工程项目评标问题的知识表示及其决策支持系统研究
摘要
评标是工程项目招投标中首要阶段，也是决定招投标工作能否成功的关键因素。然而，目前国内的评标工作往往都是业主或者监理公司组织评标委员会来进行，在此过程中，往往由于主观性较大，定性因素较多、定量分析较少，使评标的公正性、公平性受到怀疑。
为了使招投标活动具有更加公平、公开、公正的“三公”性，本文应用知识工程和决策支持系统的理论，以提高工程项目评标问题的公正性、科学性以及智能化为目标，实现了评标问题在计算机中的知识表示，同时，设计并实现了“工程项目评标智能决策支持系统”。
本文主要做了以下几个方面的工作：
1 在研究了国内外大多数评标方法的基础上，采用了“合理低价法”和“百分制打分法”进行工程项目评标，更好的实现了与国际接轨。
2 应用知识工程中知识表示的理论，引入问题的“树状表示法”，将土建工程项目的招投标以及评标问题在计算机中表示了出来。
3 以“大连市建委招标处”为背景，设计并实现了“土建工程项目评标智能决策支持系统”，为评委的评标工作提供了辅助决策，同时也更好的实现了评标的“三公”性。
本文提出了关于工程项目评标问题的“树状表示法”，具有一定的理论意义和应用价值。同时，本系统已经在实际中得到了广泛的应用，得到了用户的好评。
Tender evaluation is the primary stage, and is the key factor whether a bid and tender is success or not. However, the domestic tender evaluation at present is often processed by the committee, which organized by the owner or the agency company. During the course, sometimes because of the more subjectivity, the more qualitative factor and the less quantitative analysis, the fairness of tender evaluation is suspected.
For the fairness, opening, justness of tender evaluation, the theories of knowledge engineering and DSS are applying. Aiming at improving the fairness, scientificalness and intelligence of tender evaluation problems of engineering project, knowledge representation of tender evaluation in computer is realized. At the same time, a tender evaluation IDSS system for engineering project is designed and realized.
The research of this paper is as follows:
1 Based on most methods of tender evaluation at home and aboard, "rational low price law" and "hundred-mark system" are adopted here, which realized to connect with international.
2 The theory of knowledge representation is applied, tree-like presentation of problem is adopted, and the bid and tender problem and tender evaluation problem on building projects are represented in computer.
3 At the background of "the tender department of Dalian capital construction commission", a tender evaluation IDSS system on engineering project is designed and realized, and aid decision making for commissions is supplied. At the same time, the character of "three-fair" can be embodied very well.
"Tree-like representation" on tender evaluation of engineering project is put forward here, which is the first application of "tree-like representation" in bid and tender, has the actual value not only in theory but also in application. At the same time, this system has been widely applied in practice, and got favorable comment of user.
为了使招投标活动具有更加公平、公开、公正的“三公”性，本文应用知识工程和决策支持系统的理论，以提高工程项目评标问题的公正性、科学性以及智能化为目标，实现了评标问题在计算机中的知识表示，同时，设计并实现了“工程项目评标智能决策支持系统”。
本文主要做了以下几个方面的工作：
1 在研究了国内外大多数评标方法的基础上，采用了“合理低价法”和“百分制打分法”进行工程项目评标，更好的实现了与国际接轨。
2 应用知识工程中知识表示的理论，引入问题的“树状表示法”，将土建工程项目的招投标以及评标问题在计算机中表示了出来。
3 以“大连市建委招标处”为背景，设计并实现了“土建工程项目评标智能决策支持系统”，为评委的评标工作提供了辅助决策，同时也更好的实现了评标的“三公”性。
本文提出了关于工程项目评标问题的“树状表示法”，具有一定的理论意义和应用价值。同时，本系统已经在实际中得到了广泛的应用，得到了用户的好评。
Tender evaluation is the primary stage, and is the key factor whether a bid and tender is success or not. However, the domestic tender evaluation at present is often processed by the committee, which organized by the owner or the agency company. During the course, sometimes because of the more subjectivity, the more qualitative factor and the less quantitative analysis, the fairness of tender evaluation is suspected.
For the fairness, opening, justness of tender evaluation, the theories of knowledge engineering and DSS are applying. Aiming at improving the fairness, scientificalness and intelligence of tender evaluation problems of engineering project, knowledge representation of tender evaluation in computer is realized. At the same time, a tender evaluation IDSS system for engineering project is designed and realized.
The research of this paper is as follows:
1 Based on most methods of tender evaluation at home and aboard, "rational low price law" and "hundred-mark system" are adopted here, which realized to connect with international.
2 The theory of knowledge representation is applied, tree-like presentation of problem is adopted, and the bid and tender problem and tender evaluation problem on building projects are represented in computer.
3 At the background of "the tender department of Dalian capital construction commission", a tender evaluation IDSS system on engineering project is designed and realized, and aid decision making for commissions is supplied. At the same time, the character of "three-fair" can be embodied very well.
"Tree-like representation" on tender evaluation of engineering project is put forward here, which is the first application of "tree-like representation" in bid and tender, has the actual value not only in theory but also in application. At the same time, this system has been widely applied in practice, and got favorable comment of user.
引文
1 尹潘琪，阎宇．浅谈建设工程招投标．山西建筑，2001，27(2)：108-109
2 王振强，尹贻林．日本建设工程招投标制度研究．建筑经济，2002，(2)：27-30
3 T. Rapcsak, Z. Sagi, T. Toth, L. Ketszeri. Evaluation of tenders in information technology. Decision Support System, 2000, (30): 1-10
4 李凡生．决策支持系统新方向—智能决策支持系统．东北电力学院学报，2001，21(4)：86-89
5 胡祥培，修立军，钱国明．面向问题的知识表示支持系统研究．哈尔滨工业大学学报，1999，31(1)：1-4
6 胡祥培，修立军，钱国明．生产作业计划问题的知识表示研究．管理科学学报，1999，2(2)：41-48
7 应晟，刘莉．推行无标底评标 加速与国际接轨．四川冶金，2002，(1)：14-15
8 邱宇华．浅议工程评标方法的科学化．邵阳师范高等专科学校学报，2002，24(3)：13-14
9 范贵华，陈万涛．建议采用“两步评标法”选择建设监理单位．建设监理，2000，(6)：47
10 Carlos A. Bana e Costa, Emerson C. Correa, Jean-Marie De Corte, Jean-Claude Vansnick. Facilitating bid evaluation in public call for tenders: a socio-technical approach. Omega, 2002, (30): 227-242
11 张金梅，尉继廷．建设工程招投标中标底和评标方法探讨．山西水利，2002，(3)：49-50
12 吴露萍，陈传德．建筑工程项目招投标管理中的问题与对策．重庆建筑大学学报，2001，23(6)：78-80
13 夏盛．我国建筑工程评标方法探析．重庆工学院学报，2002，16(3)：112-115
14 翁东风，刘增堂．工程建设施工百分制评标方法研究．建筑经济，2000，(11)：46-47
15 邱建华．建设工程施工招投标的一些体会．江西建材，2002，(2)：41-43
16 张宝发．对采用A+B值法确定工程项目评标标底的分析．水利技术监督，2001，(2)：22-26
17 杨林．公路工程监理评标中的模糊综合评价．东北公路，2002，25(1)：95-96
18 杜春生．模糊数学综合评判方法在评标中的应用．吉林建筑工程学院学报，2001，(4)：69-74
19 鲁耀斌，杜建峰，张金隆．Internet环境下在线评标系统的研究．计算机工程与应用，2001，(23)：45-47
20 童佳民．无标底招标的两种评标标准．国际经济合作，2002，(2)：31-33
21 杨翠云．对目前北京市招投标工作的一些建议．建筑经济，2002，(5)：38
22 杨炳儒，知识工程与知识发现，冶金工业出版社，2000，137-173
23 Alan J. Thomson. Elicitation and representation of Traditional Ecological Knowledge, for use in forest management. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 2000, (27): 155-165
24 Steven Walczak. Knowledge acquisition and knowledge representation with class: the object-oriented paradigm. Expert Systems with Applications, 1998, (15): 235-244
25 D. Xue, S. Yadav, D. H. Norrie. Knowledge base and database representation for intelligent concurrent design. Computer-Aided Design, 1999, (31): 131-145
26 El-Sayed Atlam, K. Morita, M. Fuketa, Jun-ichi Aoe. A new method for selecting English field association terms of compound words and its knowledge representation. Information Processing and Management, 2002, (38): 807-821
27 R. Bingi, Deepak Khazanchi, Surya B. Yadav. A Framework For the Comparative Analysis and Evaluation of Knowledge Representation Schemes. Information Processing & Management, 1995, 31 (2): 233-247
28 胡祥培，修立军，钱国明．面向问题的知识表示支持系统研究．哈尔滨工业大学学报，1999，31(1)：1-4
29 胡祥培，修立军，杨德礼．生产作业计划问题的知识表示研究．管理科学学报，1999，2(2)：41-48
30 Anthony J.T. Lee, Han-Pang Chiu, Ping Yu. 3D C-string: a new
spatio-temporal knowledge representation for video database systems. Pattern Recognition, 2002, (35): 2521-2537
31 D.S.Guru,P.Nagabhushan.Triangular spatial relationship: a new approach for spatial knowledge representation. Pattern Recognition Letters,2001, (22): 999-1006
32 Jeen Broekstra, Michel Klein, Stefan Decker, Dieter Fensel, Frank van Harmelen, Ian Horrocks, Enabling knowledge representation on the Web by extending RDF Schema. Computer Networks, 2002, (39): 609-634
33 R.C.Paton. Diagrammatic representations for modeling biological knowledge. Bio Systems, 2002, (66): 43-53
34 Christian Vilhelm, Pierre Ravaux, Daniel Calvelo, Alexandre Jaborska, Marie-Christine Chambrin, Michel Boniface. Think!: A unified numerical-symbolic knowledge representation scheme and reasoning system. Artificial Intelligence, 2000, (116): 67-85
35 Stephen Chu, Branko Cesnik. Knowledge representation and retrieval using conceptual graphs and free text document self-organization techniques. International Journal of Medical Informatics, 2001, (62): 121-133
36 K.E.Wolff, G.K.Hartmann, A.Nolle, M.L.Richards. Conceptual Knowledge Processing and Graphical Representation of Multidimensional Atmospheric Ozone Data. Phys.Chem.Earth(A), 2000, 25 (8) : 619-624
37 X. Li, F.Lara-Rosano. Adaptive fuzzy petri nets for dynamic knowledge representation and inference. Expert Systems with Applications, 2000, (19): 235-241
38 Florence Le Ber, Marie-Pierre Chouvet. An agent-based model for domain knowledge representation. Data & Knowledge Engineering, 1999, (29):147-161
39 Ali M.Abbasov, Masuma H.Mamedova, Gazanfar H.Orujov, Hamid B.Aliev. Synthesis of the methods of subjective knowledge representations in problems of fuzzy pattern recognition. Mechatronics, 2001, (11):439-449
40 J.Bento,B.Feijo,D.L.Smith. Engineering Design Knowledge Representation Based on Logic and Objects. Computer & Structures, 1997, 63(5):1015-1032
41 Khaled Shaalan, Mahmoud Rafea, Ahmed Rafea. KROL: a knowledge representation object language on top of Prolog. Expert System With Application, 1998, (15): 33-46
42 Sanja Vranes, Mladen Stanojevic. Design knowledge representation in Prolog/Rex. Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence,1999,(12): 221-228
43 W.J.Zhang,S.N.Liu,Q.Li. Data/knowledge representation of modular robot and its working environment. Robotics and Computer Integrated Manufacturing, 2000, (16): 143-159
44 Jeong P.Son, Jong H.Park, You Z.Cho. An integrated knowledge representation scheme and query processing mechanism for fault diagnosis in heterogeneous manufacturing environments. Robotics and Computer Integrated Manufacturing, 2000, (16): 133-141
45 S.Gibbs, C.Breitender, D.Tsichritzis. Audio=video database: an object-oriented approach. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Data Engineering, 1993: 381-390
46 Y.Tonomura, et al. Structured video computing. IEEE Multimedia, 1994,1(3) : 34-43
47 蒋恒恒，罗玉军．GIS技术在城市建设决策支持系统中的应用初探．《电脑与信息技术》，2002，(3)：22-25
48 James F. Courtney. Decision making and knowledge management in inquiring organizations: toward a new decision-making paradigm for DSS. Decision Support Systems, 2001, (31): 17-38
49 张家生，赵会群．基于组件的决策支持系统模型设计与实现．计算机应用，2002，22 (2)：24-27
50 尹春华，顾培亮．决策支持系统研究现状及发展趋势．决策借鉴，2002，15(2)：41-45
51 Qiping Shen, Jacky K.H. Chung. A group decision support system for value management studies in the construction industry. International Journal of Project Management, 2002, (20): 247-252
52 Won Jun Lee, Kun Chang Lee. PROMISE: a distributed DSS approach to coordinating production and marketing decisions. Computers & Operations Research, 1999, (26): 901-920
53 Dawn G.Gregg, Michael Goul, Andy Philippakis. Distributing decision support systems on the WWW: the verification of a DSS metadata model. Decision Support Systems, 2002, (32): 233-245
54 王明俊．电网运行综合决策支持系统．电力系统自动化，2002，(2)：56-59
55 Luc Baron, Sofiane Achicne, Marek Balazinski. Fuzzy decision support system knowledge base generation using a genetic algorithm. International Journal of Approximate Reasoning, 2001, (28): 125-148
56 Pierre L. Kunsch, Philippe Fortemps. A fuzzy decision support system for the economic calculus in radioactive waste management. Information Sciences, 2002, (142): 103-116
57 胡代平，王浣尘．基于Agent的宏观经济决策支持系统．系统工程理论与实践，2002，(1)：33-37
58 徐振宇，张维明，陈文伟．基于MAS的群决策支持系统研究．管理科学学报，2002，5 (1)：85-92
59 D.G.Toll, R.J.Barr. A decision support system for geotechnical applications. Computers and Geotechnics, 2001, (28): 575-590
60 R.J. Kuo, S.C.Chi, S.S.Kao. A decision support system for selecting convenience store location through integration of fuzzy AHP and artificial neural network. Computers in Industry, 2002, (47): 199-214
61 Alain Mosmans, Jean-Claude Praet, Christophe Dumont. A decision support system for the budgeting of the Belgian health care system. European Journal of Operational Research, 2002, (139): 449-460
62 A. Benedetto. A decision support system for the safety of airport runways:
the case of heavy rainstorms. Transportation Research Part A, 2002, (36): 665-682
63 Liqiang Geng, Zhi Chen, Christine W. Chana, Gordon H.Huang. An intelligent decision support system for management of petroleum contaminated sites. Expert Systems with Applications, 2001, (20):251-260
64 J.S. Usher, A.H.Kamal, S.W.Kim. A decision support system for economic justification of material handling investments. Computers & Industrial Engineering, 2001, (39): 35-47
65 Gary P.Moynihan, Prasad Purushothaman, Robert W. McLeod, William G. Nichols. DSSALM: A decision support system for asset and liability management. Decision Support Systems, 2002, (33): 23-38
66 R.J. Kuo, C.H.Chen, Y.C.Hwang. An intelligent stock trading decision support system through integration of genetic algorithm based fuzzy neural network and artificial neural network. Fuzzy Sets and Systems,2001, (118): 21-45
67 Monique Frize, Colleen M.Ennett, Maryhelen Stevenson, Heather C.E.Trigg. Clinical decision support systems for intensive care units: using artificial neural networks. Medical Engineering & Physics, 2001, (23):217-225
2 王振强，尹贻林．日本建设工程招投标制度研究．建筑经济，2002，(2)：27-30
3 T. Rapcsak, Z. Sagi, T. Toth, L. Ketszeri. Evaluation of tenders in information technology. Decision Support System, 2000, (30): 1-10
4 李凡生．决策支持系统新方向—智能决策支持系统．东北电力学院学报，2001，21(4)：86-89
5 胡祥培，修立军，钱国明．面向问题的知识表示支持系统研究．哈尔滨工业大学学报，1999，31(1)：1-4
6 胡祥培，修立军，钱国明．生产作业计划问题的知识表示研究．管理科学学报，1999，2(2)：41-48
7 应晟，刘莉．推行无标底评标 加速与国际接轨．四川冶金，2002，(1)：14-15
8 邱宇华．浅议工程评标方法的科学化．邵阳师范高等专科学校学报，2002，24(3)：13-14
9 范贵华，陈万涛．建议采用“两步评标法”选择建设监理单位．建设监理，2000，(6)：47
10 Carlos A. Bana e Costa, Emerson C. Correa, Jean-Marie De Corte, Jean-Claude Vansnick. Facilitating bid evaluation in public call for tenders: a socio-technical approach. Omega, 2002, (30): 227-242
11 张金梅，尉继廷．建设工程招投标中标底和评标方法探讨．山西水利，2002，(3)：49-50
12 吴露萍，陈传德．建筑工程项目招投标管理中的问题与对策．重庆建筑大学学报，2001，23(6)：78-80
13 夏盛．我国建筑工程评标方法探析．重庆工学院学报，2002，16(3)：112-115
14 翁东风，刘增堂．工程建设施工百分制评标方法研究．建筑经济，2000，(11)：46-47
15 邱建华．建设工程施工招投标的一些体会．江西建材，2002，(2)：41-43
16 张宝发．对采用A+B值法确定工程项目评标标底的分析．水利技术监督，2001，(2)：22-26
17 杨林．公路工程监理评标中的模糊综合评价．东北公路，2002，25(1)：95-96
18 杜春生．模糊数学综合评判方法在评标中的应用．吉林建筑工程学院学报，2001，(4)：69-74
19 鲁耀斌，杜建峰，张金隆．Internet环境下在线评标系统的研究．计算机工程与应用，2001，(23)：45-47
20 童佳民．无标底招标的两种评标标准．国际经济合作，2002，(2)：31-33
21 杨翠云．对目前北京市招投标工作的一些建议．建筑经济，2002，(5)：38
22 杨炳儒，知识工程与知识发现，冶金工业出版社，2000，137-173
23 Alan J. Thomson. Elicitation and representation of Traditional Ecological Knowledge, for use in forest management. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 2000, (27): 155-165
24 Steven Walczak. Knowledge acquisition and knowledge representation with class: the object-oriented paradigm. Expert Systems with Applications, 1998, (15): 235-244
25 D. Xue, S. Yadav, D. H. Norrie. Knowledge base and database representation for intelligent concurrent design. Computer-Aided Design, 1999, (31): 131-145
26 El-Sayed Atlam, K. Morita, M. Fuketa, Jun-ichi Aoe. A new method for selecting English field association terms of compound words and its knowledge representation. Information Processing and Management, 2002, (38): 807-821
27 R. Bingi, Deepak Khazanchi, Surya B. Yadav. A Framework For the Comparative Analysis and Evaluation of Knowledge Representation Schemes. Information Processing & Management, 1995, 31 (2): 233-247
28 胡祥培，修立军，钱国明．面向问题的知识表示支持系统研究．哈尔滨工业大学学报，1999，31(1)：1-4
29 胡祥培，修立军，杨德礼．生产作业计划问题的知识表示研究．管理科学学报，1999，2(2)：41-48
30 Anthony J.T. Lee, Han-Pang Chiu, Ping Yu. 3D C-string: a new
spatio-temporal knowledge representation for video database systems. Pattern Recognition, 2002, (35): 2521-2537
31 D.S.Guru,P.Nagabhushan.Triangular spatial relationship: a new approach for spatial knowledge representation. Pattern Recognition Letters,2001, (22): 999-1006
32 Jeen Broekstra, Michel Klein, Stefan Decker, Dieter Fensel, Frank van Harmelen, Ian Horrocks, Enabling knowledge representation on the Web by extending RDF Schema. Computer Networks, 2002, (39): 609-634
33 R.C.Paton. Diagrammatic representations for modeling biological knowledge. Bio Systems, 2002, (66): 43-53
34 Christian Vilhelm, Pierre Ravaux, Daniel Calvelo, Alexandre Jaborska, Marie-Christine Chambrin, Michel Boniface. Think!: A unified numerical-symbolic knowledge representation scheme and reasoning system. Artificial Intelligence, 2000, (116): 67-85
35 Stephen Chu, Branko Cesnik. Knowledge representation and retrieval using conceptual graphs and free text document self-organization techniques. International Journal of Medical Informatics, 2001, (62): 121-133
36 K.E.Wolff, G.K.Hartmann, A.Nolle, M.L.Richards. Conceptual Knowledge Processing and Graphical Representation of Multidimensional Atmospheric Ozone Data. Phys.Chem.Earth(A), 2000, 25 (8) : 619-624
37 X. Li, F.Lara-Rosano. Adaptive fuzzy petri nets for dynamic knowledge representation and inference. Expert Systems with Applications, 2000, (19): 235-241
38 Florence Le Ber, Marie-Pierre Chouvet. An agent-based model for domain knowledge representation. Data & Knowledge Engineering, 1999, (29):147-161
39 Ali M.Abbasov, Masuma H.Mamedova, Gazanfar H.Orujov, Hamid B.Aliev. Synthesis of the methods of subjective knowledge representations in problems of fuzzy pattern recognition. Mechatronics, 2001, (11):439-449
40 J.Bento,B.Feijo,D.L.Smith. Engineering Design Knowledge Representation Based on Logic and Objects. Computer & Structures, 1997, 63(5):1015-1032
41 Khaled Shaalan, Mahmoud Rafea, Ahmed Rafea. KROL: a knowledge representation object language on top of Prolog. Expert System With Application, 1998, (15): 33-46
42 Sanja Vranes, Mladen Stanojevic. Design knowledge representation in Prolog/Rex. Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence,1999,(12): 221-228
43 W.J.Zhang,S.N.Liu,Q.Li. Data/knowledge representation of modular robot and its working environment. Robotics and Computer Integrated Manufacturing, 2000, (16): 143-159
44 Jeong P.Son, Jong H.Park, You Z.Cho. An integrated knowledge representation scheme and query processing mechanism for fault diagnosis in heterogeneous manufacturing environments. Robotics and Computer Integrated Manufacturing, 2000, (16): 133-141
45 S.Gibbs, C.Breitender, D.Tsichritzis. Audio=video database: an object-oriented approach. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Data Engineering, 1993: 381-390
46 Y.Tonomura, et al. Structured video computing. IEEE Multimedia, 1994,1(3) : 34-43
47 蒋恒恒，罗玉军．GIS技术在城市建设决策支持系统中的应用初探．《电脑与信息技术》，2002，(3)：22-25
48 James F. Courtney. Decision making and knowledge management in inquiring organizations: toward a new decision-making paradigm for DSS. Decision Support Systems, 2001, (31): 17-38
49 张家生，赵会群．基于组件的决策支持系统模型设计与实现．计算机应用，2002，22 (2)：24-27
50 尹春华，顾培亮．决策支持系统研究现状及发展趋势．决策借鉴，2002，15(2)：41-45
51 Qiping Shen, Jacky K.H. Chung. A group decision support system for value management studies in the construction industry. International Journal of Project Management, 2002, (20): 247-252
52 Won Jun Lee, Kun Chang Lee. PROMISE: a distributed DSS approach to coordinating production and marketing decisions. Computers & Operations Research, 1999, (26): 901-920
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