水生植物净化富营养化水体效果及机理研究
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摘要
中国水体富营养化比例逐年增加，富营养化程度不断加剧，形势十分严峻。水生植物具有良好的净水功能、生态效应、景观功能和潜在的经济价值，利用水生植物净化富营养化水体前景十分广阔。本文旨在为富营养化水体的植物修复提供理论依据和技术支撑。采用室内试验方式，重点对比考察了太湖水系土著水生物种黄花水龙净化富营养化水体效果，并运用物量衡算和分布求解技术探讨了黄花水龙净化氮磷机理，最后综合比较了太湖水系常见32种水生植物净化富营养化水体能力，主要结论如下：
夏季，每天每克鲜重黄花水龙可去除0.119mg N和0.014mg P，是水葫芦、水花生和对照(未种水生植物)的2.6、2.9、3.8倍和0.7、1.9、5倍；冬季，每天每克鲜重黄花水龙去除0.025mg N和0.003mg P，是对照的5倍和2倍。黄花水龙对NH_3-N和NO_3~--N亦有良好的去除效果。
冬季种有黄花水龙的水体中，TN去除原因依次为：天然水体中微生物(对TN去除贡献率为70.8％)、植物存在增加的微生物(12.8％)、植物代谢(18.0％)、植物吸附(1.4％)、沉淀(0.5％)和植物存储(-3.2％)；TP去除原因依次为：植物存在增加的微生物(60.9％)、天然水体中微生物(30.5％)、植物代谢(20.6％)、沉淀(8.3％)、植物吸附(6.6％)和植物存储(-9.4％)。并估算了夏季黄花水龙净化氮磷机理。
最后，本文得到了32种水生植物适应能力序列、蒸腾能力序列、富氧能力序列、净化TN、TP、NH_3-N、NO_x-N、TP、RP和Chl-a能力序列。整个试验期内，水生植物对水体中TN和TP去除的贡献率为3.3％和5.6％，对整个系统中TN和TP去除的贡献率为17.5％和18.2％；藻类对水体中TN和TP去除的贡献率分别为55.6％和38.9％；卵砾石基质对水体中TN和TP去除的贡献率为11.7％和25.2％。
The status of Chinese eutrophic water is very severe: the ratio of eutrophic water increases every year, and eutrophication degree intensifies continuously. Due to their good purifying ability, ecological effects, landscape value and potentially economic value, hydrophytes have prosperous future in treating eutrophic water. Theoretical and technical supports were provided by indoor experiments on using hydrophytes to restore eutrophic water. Purifying effect of Jussiaea stipulacea Ohwi, a native kind of hydrophyte in Taihu Lake Basin, were comparatively stutied in eturophic water. And its purifying mechanism on nitrogen and phophorus were discussed through mass balance. Last, purifying ability sequences of 32 kinds of hydrophytes in eutrophic water were compared. The main conclusions are as follows:
In summer, 0.119 mg Nand 0.014 mg P can be removed by per gram of Jussiaea stipulacea Ohwi per day, which are 1.6, 1.9, 2.8 times and -0.3, 0.9, 4 times greater than those of Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms.,Alternanthera philoxeroides(Mart.)Griseb., and control(unvegetated), respectively. In winter, 0.025 mg N and 0.003 mg P can be removed by per gram of Jussiaea stipulacea Ohwi per day, which are 4 times and 1 times greater than those of control. Jussiaea stipulacea Ohwi also has good removal effects for ammonia and nitrite.
In winter, the contribution rates for TN removal in studied water with Jussiaea stipulacea Ohwi are Microorganism in natural water(70.8％), Increased microorganism due to the existence of hydrophyte(12.8％), Hydrophyte metabolism(18.0％), Hydrophyte adsorption(1.4％), Sedimentation(0.5％), and Hydrophyte storage(-3.2％). The contribution rates for TP removal are Increased microorganism due to the existence of hydrophyte(60.9％), Microorganism in natural water(30.5％), Hydrophyte metabolism(20.6％), Sedimentation(8.3％), Hydrophyte adsorption(6.6％)and Hydrophyte storage(-9.4％). The removal mechanisms of TN and TP in summer were also estimated.
Besides, Purifying ability sequences on TN, TP, NH_3-N, NO_X-N, TP, RP and Chl-a of 32 kinds of hydrophytes were calculated, as well as Adaptability sequence, Transpiration rate sequence, Oxygen enrichment ability sequence. In the whole experiment period, the contribution rates of hyrophytes were 3.3％and 5.6％on TN and TP removal in water, and 17.5％and 18.2％on TN and TP removal in the whole system. The contribution rates of algae were 55.6％and 38.9％and the rates of gravels were 11.7％and 25.2％on TN and TP removal in water.
夏季，每天每克鲜重黄花水龙可去除0.119mg N和0.014mg P，是水葫芦、水花生和对照(未种水生植物)的2.6、2.9、3.8倍和0.7、1.9、5倍；冬季，每天每克鲜重黄花水龙去除0.025mg N和0.003mg P，是对照的5倍和2倍。黄花水龙对NH_3-N和NO_3~--N亦有良好的去除效果。
冬季种有黄花水龙的水体中，TN去除原因依次为：天然水体中微生物(对TN去除贡献率为70.8％)、植物存在增加的微生物(12.8％)、植物代谢(18.0％)、植物吸附(1.4％)、沉淀(0.5％)和植物存储(-3.2％)；TP去除原因依次为：植物存在增加的微生物(60.9％)、天然水体中微生物(30.5％)、植物代谢(20.6％)、沉淀(8.3％)、植物吸附(6.6％)和植物存储(-9.4％)。并估算了夏季黄花水龙净化氮磷机理。
最后，本文得到了32种水生植物适应能力序列、蒸腾能力序列、富氧能力序列、净化TN、TP、NH_3-N、NO_x-N、TP、RP和Chl-a能力序列。整个试验期内，水生植物对水体中TN和TP去除的贡献率为3.3％和5.6％，对整个系统中TN和TP去除的贡献率为17.5％和18.2％；藻类对水体中TN和TP去除的贡献率分别为55.6％和38.9％；卵砾石基质对水体中TN和TP去除的贡献率为11.7％和25.2％。
The status of Chinese eutrophic water is very severe: the ratio of eutrophic water increases every year, and eutrophication degree intensifies continuously. Due to their good purifying ability, ecological effects, landscape value and potentially economic value, hydrophytes have prosperous future in treating eutrophic water. Theoretical and technical supports were provided by indoor experiments on using hydrophytes to restore eutrophic water. Purifying effect of Jussiaea stipulacea Ohwi, a native kind of hydrophyte in Taihu Lake Basin, were comparatively stutied in eturophic water. And its purifying mechanism on nitrogen and phophorus were discussed through mass balance. Last, purifying ability sequences of 32 kinds of hydrophytes in eutrophic water were compared. The main conclusions are as follows:
In summer, 0.119 mg Nand 0.014 mg P can be removed by per gram of Jussiaea stipulacea Ohwi per day, which are 1.6, 1.9, 2.8 times and -0.3, 0.9, 4 times greater than those of Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms.,Alternanthera philoxeroides(Mart.)Griseb., and control(unvegetated), respectively. In winter, 0.025 mg N and 0.003 mg P can be removed by per gram of Jussiaea stipulacea Ohwi per day, which are 4 times and 1 times greater than those of control. Jussiaea stipulacea Ohwi also has good removal effects for ammonia and nitrite.
In winter, the contribution rates for TN removal in studied water with Jussiaea stipulacea Ohwi are Microorganism in natural water(70.8％), Increased microorganism due to the existence of hydrophyte(12.8％), Hydrophyte metabolism(18.0％), Hydrophyte adsorption(1.4％), Sedimentation(0.5％), and Hydrophyte storage(-3.2％). The contribution rates for TP removal are Increased microorganism due to the existence of hydrophyte(60.9％), Microorganism in natural water(30.5％), Hydrophyte metabolism(20.6％), Sedimentation(8.3％), Hydrophyte adsorption(6.6％)and Hydrophyte storage(-9.4％). The removal mechanisms of TN and TP in summer were also estimated.
Besides, Purifying ability sequences on TN, TP, NH_3-N, NO_X-N, TP, RP and Chl-a of 32 kinds of hydrophytes were calculated, as well as Adaptability sequence, Transpiration rate sequence, Oxygen enrichment ability sequence. In the whole experiment period, the contribution rates of hyrophytes were 3.3％and 5.6％on TN and TP removal in water, and 17.5％and 18.2％on TN and TP removal in the whole system. The contribution rates of algae were 55.6％and 38.9％and the rates of gravels were 11.7％and 25.2％on TN and TP removal in water.
引文
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