the needs of community for China.
In this paper, the community is divided into two parts: the community of the college itself and the community beyond the college, which can help to analyze the significant of community colleges contribution to the construction of their communities. Community colleges try to build a atmosphere of service, interaction, help each other and cooperation in both college communities and the community beyond colleges. Through academic and non-academic services community colleges make their students, underrepresented groups, elders, adolescence and business get what they need. Through the service community colleges mobilize the source from colleges and out-of-college, to join in the action of service, to make the best effect, especially in helping those underrepresented groups. During this participation process, the community of college and the community beyond the college are all form an circumstance and spirit of helping each other and cooperation. This spirit will make for the construction of communities, make for personal renovate and national renovate.
This paper is divided into six parts. The first part is the exordium; it introduces the origins of the research, defining concepts of studying objects, domestic and international relative research, studying purposes and contents, the significance of the research and methods of research. The second part analyzes the concept basis and object backgrounds of community colleges participating in community-construction from inside and outside aspects. The third part introduces how community colleges construct their own college community. Community colleges provide students with academic and vocational courses, in order to meet students' developmental needs. They also provide a range of academic and non-academic support services, to commit itself to creating a good relationship between teachers and students, and forming a ministrant, interacting and mutual-assistance community circumstance, to help their students achieve greatest success. The fourth part introduces how to participate in community-construction outside colleges. There are three ways: providing services to community residents, providing services to local economic development, and participating security defense. The fifth part evaluates effectiveness of community-construction of community colleges in United States and brings forward its development trends, from the evaluation of the success of students and influences on students and community of community colleges. And the sixth part gives further analysis of experience of community-construction about community colleges in United States. Then it obtains some contents which we can draw from, for Chinese higher vocational colleges.
本文将社区学院的社区建设分为了学院社区建设和院外社区建设,这样可以更好地分析社区学院在建设社区中所起的作用。无论是针对学院社区,还是针对院外社区,社区学院都试图通过自己的努力来营造一种服务、互动、互助、合作的风气,社区学院向学生、弱势群体、老人、青少年、企业提供的各种学术类、非学术类服务使他们得到了自己的所需。在为这些人服务的过程中,尤其是为弱势群体服务的过程中,社区学院为了达到最好的效果,充分调动起学院的各种力量以及社区的各种力量,共同参与到服务的行动中来。在这个共同参与的过程中,无论是学院社区,还是院外社区,都形成了一种良好的互助、合作的精神与风气,这种精神与风气不仅有利于社区建设,还有利于公民个人的更新乃至国家的更新。
本论文共分六个部分。第一部分绪论,介绍本论文选题的缘由、研究对象的概念界定、国内外相关研究介绍、研究目的和内容以及研究意义和方法;第二部分分析社区学院参与社区建设的思想基础与客观背景;第三部分介绍美国社区学院的学院社区建设,社区学院主要通过向学生提供学术和职业课程,使学生满足学术和职业发展的需求,同时社区学院还提供一系列的学术性和非学术性的支持服务,致力于创造良好的师生关系和学生之间的关系以形成一种服务、互动、互助的社区氛围,最大程度地促使学生取得成功;第四部分从社区学院向社区居民提供的服务、社区学院为当地经济发展提供的服务以及社区学院参与安全防卫来建设院外社区;第五部分从对学生成功的评价标准分析如何衡量社区学院学生的成功,从社区学院对学生、对社区的影响来评价美国社区学院社区建设的成效并提出其发展趋势;第六部分进一步对美国社区学院的社区建设经验进行分析,从而得出中国的高职院校可以从中借鉴的内容。
Clark Kerr (C. Kerr) said, "The invention of two-year community colleges is the greatest innovation of higher education in the United States in the 20th century." During the past century, community colleges developed a school of its own in the United States higher education system. It has provided more comprehensive services to those disadvantages to develop their academic and professional levels. It has also provided more extensive and more targeted services to meet the needs of residents' education, economic development of community and security defense. American community college vocational education is most unique, and it became a model all over the world in this field. Community college provides a lot of valuable experiences in the aspect of promotion of students and meeting the needs of community for China.
In this paper, the community is divided into two parts: the community of the college itself and the community beyond the college, which can help to analyze the significant of community colleges contribution to the construction of their communities. Community colleges try to build a atmosphere of service, interaction, help each other and cooperation in both college communities and the community beyond colleges. Through academic and non-academic services community colleges make their students, underrepresented groups, elders, adolescence and business get what they need. Through the service community colleges mobilize the source from colleges and out-of-college, to join in the action of service, to make the best effect, especially in helping those underrepresented groups. During this participation process, the community of college and the community beyond the college are all form an circumstance and spirit of helping each other and cooperation. This spirit will make for the construction of communities, make for personal renovate and national renovate.
This paper is divided into six parts. The first part is the exordium; it introduces the origins of the research, defining concepts of studying objects, domestic and international relative research, studying purposes and contents, the significance of the research and methods of research. The second part analyzes the concept basis and object backgrounds of community colleges participating in community-construction from inside and outside aspects. The third part introduces how community colleges construct their own college community. Community colleges provide students with academic and vocational courses, in order to meet students' developmental needs. They also provide a range of academic and non-academic support services, to commit itself to creating a good relationship between teachers and students, and forming a ministrant, interacting and mutual-assistance community circumstance, to help their students achieve greatest success. The fourth part introduces how to participate in community-construction outside colleges. There are three ways: providing services to community residents, providing services to local economic development, and participating security defense. The fifth part evaluates effectiveness of community-construction of community colleges in United States and brings forward its development trends, from the evaluation of the success of students and influences on students and community of community colleges. And the sixth part gives further analysis of experience of community-construction about community colleges in United States. Then it obtains some contents which we can draw from, for Chinese higher vocational colleges.
引文
[1]李静.特别关注:构建和谐社区为和谐社会“奠基”[EB/OL].http://theory.people.com.cn/GB/40555/3151033.html
[2]美国社区学院未来委员会.建设社区—对一个新世纪的展望[A].吕达,周满生.当代外国教育改革著名文献(美国卷·第三册)[C],北京:人民教育出版社,2004:163
[1]万秀兰.美国社区学院的改革与发展[M].北京:人民教育出版社,2003:34
[2]Arthur M.Cohen,Florence B.Brawer..The American Community college[M].San Francisco:Jossey-Bass Inc.,publishers,1996,preface
[3]Taber,Lynn Sullivan.The role of American Community Colleges in Building Community[R],ED400872,1996-07-14
[1]王小章.何谓社区与社区何为[J].浙江学刊,2002,(2),20-24
[2]姜振华,胡鸿保.社区概念发展的历程[J].中国青年政治学院学报,2002,(7),121-124
[1]国外社区建设掠影—美国、加拿大的社区建设概况[EB/OL].http://news.xinhuanet.com/house/2005-04/28/content_2888749.htm,2005-04
[2]丁元竹.社区是什么,不是什么[J].社区,2006,(4),35-36
[1]万秀兰.美国社区学院的转学教育[J].比较教育研究,2004,(3),77-81
[2]万秀兰.美国乡村社区学院的发展战略[J].比较教育研究,2005,(5),28-32
[3]万秀兰.美国社区学院的课程职能体系[J].高教研究,2003,(7),103-107
[1]万秀兰.美国社区学院职业化的推动因素[J].宁波大学学报(教育科学版),2002,(1),11-15
[2]李阳琇.美国社区学院课程设置特点及其基本理念[J].比较教育研究,2004,(3),68-72
[3]王建初.美国社区学院的师资队伍建设研究[J].比较教育研究,2003,(3),35-40
[4]续润华.美国发展社区学院的历史经验及其启示[J].河南师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2000,(3),141-146
[5]陈东林.美国社区学院的主要优势和发展趋向[J].清华大学教育研究,1997,(2),115-117
[6]张旺.世纪之交美国社区学院的发展动向[J].比较教育研究,2003,(3),30-34
[1]美国社区学院未来委员会.建设社区—对一个新世纪的展[A].吕达 周满生,当代外国教育改革著名文献(美国卷·第三册)[C],北京:人民教育出版社,2004:162
[2]同上,163
[3]同上,165
[4]同上,166
[5]同上
[1]美国社区学院未来委员会.建设社区—对一个新世纪的展[A].吕达 周满生,当代外国教育改革著名文献(美国卷·第三册)[C],北京:人民教育出版社,2004:168
[1]美国社区学院未来委员会.建设社区—对一个新世纪的展[A].吕达 周满生,当代外国教育改革著名文献(美国卷·第三册)[C],北京:人民教育出版社,2004:159
[2]丹尼尔·布尔斯廷.美国人:开拓历程[M].北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,1993:46
[3]滕大春.美国教育史[M].北京:人民教育出版社,1994:681
[4]丹尼尔·布尔斯廷.美国人:建国历程[M].上海:上海译文出版社,1997:246
[5]同上,24
[1]杜德斯达.21世纪的大学[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2005:110
[2]唐·倍根,唐纳德·R·格莱叶.学校与社区关系[M].重庆:重庆大学出版社,2003:15
[3]同上,16
[1]余雪莲.美国研究型大学职能发展演变的经验[J].比较教育研究,2007,(5),18-22
[2]史静寰,赵可,夏华.卡内基高等教育机构分类与美国的研究型大学[J].北京大学教育评论,2007,(4),107-121
[3]约翰·S·布鲁贝克.高等教育哲学[M].浙江教育出版社,1987:78
[1]Travis,Jon E.Rebuilding the community:The future for the community college.Community College Review;Winter95,Vol.23.Issue 3,p45,16p
[2]朱世达.美国市民社会研究[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2005:215
[1]丹尼尔·J·布尔斯廷.美国人-建国的历程[M].上海:上海译文出版社,1997:246
[2]Laura G.Knapp,Janice E.Kelly-Reid.Enrollment in Postsecondary Institutions,Fall 2004;Graduation Rates,1998 & 2001 Cohorts:and Financial Statistics Fiscal Year 2004[R].National Center for Education Statistics,February 2006,P7
[1]美国社区学院未来委员会.建设社区—对一个新世纪的展[A].吕达 周满生,当代外国教育改革著名文献(美国卷·第三册)[C].北京:人民教育出版社,2004:163
[2]Rogéair Parnell,Susan Blank.Support Success- Services That May Help Low-Income Students Succeed in Community College[R].ED48462l,November 2004
[1]续润华.美国社区学院发展研究[M].北京:中国档案出版社,2000:41
[1]万秀兰.美国社区学院的转学教育[J].比较教育研究,2004,(3),77-81
[2]赵晓凤.美国社区学院学生年轻化趋势及其成因[J].世界教育信息,2005,(6),13-14
[3]Robert Wassmer,Colleen Moore,Nancy Shulock.Effect of Racial/Ethnic Composition on Transfer Rates in Community Colleges:Implications for Policy and Practice[J].Research in Higher Education,Vol.45,No.6 September 2004
[1]万秀兰.美国社区学院职业呼的推动因素[J].宁波大学学报,2002,(2),11-15
[2]申培轩.美国社区学院的职业教育[J].教育与职业,2000,(5),56-58
[1]毛澹然.美国社区学院[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1989:7
[2]Robert Wedgeworth.The Number of Functionally Illiterate Adults in U.S.Is Growing[EB/OL].http://www.proliteracy.org/downloads/ProLiteracyStateOfLiteracy%2010-25-04.pdf,2003
[3]Shults,Christopher.Remedial Education:Practice and Policies in Community Colleges.Research Brief[R].ED448811,2000
[4]1998年,美国社区学院协会就补习教育中的若干问题在全国范围内的社区学院展开调查。该项调查针对全国将近1200所社区学院。大约40%的调查对象发回了调查问卷。对调查做出反应的学院在招生人数、所处城市或乡村、学院规模都方面都具有一定的代表性。以下数据不做特别说明的,皆来自对该调查做出反应的社区学院。
[1]万秀兰.美国社区学院的改革和发展[M].北京:人民教育出版社,2003:100
[2]Felicia D.Sheffield,PHD;Jack Darks,PHS.Binge Drinking and Alcohol-Related Problems Among Community College Students:Implications for Prevention Policy[J].Journal of American College Health,VOL 54,NO.3,NOV/DEC 2005
[3]Rogéair Parnell,Susan Blank.Support Success- Services That May Help Low-Income Students Succeed in Community College[R].ED484621,November 2004
[1]美国社区学院未来委员会.建设社区—对一个新世纪的展[A].吕达 周满生,当代外国教育改革著名文献(美国卷·第三册)[C].北京:人民教育出版社,2004:162
[2]AACC.Historical Information[EB/OL].http://www.aacc.nche.edu/Content/NavigationMenu/AboutCommunityColleges/HistoricalInformation/Historical_Information.htm
[1]毛澹然.美国社区学院[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1989:79
[2]美国社区学院未来委员会.建设社区—对一个新世纪的展[A].吕达 周满生,当代外国教育改革著名文献(美国卷·第三册)[C].北京:人民教育出版社,2004:187
[1]Brian Klelner,Laule Lewis.Dual Enrollment of High School Students at Postsecondary Institutions:2002-03[R].National Center for Education Statistics,Apr,2005
[2]三项相加不等于100,是因为有的学院既选择在学院授课,同时也在高中校园内授课,授课地点有重合。
[1]U.S.Department of Homeland Security.Securing Our Homeland- U.S Department of Homeland Security Strategic plan[R],http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/DHS_StratPlan_FINAL_spread.pdf,February 24,2004
[1]Homeland security.About Grants & Training[EB/OL].http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/odp/about/overview.htm
[1]Mike Larose.AACC Launches Flight Crew Defense Training Course to be Expanded Nationwide at 2-year Colleges[N].Community College Times.2004-09-28.
[2]Rachel Barth.Iowa college to train responders for agroterrorism $3.2 million grant from Department of Homeland Security funds program to protect food supply[N].Community College Times,2004-09-28
[3]Rach Major Federal Avian Flu Grant to Kirkwood[EB/OL].https://www.kirkwood.edu/site/index.php?%20d=633&news_id=879,2006-10-06
[1]Antonio Pere.Lesson learned from 9/11:Be prepared[N].Community College Times,2004-09-28
[2]Alice W.Villadsent,PH.D.How Do Your Community for Disaster[EB/OL].http://www.league.org/dps/index.html,2005-03-06
[1]Alice W.Villadsent,PH.D.How Do Your Community for Disaster[EB/OL].http://www.league.org/dps/index.html,2005-03-06
[2]美国社区学院未来委员会.建设社区—对一个新世纪的展[A].吕达 周满生,当代外国教育改革著名文献(美国卷·第三册)[C].北京:人民教育出版社,2004:171
[1]美国社区学院未来委员会.建设社区—对一个新世纪的展[R].见吕达 周满生,当代外国教育改革著名文献(美国卷·第三册),北京:人民教育出版社,2004:162
[1]Ediger,Marlow.美国社区学院课程开发[J].教育研究,2007,(6),18-20
[1]Grubb,W.Norton."Getting into the World":Guidance and Counseling in Community Colleges[R].ED455880,2001-06-00
[2]Takako Nomi.Faces of the Future:A Portrait of First Generation Community College Student[J].American Association of Community Colleges,2005
[3]张文显.美国蓝领贵族的摇篮[J].中国质量万里行,2006,(10),72-73
[1]黄进.社会资本:经济学与社会学的对话[J].天府新论,2005,(1),53-56
[2]莫琳·T·哈里楠主编,傅松涛,孙岳等译.教育社会学手册[M].华东师范大学出版社,2004:374
[3]张振助.教育和人力资源是立国之本——美、日、韩追赶先进国家的历史经验[J].教育发展研究,2003,(2),5-8
[4]Duncan,Mary Ellen.Statement of the American Association of Community Colleges to the House Committee on Education and the Workforce on "The State of American Higher Education:What Are Parents,Students,and Taxpayers Getting for Their Money?"[R].ED476678,2003-05-13
[1]Duncan,Mary Ellen.Statement of the American Association of Community Colleges to the House Committee on Education and the Workforce on "The State of American Higher Education:What Are Parents,Students,and Taxpayers Getting for Their Money?"[Speeches/Meeting papers?].1319476678,2003-05-13
[2]Hagedorn,Linda Serra.International Community College Students:The Neglected Minority?[R].ED490516,2005-07-00
[3]李慎之.数量优势下的恐惧——评亨廷顿第三篇关于文明冲突论的文章,见塞缪尔·亨廷顿.文明的冲突与世界秩序的重建[M].新华出版社,1998:426
[1]郑旺全.美国高中生选修先修课蔚然成风,大学生却需要补习高中课程[J].基础教育参考,2004,(12),18
[2]National Center for Education Statistics.Remedial Education at Degree-granting Postsecondary Institutions in Fall 2000[R],http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2OO4/2004010.pdf,P16,November 2003
[1]AACC.Remedial Education:A Social and Economic Imperative[EB/OL].http://www.aacc.nche.edu/Content/NavigationMenu/AboutCommunityColleges/Trends_and_Statistics/EnrollmentInfo/Remedial_Education_A_Social_and_Economic_Imperative.htm,October 1997
[2]Shults,Christooher.Remedial Education:Practice and Policies in Community Colleges.Research Brief[R].ED448811,2000 该数据亦来自AACC1998年针对补习教育对全国社区学院所做的调查
[3]罗·泰勒.谈社区学院在美国职教改革中的角色[J].中国职业技术教育,1998,(5),46-47
[1]李小健,徐朔.透析美国社区学院的一些现象[J].中国职业技术教育,2007,(9):31-33
[2]同上。
[1]Donald A.Dellow,Richard M.Romano.Globalization,Offshoring and the Community college[J].Community College Journal,August/September 2006
[1]美国社区学院未来委员会.建设社区—对一个新世纪的展[A].吕达 周满生,当代外国教育改革著名文献(美国卷·第三册)[C].北京:人民教育出版社,2004:187
[2]同上,165
[1]李小龙.试论高职教育可持续发展[J].教育与职业,2007,(9),13-15
[2]冯宏义.美国社区学院的办学职能及其启示[D].福建师范大学,硕士论文,2004:29
[3]单强.推动“四化”建设,打造中国特色的高职教育体系[EB/OL].http://www.moe.edu.cn/,2007-06-13
[1]严智雄,陈以洁.高职院校办学定位探析[J].中国成人教育,2007,(8),85-86
[2]熊惠平.“三全教育”:基于“穷人经济学”的中国高职教育新使命[J].黑龙江高教研究,2006,(11),52-54
[1]韦进.培养高职学生职业能力的几点思考[J].中国高教研究,2007,(5),49-50
[2]单强.推动“四化”建设,打造中国特色的高职教育体系[EB/OL].http://www.moe.edu.cn/,2007-06-13
[1]高路.上海:创业培训补贴延伸到高校毕业生和在职人[EB/OL].http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2007-10/29/content_6967456.htm,2007-10-28
[1]滕大春.美国教育史[M].北京:人民教育出版社,1994.
[2]丹尼尔·布尔斯廷.美国人:建国的历程[M].上海:上海译文出版社,1997
[3]丹尼尔·布尔斯廷.美国人:开拓的历程[M].上海:上海译文出版社,1993
[4]唐·倍根,唐纳德·R·格莱叶.学校与社区关系[M],重庆:重庆大学出版社,2003
[5]约翰·S·布鲁贝克.高等教育哲学[M].浙江教育出版社,1987
[6]杜德斯达.21世纪的大学[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2000
[7]德里克·博客.走出象牙塔——现代大学的社会责任[M].杭州:浙江教育出版社,2001
[8]托克维尔.论美国的民主[M].北京:商务印书馆,1991
[9]克拉克·克尔.高等教育不能回避历史[M].杭州:浙江教育出版社,2001
[10]亚伯拉罕·弗莱克斯纳.现代大学论——英美德大学研究[M].杭州:浙江教育出版社,2001
[11]奥尔特加·加塞特.大学的使命[M].杭州:浙江教育出版社,2001
[12]莫琳·T·哈里楠.教育社会学手册[M].华东师范大学出版社,2004
[13]塞缪尔·亨廷顿.文明的冲突与世界秩序的重建[M].新华出版社,1998
[14]罗伯特·M·赫钦斯.美国高等教育[M].杭州:浙江教育出版社,2001
[15]约翰·亨利·纽曼.大学的理想[M].杭州:浙江教育出版社,2001
[16]伯顿·克拉克.高等教育新论[M].杭州:浙江教育出版社,2001
[17]万秀兰.美国社区学院的改革与发展[M].北京:人民教育出版社,2003
[18]王英杰.美国高等教育的发展与改革[M].北京:人民教育出版社,1993
[19]续润华.美国社区学院发展研究[M].北京:中国档案出版社,2000
[20]陈学飞.美国高等教育发展史[M].成都:四川大学出版社,1989
[21]薛天祥.高等教育学[M].桂林:广西师范大学,2001
[22]黄福涛.外国高等教育史[M].上海:上海教育出版社,2003
[23]毛澹然.美国社区学院[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1989
[24]张俊芳.中国城市社区的组织与管理[M].南京:东南大学出版社,2004
[25]董小川.美国文化概论[M].北京:人民教育出版社,2006
[26]吕达 周满生,当代外国教育改革著名文献(美国卷·第三册),北京:人民教育出版社,2004
[27]朱世达.美国市民社会研究[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2005
[28]王旭.美国城市史[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2000
[29]刘淑兰.学校与社区的互动[M].成都:四川教育出版社,2003
[30]单中惠.外国教育思想史[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2000
[31]王建初.美国社区学院的师资队伍建设研究[J].比较教育研究,2003,(3),35-40
[32]万秀兰.美国社区学院的转学教育[J].比较教育研究,2004,(3),77-81
[33]万秀兰.美国社区学院职业化的推动因素[J].宁波大学学报(教育科学版),2002,(1),11-15
[34]万秀兰.美国乡村社区学院的发展战略[J].比较教育研究,2005,(5),28-32
[35]万秀兰.美国社区学院的课程职能体系[J].高教研究,2003,(7),103-107
[36]万秀兰.美国社区学院的社区教育及几点思考[J].浙江师大学报(社会科学版),2001,(6),79-83
[37]李阳琇.美国社区学院课程设置特点及其基本理念[J].比较教育研究,2004,(3),68-72
[38]杨晓明.对美国社区学院的考察与思考[J].黑龙江高教研究,2000,(5),106-107
[39]续润华.美国发展社区学院的历史经验及其启示[J].河南师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2000,(3),141-146
[40]陈东林.美国社区学院的主要优势和发展趋向[J].清华大学教育研究,1997,(2),115-117
[41]殷翔文.社区学院—美国高等教育最具活力的一个办学层次[J].江苏高教,1998,(4),72-76
[42]杨彬.美国社区学院转学教育功能研究[J].比较教育研究,2004,(3),72-76
[43]张旺.世纪之交美国社区学院的发展动向[J].比较教育研究,2003,(3),30-34
[44]余雪莲.美国研究型大学职能发展演变的经验[J].比较教育研究,2007,(5),18-22
[45]Ediger,Marlow.美国社区学院课程开发[J].教育研究,2007,(6),18-20
[46]史静寰,赵可,夏华.卡内基高等教育机构分类与美国的研究型大学[J].北京大学教育评论,2007,(4),107-121
[47]张振助.教育和人力资源是立国之本——美、日、韩追赶先进国家的历史经验[J].教育发展研究,2003,(2),5-8
[48]熊惠平.“三全教育”:基于“穷人经济学”的中国高职教育新使命[J].黑龙江高教研究,2006,(11),52-54
[49]韦进.培养高职学生职业能力的几点思考[J].中国高教研究,2007,(5),49-50
[50]黄进.社会资本:经济学与社会学的对话[J].天府新论,2005,(1),53-56
[51]严智雄,陈以洁.高职院校办学定位探析[J].中国成人教育,2007,(8),85-86
[52]郑旺全.美国高中生选修先修课蔚然成风,大学生却需要补习高中课程[J].基础教育参考,2004,(12),18
[53]罗·泰勒.谈社区学院在美国职教改革中的角色[J].中国职业技术教育,1998,(5),46-47
[54]李小健,徐朔.透析美国社区学院的一些现象[J].中国职业技术教育,2007,(9):31-33
[55]林叙哲.美国的贫困标准是什么[J].学习月刊,2005,(7),38-39
[56]赵晓凤.美国社区学院学生年轻化趋势及其成因[J].世界教育信息,2005,(6),13-14
[57]申培轩.美国社区学院的职业教育[J].教育与职业,2000,(5),56-58
[58]张文显.美国蓝领贵族的摇篮[J].中国质量万里行,2006,(10),72-73
[59]王小章.何谓社区与社区何为[J].浙江学刊,2002,(2),20-24
[60]姜振华,胡鸿保.社区概念发展的历程[J].中国青年政治学院学报,2002,(7),121-124
[61]丁元竹.社区是什么,不是什么[J].社区,2006,(4),35-36
[62]冯宏义.美国社区学院的办学职能及其启示[D].福建师范大学,硕士论文, 2004
[63]郝有隽.美国社区学院的发展历程与启示[D].西北师范大学,硕士论文,2003
[64]胡蕙芳.关于我国学习型社区构建的研究[D].广西师范大学,硕士论文,2004
[65]韩芳.美国社区教育本土化发展研究[D].陕西师范大学,硕士论文,2004
[66]冯宏义.美国社区学院的办学职能及其启示[D].福建师范大学,硕士论文,2004
[67]尹小宁.美国社区学院经费来源研究[D].西南师范大学,硕士论文,2002
[78]刘芳.社区教育发展中社会资源的开发和利用[D].上海师范大学,硕士论文,2004
[69]杨颖东.社区学院21世纪中国高等教育值得努力的一个方向[D].华东师范大学,硕士论文,2004
[70]Arthur M.Cohen,Florence B.Brawer.The American Community college[M].San Francisco:Jossey-Bass Inc.,publishers,1996
[71]Taber,Lynn Sullivan.The role of American Community Colleges in Building Community,ED400872,1996-07-14
[72]Robert Wassmer,Colleen Moore,Nancy Shulock.Effect of Racial/Ethnic Composition on Transfer Rates in Community Colleges:Implications for Policy and Practice[J].Research in Higher Education,Vol.45,No.6 September2004
[73]Travis,Jon E.Rebuilding the community:The future for the community college.Community College Review;Winter95,Vol.23.Issue 3
[74]Laura G.Knapp,Janice E.Kelly-Reid.Enrollment in Postsecondary Institutions,Fall 2004;GradUation Rates,1998 & 2001 Cohorts:and Financial Statistics Fiscal Year 2004[R].National Center for Education Statistics,February 2006,
[75]George A.Baker IⅢ.A handbook on the Community College in America[M].Greenwood press,1994
[76]Rogéair Parnell,Susan Blank.Support Success- Services That May Help Low-Income Students Succeed in Community College[R].ED484621,November 2004
[77]National Center for Education Statistics.Remedial Education at Degree-granting Postsecondary Institutions in Fall 2000[R],ttp://nces.ed.gov/pubs2004/2004010.pdf
[78]Shults, Christopher. Remedial Education: Practice and Policies in Community Colleges. Research Brief[R]. ED448811,2000
[79] Felicia D. Sheffield, PHD; Jack Darks, PHS. Binge Drinking and Alcohol-Related Problems Among Community College Students: Implications for Prevention Policy[J]. Journal of American College Health, VOL 54, NO.3, NOV/DEC 2005
[80] Donald A. Dellow, Richard M. Romano. Globalization, Offshoring and the Community college [J]. Community College Journal, August/ September 2006
[81] Hagedorn, Linda Serra. International Community College Students: The Neglected Minority?[R] . ED490516, 2005-07-00
[82]Gribbons, Barry C, Dixon, P. Scott. College of the Canyons International Students Program Student Questionnaire[R]. ED454927, Fall 2000
[83]Robert Wedgeworth. The Number of Functionally Illiterate Adults in U. S. Is Growing [R]. Proliteracy Worldwide,
[84] Brickman, Bette; Nuzzo, Richard. International versus Immigrant ESL Students: Designing Curriculum and Programs To Meet the Needs of Both[R]. ED426610, 1999-00-00
[85] Gardenhire-Crooks, Alissa; Collado, Herbert; Ray, Barbara. A Whole'Nother World: Students Navigating Community College[R]. ED493007, 2006-07-00
[86] Richard Bucher. Relationships, Success, and Community College Students of Color, from: Jeffrey Chin, Catherine White Berheide, Dennis Rome. Included in Sociology: Learning Climate That Cultivate Racial and Ethnic Diversity[R]. ED470331,2002
[87] Wang, Wei-ni. UCLA Community College Review: Community Education in the Community College[J]. Community College Review, 20040101
[88] Phinney, Lisa; Schoan, Mary Kay; Hause, Ellen. Community College Engagement in Community Programs and Services. AACC Research Brief[R], 2002, ED463818
[89] Macnaughtan, Don, Ed. Lane Community College Library Policy Manual[R]. Jul 94,ED371791
[90] Darden, Mary Landon; Cloud. What Senior Citizens Want from the Community College[R]. 2003(04), ED 479222
[91] Natalie C. Holmes. Texas Community College Helps High School Students Connect with Higher Ed. [N]. Community College Times, June 10, 2005
[92] Brian Kleiner, Laule Lewis. Dual Enrollment of High School Students at Postsecondary Institutions: 2002-03 [R]. National Center for Education Statistics, Apr, 2005
[93] Arizona State Board of Directors for Community College, Phoenix. Report on Community College Classes Offered in Conjunction with High Schools (R7-1-709), FY2000-2001. ED464659, 2001-11-00
[94]Dougherty, Kevin,J.; Bakia, Marianne, F.. The New Economic Development Role of the Community College[R]. ED439750, 1999-11-00
[95]Michael T. Miler, Courtney C. Turtle. Building Communities: How Rural Community Colleges Develop Their Community and the People Who Live in Them[J]. Community College Journal of Research and Practice, 31:117-127, 2007
[96] American Association of Community College. First Responders-Community Colleges on the Front Line of Security[R].American Association of Community College. 2006,
[97]Mike Larose. AACC Launches Flight Crew Defense Training Course to be Expanded Nationwide at 2-year Colleges[N]. Community College Times. 2004-09-28.Rachel Barth. Iowa college to train responders for agroterrorism $3.2 million grant from Department of Homeland Security funds program to protect food supply[N]. Community College Times, 2004-09-28
[98]Rachel Barth. Iowa college to train responders for agroterrorism $3.2 million grant from Department of Homeland Security funds program to protect food supply[N]. Community College Times, 2004-09-28
[99]Grubb, W. Norton. "Getting into the World": Guidance and Counseling in Community Colleges[R]. ED455880, 2001-06-00
[100]Antonio Pere. Lesson learned from 9/11: Be prepared[N]. Community College Times, 2004-09-28
[101]Takako Nomi. Faces of the Future: A Portrait of First Generation Community College Student[J]. American Association of Community Colleges, 2005
[102]Duncan, Mary Ellen. Statement of the American Association of Community Colleges to the House Committee on Education and the Workforce on "The State of American Higher Education: What Are Parents, Students, and Taxpayers Getting for Their Money?"[R]. ED476678, 2003-05-13
[103]Bailey, Thomas R.; Avericanova, Irina E.. Multiple Missions of Community Colleges: Conflictory or Complementary. Community College Research Center Occasional Paper[R]. ED428800, 1999
[104]Pecorino, Phillip; Dozier, Sandra Bygrave. Community Colleges: Public Failure and Private Success[R]. ED438854, 2000-06
[105]Thomas Bailey, Juan Carlos Calcagno, Davis Jenkins, Greg Kienzl. The Effect of Institutional Factors on the Success of Community College Student[R]. ED484345, January 2005
[106]Laura G. Knapp, Janice E. Kelly-Reid. Enrollment in Postsecondary Institutions, Fall 2004; Graduation Rates, 1998 & 2001 Cohorts: and Financial Statistics Fiscal Year 2004[C]. NCES, February 2006
[107] Mission statement[EB/OL]. http://nces.ed.gov/ipeds/cool/SearchResults.aspx
[108] College Mission[EB/OL]. http://www.barstow.edu/GeneralInfo/mission.asp
[109] Alice W. Villadsent, PH.D. How Do Your Community for Disaster[EB/OL]. http://wwv.league.org/dps/index.html, 2005-03-06
[110] Homeland security. About Grants & Training [EB/OL]. http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/odp/about/overview.htm
[111]AACC. Remedial Education: A Social and Economic Imperative[R]. http://www.aacc.nche.edu/Content/NavigationMenu/AboutCom munityColleges/Trends_and_Statistics/EnrollmentInfo/Remedial_Education__A_Social_and_Economic_Imperative.htm, October 1997
[112] Rach Major Federal Avian Flu Grant to Kirkwood[EB/OL]. https://www.kirkwood.edu/site/index.php?%20d=633&news_id=879, 2006-10-06
[113] U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Securing Our Homeland- U.S Department of Homeland Security Strategic plan[R]. http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/DHS_StratPlan_FINAL_spread.pdf, February 24,2004
[114] Homeland Security Act of 2002. http://fll.findlaw.com/news.findlaw.com/hdocs/docs/terrorism/hsa2002.pdf,
[115]Vision, Mission and Values[EB/OL]. http://webport.cgc.maricopa.edu/published/c/om/community/home/2/?__s=nf-20 070919022053-24685
[116]Mission statement. http://www.columbiastate.edu/about/mission.htm
[117]http://www.proliteracy.org/downloads/ProLiteracyStateOfLiteracy%2010-25-04. pdf, 2003
[118]AACC. Historical Information[EB/OL]. http://www.aacc.nche.edu/Content/NavigationMenu/ AboutCommunityColleges/HistoricalInformation/Historical_Information.htm
[2]美国社区学院未来委员会.建设社区—对一个新世纪的展望[A].吕达,周满生.当代外国教育改革著名文献(美国卷·第三册)[C],北京:人民教育出版社,2004:163
[1]万秀兰.美国社区学院的改革与发展[M].北京:人民教育出版社,2003:34
[2]Arthur M.Cohen,Florence B.Brawer..The American Community college[M].San Francisco:Jossey-Bass Inc.,publishers,1996,preface
[3]Taber,Lynn Sullivan.The role of American Community Colleges in Building Community[R],ED400872,1996-07-14
[1]王小章.何谓社区与社区何为[J].浙江学刊,2002,(2),20-24
[2]姜振华,胡鸿保.社区概念发展的历程[J].中国青年政治学院学报,2002,(7),121-124
[1]国外社区建设掠影—美国、加拿大的社区建设概况[EB/OL].http://news.xinhuanet.com/house/2005-04/28/content_2888749.htm,2005-04
[2]丁元竹.社区是什么,不是什么[J].社区,2006,(4),35-36
[1]万秀兰.美国社区学院的转学教育[J].比较教育研究,2004,(3),77-81
[2]万秀兰.美国乡村社区学院的发展战略[J].比较教育研究,2005,(5),28-32
[3]万秀兰.美国社区学院的课程职能体系[J].高教研究,2003,(7),103-107
[1]万秀兰.美国社区学院职业化的推动因素[J].宁波大学学报(教育科学版),2002,(1),11-15
[2]李阳琇.美国社区学院课程设置特点及其基本理念[J].比较教育研究,2004,(3),68-72
[3]王建初.美国社区学院的师资队伍建设研究[J].比较教育研究,2003,(3),35-40
[4]续润华.美国发展社区学院的历史经验及其启示[J].河南师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2000,(3),141-146
[5]陈东林.美国社区学院的主要优势和发展趋向[J].清华大学教育研究,1997,(2),115-117
[6]张旺.世纪之交美国社区学院的发展动向[J].比较教育研究,2003,(3),30-34
[1]美国社区学院未来委员会.建设社区—对一个新世纪的展[A].吕达 周满生,当代外国教育改革著名文献(美国卷·第三册)[C],北京:人民教育出版社,2004:162
[2]同上,163
[3]同上,165
[4]同上,166
[5]同上
[1]美国社区学院未来委员会.建设社区—对一个新世纪的展[A].吕达 周满生,当代外国教育改革著名文献(美国卷·第三册)[C],北京:人民教育出版社,2004:168
[1]美国社区学院未来委员会.建设社区—对一个新世纪的展[A].吕达 周满生,当代外国教育改革著名文献(美国卷·第三册)[C],北京:人民教育出版社,2004:159
[2]丹尼尔·布尔斯廷.美国人:开拓历程[M].北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,1993:46
[3]滕大春.美国教育史[M].北京:人民教育出版社,1994:681
[4]丹尼尔·布尔斯廷.美国人:建国历程[M].上海:上海译文出版社,1997:246
[5]同上,24
[1]杜德斯达.21世纪的大学[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2005:110
[2]唐·倍根,唐纳德·R·格莱叶.学校与社区关系[M].重庆:重庆大学出版社,2003:15
[3]同上,16
[1]余雪莲.美国研究型大学职能发展演变的经验[J].比较教育研究,2007,(5),18-22
[2]史静寰,赵可,夏华.卡内基高等教育机构分类与美国的研究型大学[J].北京大学教育评论,2007,(4),107-121
[3]约翰·S·布鲁贝克.高等教育哲学[M].浙江教育出版社,1987:78
[1]Travis,Jon E.Rebuilding the community:The future for the community college.Community College Review;Winter95,Vol.23.Issue 3,p45,16p
[2]朱世达.美国市民社会研究[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2005:215
[1]丹尼尔·J·布尔斯廷.美国人-建国的历程[M].上海:上海译文出版社,1997:246
[2]Laura G.Knapp,Janice E.Kelly-Reid.Enrollment in Postsecondary Institutions,Fall 2004;Graduation Rates,1998 & 2001 Cohorts:and Financial Statistics Fiscal Year 2004[R].National Center for Education Statistics,February 2006,P7
[1]美国社区学院未来委员会.建设社区—对一个新世纪的展[A].吕达 周满生,当代外国教育改革著名文献(美国卷·第三册)[C].北京:人民教育出版社,2004:163
[2]Rogéair Parnell,Susan Blank.Support Success- Services That May Help Low-Income Students Succeed in Community College[R].ED48462l,November 2004
[1]续润华.美国社区学院发展研究[M].北京:中国档案出版社,2000:41
[1]万秀兰.美国社区学院的转学教育[J].比较教育研究,2004,(3),77-81
[2]赵晓凤.美国社区学院学生年轻化趋势及其成因[J].世界教育信息,2005,(6),13-14
[3]Robert Wassmer,Colleen Moore,Nancy Shulock.Effect of Racial/Ethnic Composition on Transfer Rates in Community Colleges:Implications for Policy and Practice[J].Research in Higher Education,Vol.45,No.6 September 2004
[1]万秀兰.美国社区学院职业呼的推动因素[J].宁波大学学报,2002,(2),11-15
[2]申培轩.美国社区学院的职业教育[J].教育与职业,2000,(5),56-58
[1]毛澹然.美国社区学院[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1989:7
[2]Robert Wedgeworth.The Number of Functionally Illiterate Adults in U.S.Is Growing[EB/OL].http://www.proliteracy.org/downloads/ProLiteracyStateOfLiteracy%2010-25-04.pdf,2003
[3]Shults,Christopher.Remedial Education:Practice and Policies in Community Colleges.Research Brief[R].ED448811,2000
[4]1998年,美国社区学院协会就补习教育中的若干问题在全国范围内的社区学院展开调查。该项调查针对全国将近1200所社区学院。大约40%的调查对象发回了调查问卷。对调查做出反应的学院在招生人数、所处城市或乡村、学院规模都方面都具有一定的代表性。以下数据不做特别说明的,皆来自对该调查做出反应的社区学院。
[1]万秀兰.美国社区学院的改革和发展[M].北京:人民教育出版社,2003:100
[2]Felicia D.Sheffield,PHD;Jack Darks,PHS.Binge Drinking and Alcohol-Related Problems Among Community College Students:Implications for Prevention Policy[J].Journal of American College Health,VOL 54,NO.3,NOV/DEC 2005
[3]Rogéair Parnell,Susan Blank.Support Success- Services That May Help Low-Income Students Succeed in Community College[R].ED484621,November 2004
[1]美国社区学院未来委员会.建设社区—对一个新世纪的展[A].吕达 周满生,当代外国教育改革著名文献(美国卷·第三册)[C].北京:人民教育出版社,2004:162
[2]AACC.Historical Information[EB/OL].http://www.aacc.nche.edu/Content/NavigationMenu/AboutCommunityColleges/HistoricalInformation/Historical_Information.htm
[1]毛澹然.美国社区学院[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1989:79
[2]美国社区学院未来委员会.建设社区—对一个新世纪的展[A].吕达 周满生,当代外国教育改革著名文献(美国卷·第三册)[C].北京:人民教育出版社,2004:187
[1]Brian Klelner,Laule Lewis.Dual Enrollment of High School Students at Postsecondary Institutions:2002-03[R].National Center for Education Statistics,Apr,2005
[2]三项相加不等于100,是因为有的学院既选择在学院授课,同时也在高中校园内授课,授课地点有重合。
[1]U.S.Department of Homeland Security.Securing Our Homeland- U.S Department of Homeland Security Strategic plan[R],http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/DHS_StratPlan_FINAL_spread.pdf,February 24,2004
[1]Homeland security.About Grants & Training[EB/OL].http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/odp/about/overview.htm
[1]Mike Larose.AACC Launches Flight Crew Defense Training Course to be Expanded Nationwide at 2-year Colleges[N].Community College Times.2004-09-28.
[2]Rachel Barth.Iowa college to train responders for agroterrorism $3.2 million grant from Department of Homeland Security funds program to protect food supply[N].Community College Times,2004-09-28
[3]Rach Major Federal Avian Flu Grant to Kirkwood[EB/OL].https://www.kirkwood.edu/site/index.php?%20d=633&news_id=879,2006-10-06
[1]Antonio Pere.Lesson learned from 9/11:Be prepared[N].Community College Times,2004-09-28
[2]Alice W.Villadsent,PH.D.How Do Your Community for Disaster[EB/OL].http://www.league.org/dps/index.html,2005-03-06
[1]Alice W.Villadsent,PH.D.How Do Your Community for Disaster[EB/OL].http://www.league.org/dps/index.html,2005-03-06
[2]美国社区学院未来委员会.建设社区—对一个新世纪的展[A].吕达 周满生,当代外国教育改革著名文献(美国卷·第三册)[C].北京:人民教育出版社,2004:171
[1]美国社区学院未来委员会.建设社区—对一个新世纪的展[R].见吕达 周满生,当代外国教育改革著名文献(美国卷·第三册),北京:人民教育出版社,2004:162
[1]Ediger,Marlow.美国社区学院课程开发[J].教育研究,2007,(6),18-20
[1]Grubb,W.Norton."Getting into the World":Guidance and Counseling in Community Colleges[R].ED455880,2001-06-00
[2]Takako Nomi.Faces of the Future:A Portrait of First Generation Community College Student[J].American Association of Community Colleges,2005
[3]张文显.美国蓝领贵族的摇篮[J].中国质量万里行,2006,(10),72-73
[1]黄进.社会资本:经济学与社会学的对话[J].天府新论,2005,(1),53-56
[2]莫琳·T·哈里楠主编,傅松涛,孙岳等译.教育社会学手册[M].华东师范大学出版社,2004:374
[3]张振助.教育和人力资源是立国之本——美、日、韩追赶先进国家的历史经验[J].教育发展研究,2003,(2),5-8
[4]Duncan,Mary Ellen.Statement of the American Association of Community Colleges to the House Committee on Education and the Workforce on "The State of American Higher Education:What Are Parents,Students,and Taxpayers Getting for Their Money?"[R].ED476678,2003-05-13
[1]Duncan,Mary Ellen.Statement of the American Association of Community Colleges to the House Committee on Education and the Workforce on "The State of American Higher Education:What Are Parents,Students,and Taxpayers Getting for Their Money?"[Speeches/Meeting papers?].1319476678,2003-05-13
[2]Hagedorn,Linda Serra.International Community College Students:The Neglected Minority?[R].ED490516,2005-07-00
[3]李慎之.数量优势下的恐惧——评亨廷顿第三篇关于文明冲突论的文章,见塞缪尔·亨廷顿.文明的冲突与世界秩序的重建[M].新华出版社,1998:426
[1]郑旺全.美国高中生选修先修课蔚然成风,大学生却需要补习高中课程[J].基础教育参考,2004,(12),18
[2]National Center for Education Statistics.Remedial Education at Degree-granting Postsecondary Institutions in Fall 2000[R],http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2OO4/2004010.pdf,P16,November 2003
[1]AACC.Remedial Education:A Social and Economic Imperative[EB/OL].http://www.aacc.nche.edu/Content/NavigationMenu/AboutCommunityColleges/Trends_and_Statistics/EnrollmentInfo/Remedial_Education_A_Social_and_Economic_Imperative.htm,October 1997
[2]Shults,Christooher.Remedial Education:Practice and Policies in Community Colleges.Research Brief[R].ED448811,2000 该数据亦来自AACC1998年针对补习教育对全国社区学院所做的调查
[3]罗·泰勒.谈社区学院在美国职教改革中的角色[J].中国职业技术教育,1998,(5),46-47
[1]李小健,徐朔.透析美国社区学院的一些现象[J].中国职业技术教育,2007,(9):31-33
[2]同上。
[1]Donald A.Dellow,Richard M.Romano.Globalization,Offshoring and the Community college[J].Community College Journal,August/September 2006
[1]美国社区学院未来委员会.建设社区—对一个新世纪的展[A].吕达 周满生,当代外国教育改革著名文献(美国卷·第三册)[C].北京:人民教育出版社,2004:187
[2]同上,165
[1]李小龙.试论高职教育可持续发展[J].教育与职业,2007,(9),13-15
[2]冯宏义.美国社区学院的办学职能及其启示[D].福建师范大学,硕士论文,2004:29
[3]单强.推动“四化”建设,打造中国特色的高职教育体系[EB/OL].http://www.moe.edu.cn/,2007-06-13
[1]严智雄,陈以洁.高职院校办学定位探析[J].中国成人教育,2007,(8),85-86
[2]熊惠平.“三全教育”:基于“穷人经济学”的中国高职教育新使命[J].黑龙江高教研究,2006,(11),52-54
[1]韦进.培养高职学生职业能力的几点思考[J].中国高教研究,2007,(5),49-50
[2]单强.推动“四化”建设,打造中国特色的高职教育体系[EB/OL].http://www.moe.edu.cn/,2007-06-13
[1]高路.上海:创业培训补贴延伸到高校毕业生和在职人[EB/OL].http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2007-10/29/content_6967456.htm,2007-10-28
[1]滕大春.美国教育史[M].北京:人民教育出版社,1994.
[2]丹尼尔·布尔斯廷.美国人:建国的历程[M].上海:上海译文出版社,1997
[3]丹尼尔·布尔斯廷.美国人:开拓的历程[M].上海:上海译文出版社,1993
[4]唐·倍根,唐纳德·R·格莱叶.学校与社区关系[M],重庆:重庆大学出版社,2003
[5]约翰·S·布鲁贝克.高等教育哲学[M].浙江教育出版社,1987
[6]杜德斯达.21世纪的大学[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2000
[7]德里克·博客.走出象牙塔——现代大学的社会责任[M].杭州:浙江教育出版社,2001
[8]托克维尔.论美国的民主[M].北京:商务印书馆,1991
[9]克拉克·克尔.高等教育不能回避历史[M].杭州:浙江教育出版社,2001
[10]亚伯拉罕·弗莱克斯纳.现代大学论——英美德大学研究[M].杭州:浙江教育出版社,2001
[11]奥尔特加·加塞特.大学的使命[M].杭州:浙江教育出版社,2001
[12]莫琳·T·哈里楠.教育社会学手册[M].华东师范大学出版社,2004
[13]塞缪尔·亨廷顿.文明的冲突与世界秩序的重建[M].新华出版社,1998
[14]罗伯特·M·赫钦斯.美国高等教育[M].杭州:浙江教育出版社,2001
[15]约翰·亨利·纽曼.大学的理想[M].杭州:浙江教育出版社,2001
[16]伯顿·克拉克.高等教育新论[M].杭州:浙江教育出版社,2001
[17]万秀兰.美国社区学院的改革与发展[M].北京:人民教育出版社,2003
[18]王英杰.美国高等教育的发展与改革[M].北京:人民教育出版社,1993
[19]续润华.美国社区学院发展研究[M].北京:中国档案出版社,2000
[20]陈学飞.美国高等教育发展史[M].成都:四川大学出版社,1989
[21]薛天祥.高等教育学[M].桂林:广西师范大学,2001
[22]黄福涛.外国高等教育史[M].上海:上海教育出版社,2003
[23]毛澹然.美国社区学院[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1989
[24]张俊芳.中国城市社区的组织与管理[M].南京:东南大学出版社,2004
[25]董小川.美国文化概论[M].北京:人民教育出版社,2006
[26]吕达 周满生,当代外国教育改革著名文献(美国卷·第三册),北京:人民教育出版社,2004
[27]朱世达.美国市民社会研究[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2005
[28]王旭.美国城市史[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2000
[29]刘淑兰.学校与社区的互动[M].成都:四川教育出版社,2003
[30]单中惠.外国教育思想史[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2000
[31]王建初.美国社区学院的师资队伍建设研究[J].比较教育研究,2003,(3),35-40
[32]万秀兰.美国社区学院的转学教育[J].比较教育研究,2004,(3),77-81
[33]万秀兰.美国社区学院职业化的推动因素[J].宁波大学学报(教育科学版),2002,(1),11-15
[34]万秀兰.美国乡村社区学院的发展战略[J].比较教育研究,2005,(5),28-32
[35]万秀兰.美国社区学院的课程职能体系[J].高教研究,2003,(7),103-107
[36]万秀兰.美国社区学院的社区教育及几点思考[J].浙江师大学报(社会科学版),2001,(6),79-83
[37]李阳琇.美国社区学院课程设置特点及其基本理念[J].比较教育研究,2004,(3),68-72
[38]杨晓明.对美国社区学院的考察与思考[J].黑龙江高教研究,2000,(5),106-107
[39]续润华.美国发展社区学院的历史经验及其启示[J].河南师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2000,(3),141-146
[40]陈东林.美国社区学院的主要优势和发展趋向[J].清华大学教育研究,1997,(2),115-117
[41]殷翔文.社区学院—美国高等教育最具活力的一个办学层次[J].江苏高教,1998,(4),72-76
[42]杨彬.美国社区学院转学教育功能研究[J].比较教育研究,2004,(3),72-76
[43]张旺.世纪之交美国社区学院的发展动向[J].比较教育研究,2003,(3),30-34
[44]余雪莲.美国研究型大学职能发展演变的经验[J].比较教育研究,2007,(5),18-22
[45]Ediger,Marlow.美国社区学院课程开发[J].教育研究,2007,(6),18-20
[46]史静寰,赵可,夏华.卡内基高等教育机构分类与美国的研究型大学[J].北京大学教育评论,2007,(4),107-121
[47]张振助.教育和人力资源是立国之本——美、日、韩追赶先进国家的历史经验[J].教育发展研究,2003,(2),5-8
[48]熊惠平.“三全教育”:基于“穷人经济学”的中国高职教育新使命[J].黑龙江高教研究,2006,(11),52-54
[49]韦进.培养高职学生职业能力的几点思考[J].中国高教研究,2007,(5),49-50
[50]黄进.社会资本:经济学与社会学的对话[J].天府新论,2005,(1),53-56
[51]严智雄,陈以洁.高职院校办学定位探析[J].中国成人教育,2007,(8),85-86
[52]郑旺全.美国高中生选修先修课蔚然成风,大学生却需要补习高中课程[J].基础教育参考,2004,(12),18
[53]罗·泰勒.谈社区学院在美国职教改革中的角色[J].中国职业技术教育,1998,(5),46-47
[54]李小健,徐朔.透析美国社区学院的一些现象[J].中国职业技术教育,2007,(9):31-33
[55]林叙哲.美国的贫困标准是什么[J].学习月刊,2005,(7),38-39
[56]赵晓凤.美国社区学院学生年轻化趋势及其成因[J].世界教育信息,2005,(6),13-14
[57]申培轩.美国社区学院的职业教育[J].教育与职业,2000,(5),56-58
[58]张文显.美国蓝领贵族的摇篮[J].中国质量万里行,2006,(10),72-73
[59]王小章.何谓社区与社区何为[J].浙江学刊,2002,(2),20-24
[60]姜振华,胡鸿保.社区概念发展的历程[J].中国青年政治学院学报,2002,(7),121-124
[61]丁元竹.社区是什么,不是什么[J].社区,2006,(4),35-36
[62]冯宏义.美国社区学院的办学职能及其启示[D].福建师范大学,硕士论文, 2004
[63]郝有隽.美国社区学院的发展历程与启示[D].西北师范大学,硕士论文,2003
[64]胡蕙芳.关于我国学习型社区构建的研究[D].广西师范大学,硕士论文,2004
[65]韩芳.美国社区教育本土化发展研究[D].陕西师范大学,硕士论文,2004
[66]冯宏义.美国社区学院的办学职能及其启示[D].福建师范大学,硕士论文,2004
[67]尹小宁.美国社区学院经费来源研究[D].西南师范大学,硕士论文,2002
[78]刘芳.社区教育发展中社会资源的开发和利用[D].上海师范大学,硕士论文,2004
[69]杨颖东.社区学院21世纪中国高等教育值得努力的一个方向[D].华东师范大学,硕士论文,2004
[70]Arthur M.Cohen,Florence B.Brawer.The American Community college[M].San Francisco:Jossey-Bass Inc.,publishers,1996
[71]Taber,Lynn Sullivan.The role of American Community Colleges in Building Community,ED400872,1996-07-14
[72]Robert Wassmer,Colleen Moore,Nancy Shulock.Effect of Racial/Ethnic Composition on Transfer Rates in Community Colleges:Implications for Policy and Practice[J].Research in Higher Education,Vol.45,No.6 September2004
[73]Travis,Jon E.Rebuilding the community:The future for the community college.Community College Review;Winter95,Vol.23.Issue 3
[74]Laura G.Knapp,Janice E.Kelly-Reid.Enrollment in Postsecondary Institutions,Fall 2004;GradUation Rates,1998 & 2001 Cohorts:and Financial Statistics Fiscal Year 2004[R].National Center for Education Statistics,February 2006,
[75]George A.Baker IⅢ.A handbook on the Community College in America[M].Greenwood press,1994
[76]Rogéair Parnell,Susan Blank.Support Success- Services That May Help Low-Income Students Succeed in Community College[R].ED484621,November 2004
[77]National Center for Education Statistics.Remedial Education at Degree-granting Postsecondary Institutions in Fall 2000[R],ttp://nces.ed.gov/pubs2004/2004010.pdf
[78]Shults, Christopher. Remedial Education: Practice and Policies in Community Colleges. Research Brief[R]. ED448811,2000
[79] Felicia D. Sheffield, PHD; Jack Darks, PHS. Binge Drinking and Alcohol-Related Problems Among Community College Students: Implications for Prevention Policy[J]. Journal of American College Health, VOL 54, NO.3, NOV/DEC 2005
[80] Donald A. Dellow, Richard M. Romano. Globalization, Offshoring and the Community college [J]. Community College Journal, August/ September 2006
[81] Hagedorn, Linda Serra. International Community College Students: The Neglected Minority?[R] . ED490516, 2005-07-00
[82]Gribbons, Barry C, Dixon, P. Scott. College of the Canyons International Students Program Student Questionnaire[R]. ED454927, Fall 2000
[83]Robert Wedgeworth. The Number of Functionally Illiterate Adults in U. S. Is Growing [R]. Proliteracy Worldwide,
[84] Brickman, Bette; Nuzzo, Richard. International versus Immigrant ESL Students: Designing Curriculum and Programs To Meet the Needs of Both[R]. ED426610, 1999-00-00
[85] Gardenhire-Crooks, Alissa; Collado, Herbert; Ray, Barbara. A Whole'Nother World: Students Navigating Community College[R]. ED493007, 2006-07-00
[86] Richard Bucher. Relationships, Success, and Community College Students of Color, from: Jeffrey Chin, Catherine White Berheide, Dennis Rome. Included in Sociology: Learning Climate That Cultivate Racial and Ethnic Diversity[R]. ED470331,2002
[87] Wang, Wei-ni. UCLA Community College Review: Community Education in the Community College[J]. Community College Review, 20040101
[88] Phinney, Lisa; Schoan, Mary Kay; Hause, Ellen. Community College Engagement in Community Programs and Services. AACC Research Brief[R], 2002, ED463818
[89] Macnaughtan, Don, Ed. Lane Community College Library Policy Manual[R]. Jul 94,ED371791
[90] Darden, Mary Landon; Cloud. What Senior Citizens Want from the Community College[R]. 2003(04), ED 479222
[91] Natalie C. Holmes. Texas Community College Helps High School Students Connect with Higher Ed. [N]. Community College Times, June 10, 2005
[92] Brian Kleiner, Laule Lewis. Dual Enrollment of High School Students at Postsecondary Institutions: 2002-03 [R]. National Center for Education Statistics, Apr, 2005
[93] Arizona State Board of Directors for Community College, Phoenix. Report on Community College Classes Offered in Conjunction with High Schools (R7-1-709), FY2000-2001. ED464659, 2001-11-00
[94]Dougherty, Kevin,J.; Bakia, Marianne, F.. The New Economic Development Role of the Community College[R]. ED439750, 1999-11-00
[95]Michael T. Miler, Courtney C. Turtle. Building Communities: How Rural Community Colleges Develop Their Community and the People Who Live in Them[J]. Community College Journal of Research and Practice, 31:117-127, 2007
[96] American Association of Community College. First Responders-Community Colleges on the Front Line of Security[R].American Association of Community College. 2006,
[97]Mike Larose. AACC Launches Flight Crew Defense Training Course to be Expanded Nationwide at 2-year Colleges[N]. Community College Times. 2004-09-28.Rachel Barth. Iowa college to train responders for agroterrorism $3.2 million grant from Department of Homeland Security funds program to protect food supply[N]. Community College Times, 2004-09-28
[98]Rachel Barth. Iowa college to train responders for agroterrorism $3.2 million grant from Department of Homeland Security funds program to protect food supply[N]. Community College Times, 2004-09-28
[99]Grubb, W. Norton. "Getting into the World": Guidance and Counseling in Community Colleges[R]. ED455880, 2001-06-00
[100]Antonio Pere. Lesson learned from 9/11: Be prepared[N]. Community College Times, 2004-09-28
[101]Takako Nomi. Faces of the Future: A Portrait of First Generation Community College Student[J]. American Association of Community Colleges, 2005
[102]Duncan, Mary Ellen. Statement of the American Association of Community Colleges to the House Committee on Education and the Workforce on "The State of American Higher Education: What Are Parents, Students, and Taxpayers Getting for Their Money?"[R]. ED476678, 2003-05-13
[103]Bailey, Thomas R.; Avericanova, Irina E.. Multiple Missions of Community Colleges: Conflictory or Complementary. Community College Research Center Occasional Paper[R]. ED428800, 1999
[104]Pecorino, Phillip; Dozier, Sandra Bygrave. Community Colleges: Public Failure and Private Success[R]. ED438854, 2000-06
[105]Thomas Bailey, Juan Carlos Calcagno, Davis Jenkins, Greg Kienzl. The Effect of Institutional Factors on the Success of Community College Student[R]. ED484345, January 2005
[106]Laura G. Knapp, Janice E. Kelly-Reid. Enrollment in Postsecondary Institutions, Fall 2004; Graduation Rates, 1998 & 2001 Cohorts: and Financial Statistics Fiscal Year 2004[C]. NCES, February 2006
[107] Mission statement[EB/OL]. http://nces.ed.gov/ipeds/cool/SearchResults.aspx
[108] College Mission[EB/OL]. http://www.barstow.edu/GeneralInfo/mission.asp
[109] Alice W. Villadsent, PH.D. How Do Your Community for Disaster[EB/OL]. http://wwv.league.org/dps/index.html, 2005-03-06
[110] Homeland security. About Grants & Training [EB/OL]. http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/odp/about/overview.htm
[111]AACC. Remedial Education: A Social and Economic Imperative[R]. http://www.aacc.nche.edu/Content/NavigationMenu/AboutCom munityColleges/Trends_and_Statistics/EnrollmentInfo/Remedial_Education__A_Social_and_Economic_Imperative.htm, October 1997
[112] Rach Major Federal Avian Flu Grant to Kirkwood[EB/OL]. https://www.kirkwood.edu/site/index.php?%20d=633&news_id=879, 2006-10-06
[113] U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Securing Our Homeland- U.S Department of Homeland Security Strategic plan[R]. http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/DHS_StratPlan_FINAL_spread.pdf, February 24,2004
[114] Homeland Security Act of 2002. http://fll.findlaw.com/news.findlaw.com/hdocs/docs/terrorism/hsa2002.pdf,
[115]Vision, Mission and Values[EB/OL]. http://webport.cgc.maricopa.edu/published/c/om/community/home/2/?__s=nf-20 070919022053-24685
[116]Mission statement. http://www.columbiastate.edu/about/mission.htm
[117]http://www.proliteracy.org/downloads/ProLiteracyStateOfLiteracy%2010-25-04. pdf, 2003
[118]AACC. Historical Information[EB/OL]. http://www.aacc.nche.edu/Content/NavigationMenu/ AboutCommunityColleges/HistoricalInformation/Historical_Information.htm