金属卤化物灯电子镇流器关键技术的研究
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摘要
由于不可再生能源可预见性的短缺,节能已经成为一个全球性话题,绿色照明正引起越来越多的关注。作为一种高效、显色性好、长寿命的新型电光源高强度气体放电灯(HID)在绿色照明工程中扮演了重要的角色,特别是金属卤化物灯同时具备上述优点而被称为最理想的光源,在泛光照明中逐渐得到广泛的应用。与之配套的电子镇流器由于其节能、轻便等一系列优点将替代传统的电感式镇流器,成为了研究热点。
论文首先简要介绍了电光源的发展及分类,回顾了镇流器的发展过程,介绍了气体放电灯的基本特性和镇流器的基本工作原理,并对电感式镇流器和电子镇流器进行了简单的实验对比,分析了电子镇流器的优越性。
随后,在分析HID灯用电子镇流器的基本功能以及灯的启动特性的基础上,分别介绍了电子镇流器的几种拓扑结构、功率控制方法和启动电路,并对他们进行了分析和比较,找到其中比较实用、方便的方法。
本文第五章详细介绍了70W陶瓷金属卤化物灯的三级式和两级式电子镇流器的设计过程,并对它们进行了实验研究,给出了实验结果,并进行了分析。文章最后给出了结论。
Because of the shortage of non-renewable energy, energy saving has become a worldwide topic. Being part of it, green lighting projects are attracting more and more attention. The High-Intensity-Discharge Lamps (HID) are notable for their high luminous efficacy, good color rendering, and long life. Metal halide lamps (MHL) have the best combination of the above properties and are considered the most ideal light sources. Therefore the development of the drive circuit of the lamp, namely ballast has become an important research point. Because of the excellence in energy saving, light weight, etc., electronic ballast will gradually take the place of traditional electromagnetic (EM) ballast.At the beginning of the thesis, the development process of ballast is presented and the operation principles of discharge lamp as well as the ballast are introduced. Experimental comparison between EM ballast and electronic ballast is conducted to analyze the advantage and disadvantage of each of them.Based on the basic functions of electronic ballast and the start-up characteristics of the HID lamps, different topologies, power control methods and start-up circuits were introduced one by one. And comparative results were given out in the last of each chapter.Finally the design process of a three -stage ballast and a two-stage ballast for 70W ceramic metal halide lamp was presented. Experimental results were given out to verify the theory before.
论文首先简要介绍了电光源的发展及分类,回顾了镇流器的发展过程,介绍了气体放电灯的基本特性和镇流器的基本工作原理,并对电感式镇流器和电子镇流器进行了简单的实验对比,分析了电子镇流器的优越性。
随后,在分析HID灯用电子镇流器的基本功能以及灯的启动特性的基础上,分别介绍了电子镇流器的几种拓扑结构、功率控制方法和启动电路,并对他们进行了分析和比较,找到其中比较实用、方便的方法。
本文第五章详细介绍了70W陶瓷金属卤化物灯的三级式和两级式电子镇流器的设计过程,并对它们进行了实验研究,给出了实验结果,并进行了分析。文章最后给出了结论。
Because of the shortage of non-renewable energy, energy saving has become a worldwide topic. Being part of it, green lighting projects are attracting more and more attention. The High-Intensity-Discharge Lamps (HID) are notable for their high luminous efficacy, good color rendering, and long life. Metal halide lamps (MHL) have the best combination of the above properties and are considered the most ideal light sources. Therefore the development of the drive circuit of the lamp, namely ballast has become an important research point. Because of the excellence in energy saving, light weight, etc., electronic ballast will gradually take the place of traditional electromagnetic (EM) ballast.At the beginning of the thesis, the development process of ballast is presented and the operation principles of discharge lamp as well as the ballast are introduced. Experimental comparison between EM ballast and electronic ballast is conducted to analyze the advantage and disadvantage of each of them.Based on the basic functions of electronic ballast and the start-up characteristics of the HID lamps, different topologies, power control methods and start-up circuits were introduced one by one. And comparative results were given out in the last of each chapter.Finally the design process of a three -stage ballast and a two-stage ballast for 70W ceramic metal halide lamp was presented. Experimental results were given out to verify the theory before.
引文
[1].蔡祖泉,电光源原理引论,复旦大学出版社,1988
[2].陈大华,现代光源基础,学林出版社,1987
[3].周太明,光源原理与设计,复旦大学出版社,1993
[4].张卫平,绿色电源—现代电能变换技术及应用,科学出版社,2001年第一版。
[5].张卫平,交流无频闪MH灯用电子电源的研究,浙江大学博士学位论文,1998。
[6].戴国骏,气体放电灯的建模及电子镇流器优化设计的研究,浙江大学博士学位论文,1998。
[7]. Waymouth, Electric Discharge Lamp, The M.I.T press, 1971
[8]. Francis. V. J, Fundamentals of Discharge Tube Circuits, John Wiley&Sons, Inc., 1948
[9]. W. Elenbass. The Light Sources, Macmillian Press, 1972
[10]. J. R. Coaton and A. M. Marsden, Lamps and Lighting, Arnold and Contributors, 1997
[11]. M. A. Cayless and A. M. Marsden, Lamps and lighting. Baltimore, MD: Edward Arnold Ltd., London, 1983
[12]. P. C. Sorcar, Energy Saving Lighting Systems. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company Inc. 1982, p. 5, p. 18.
[13]. Fengfeng Tao, Advanced High-Frequency Electronic Ballasting Techniques for Gas Discharge Lamps, Doctor of Philpsophy in electrical Engineering of the Faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and state University, 2001.12.
[14]. Enrico Santi, Zhe Zhang, A. Cuk, "High frequency electronic ballast provides line frequency lamp current" IEEE Trans. On Power Electronics, Vol. 16, No.5, pp.667-675
[15]. E. Rasch, E. Stataic, "Behavior of metal halide lamps with conventional and electronic ball asts," Journal of the IES, 1991
[16].徐文彬,汽车用氙灯特性之研究,国立成功大学硕士论文,1990。
[17]. Jack K. Buckly, "Xenon Arc Lamps for Modulation", J of IES, pp. 589-591, 1962
[18]. J. M. Davenport, "Low Wattage Metal Halide Lamps", J of IES, pp.66-76, 1982
[19]. J. M. Davenport, "Acoustic Resonance Phenomena in Low Wattage Metal Halide Lamps", J of IES, pp.633-642, 1985
[20]. Campell J. C, "Initial Characteristics of High-Intensity Discharge Lamp on High Frequency", J of IES, pp.713-716, 1969
[21]. P. R. Herrick, "Mathematical model for high-intensity discharge lamps," IEEE Trans. On IA vol.6, 1980, pp.684-654
[22]. Edward L. Laskowskl, "A Model of a Mercury Arc Lamp's Terminal V-I Behavior", IEEE IA, Vol.17, NO.4, pp419-426, 1981
[23]. Mader U.; Horn, P. "A dynamic model for the electrical characteristics of fluorescent lamps," IAS'1992, pp1928-1934
[24]. J. C. Ant6n, C. Blanco, F. Ferrero, P. Roldan G. Zissis, "An Equivalent Conductance Model for High Intensity Discharge Lamps," IAS, 2002
[25]. J. Correa, M. Ponce, J. Arau, J. M. Alonso, "Dimming in Metal-Halide and HPS Lamps operating at HF: Effects and Modeling," IAS, 2002
[26].小功率金属卤化物灯电子镇流器述评 蒋光明 照明工程学报 1994年第四期
[27]. Compell J. C, " Initial Characteristics of High-Intensity Discharge Lamp on High Frequency", J of IES, pp.713-716, 1969
[28]. E.Rasch, E. Stataic, " Behavior of metal halide lamps with conventional and electronic ball asts," Journal of the IES, 1991
[29]. Jack K. Buckly, " Xenon Arc Lamps for Modulation", J of IES, pp. 589-591, 1962
[30]. J.W. Denneman, " Low Wattage Metal Halide Lamps", J of IES, pp.66-76, 1982
[31]. J.W. Denneman, " Acoustic Resonance Phenomena in Low Wattage Metal Halide Lamps", J of IES, pp.633-642, 1985
[32]. Cfarles F.Scholz, " Characteristics of Acoustical Resonance in Discharge Lamps", J of IES, pp.713-715, 1970
[33]. J.W. Denneman, " Acoustic resonance in high frequency operated low wattage metal halide lamps," Philips Journal of Research, vol38, no.415,263-272,1983
[34]. C. F. Gallo, " Acoustic Resonance in Modulated Xenon and Krypton Compact Arc Lamps", Applied Optics, Vol.6, No.5, pp.939-941,1967
[35]. C. F. Gallo, " Acoustic Resonance in Modulated Compact Arc Lamps", Applied Optics, Vol.16,No.4,pp.819-825, 1977
[36]. R. J. Zollweg, " Arc Instability in Mercury and Metal Halide Lamps", J.Of IES, pp.90-100, 1979
[37]. Yao C. Hsie, chin S. Moo, " Detection of Acoustic Resonance in metal halide lamp," ISIE'2001,pp.881-885
[38]. J. Zhou, L. Ma and Z.Qian, " A novel method for testing acoustic resonance of HID lmaps," IEEE IAS'99, pp.480-485
[39]. Peng, H.; Ratanapanachote, S.; Enjeti, P.; Laskai, L.; Pitel, I.; "Evaluation of acoustic resonance in metal halide (MH) lamps and an approach to detect its occurrence," IEEE IAS'1997, pp.2276-2283
[40]. Moeini, A.; Atherton, D.P.; "Exact determination of the limit cycles in relay control systems with additional nonlinearities in the feedback loops," IEE Proceedings Control Theory and Applications, Vol.144, May 1997, pp.269-275
[41]. Khai.D.Tngo, " Generalizationof resonant switches and quasi-resonant DC-DC converter," IEEE PESC'1987, pp.395-403
[42]. Vatche Vorperian, "quasi-square-wave converters: topologies and analysis", IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol. PE-3, No. 2, pp.183-191, April 1988.
[43]. Weiping Zhang; Xusen Zhao; Zhaolin Wu; "A flexible DC link-global soft switch-full bridge inverter for MH lamps," IEEE PIEMC 2000, pp. 424 -429
[44]. Yan Jiang; Jinghai Zhou; Zhaoming Qian; "A novel single stage single switch PFC converter with constant power control for ballast for medium HID lamps" IEEE IAS'2000, pp.3415-3418
[45]. Wang Wei; Zhang Weiqiang; Gao Guoan; Xu Dianguo; "A study of an electronic ballast for high pressure sodium lamp," IEEE PIEMC 2000, pp. 1056 -1060
[46]. Xu Dianguo; Zhang Weiqiang; Bao Zhiyun; Liu Gang; "Novel control strategies for HPS lamps driven by electronic ballast," IEEE IAS'2002, pp. 1852 -1855
[47]. H.J. Faehnrich and E. Rasch," Electronic ballast for metal halide lamps," Journal of the IES, Summer 1988, pp.131-140
[48]. H. Nishimura, H. Nagase, K. Uchihashi, T. Shiomi and M. Fukuhara, " A new electronic
ballast for HID lamps," Journal of the IES, Summer 1988, pp.70-76
[49]. J. M. Davenport, "Direct current operation of lower voltage metal halide lmaps," Journal of the IES, 1984, vol. 14, No.1, pp.274
[50]. J. J. de groot, J. A, J. M. Van vliet, "The high pressure sodium lamp," Philips Technical Library, Macmillan Education 1986
[51]. Van Casteren, "Device for operating a high-intensity discharge lamp." WO Patent 03/009,650 A1
[52]. Van Casteren, "Circuit arrangement." WO Patent 03/075,619 A1
[53]. Nagase, "Discharge lamp driving circuit." US Patent 4,734,624, Mar.29, 1988
[54]. Nagase, "Discharge lamp driving circuit." US Patent 4,912,374, Mar.27, 1990
[55]. Nerone, "Power control circuit for discharge lamp and method of operating same," US Patent 4,928,038, May 22, 1990
[56]. F. Goodenough, "Novel DC-DC converter keep power constant," Electronic Design, No. 1, pp.51-62, April, 1996
[57]. Blom, "Switching circuit for operating a discharge lamp with constant power," US Patent 5,235,255,Aug 10, 1993
[58]. Melis, J.; "A power controlled current source, circuit and analysis," IEEE APEC' 1994, pp.856-861
[59]. Park Jong-Yeon; Jung Dong-Youl; "Electronic ballast with constant power output controller for 250 W MHD lamp," IEEE IAS'2001, pp. 46-51 vol.1
[60]. Yongxuan Hu, Qun Zhao, Jinghai Zhou, and Fred C. Lee, "Development of Digitally Controlled Automotive HID Ballast System," CPES'2001
[61]. Faye Li, Eric. B. Shen, "Buck-Boost function type electronic ballast with bus capacitor current sensing." US Patent 6,278,245, Aug.21, 2001
[62]. Faye Li, "Control sequence for electronic ballast." US Patent 6,429,605, Aug.6, 2001
[63]. Eric. B. Shen, "High power factor electronic ballast with load dependent bus voltage regulation." US Patent 6,534,933, Mar. 18, 2003
[64]. Eric. B. Shen, "High efficiency high power factor electronic ballast." US Patent 6,573,644, Jun.3, 2003
[65]. Tsorng-Juu Liang; Wen-Bin Shyu; Chun-An Cheng; Chia-Ming Chuang; Jiann-Fuh Chen; "Investigation on transient and steady-state characteristics with electronic ballast of automotive HID lamps," IEEE PESC'2002 (方波电流源), pp. 1651-1655
[66]. Weiping Zhang; Xusen Zhao; Zhaolin Wu; "A flexible DC link-global soft switch-full bridge inverter for MH lamps," IEEE PIEMC 2000, pp. 424-429
[67]. Miaosen Shen; Zhaoming Qian; Fang Z. Peng; "Control strategy of a novel two-stage acoustic resonance free electronic ballast for HID lamps," IEEE PECS'2002, pp.209-212
[68].毛兴武,祝大卫.电子镇流器原理与制作.人民邮电出版社,1999:42-286
[69].邓国扬,王朝栋,胡解生.电子镇流高强度放电灯的启动和保护方式 中国照明电器 1992年第5期,p16—20
[70]. Chin S. Moo, Tsai E Lin, et al. Designing an Igniter for Short-Arc Xenon Lamps. IEEE IAS'99, 1999:612—617
[71]. Yue-Quan Hu; Jun Zhang; Wei Chen; Chau-chun Wen; "Analysis and design of metal halide lamp igniter," IEEE PESC' 2001, pp.132-137
[72]. Kakehashi, H.; Habu, M.; Ninomiya, T.; Shoyama, M.; Ogasawara, H.; Ohta, Y.; "Analysis of an HID-lamp igniter using a two-stage magnetic-pulse-compression circuit," IEEE PESC'1998, pp.1768-1773
[73]. Tsorng-Juu Liang; Chun-An Cheng; Chia-Ming Chuang; "Shortening warm-up time with variable frequency control for projector lamp ballast," IEEE PCC'2002, pp.90 -94
[74]. Lin, T.F.; Moo, C.S.; Soong, M.J.; Chen, W.M.; Lee, C.R.; "A high-power-factor electronic ballast for metal halide lamps with hot restarting," IEEE IECON'2000, pp.2261 -2266
[75]. G. Zaslavsky, S. cohen and W. keeffe, " Improved starting of the 100W metal halide lamp," Journal of the IES, Summer, 1990, pp.76-83
[76]. Jozef C. Moerkens; Leonardus D.J. verhees, both of Eindhoven, Netherlandsl, "Starter for igniting an electric discharge tube." US Patent 4,447,759, May. 8, 1994
[77]. John C.Pegg; Clive R. Walker, both of London, England, "Discharge lamp with starter circuit." US Patent 4,165,475, Aug.21, 1979
[2].陈大华,现代光源基础,学林出版社,1987
[3].周太明,光源原理与设计,复旦大学出版社,1993
[4].张卫平,绿色电源—现代电能变换技术及应用,科学出版社,2001年第一版。
[5].张卫平,交流无频闪MH灯用电子电源的研究,浙江大学博士学位论文,1998。
[6].戴国骏,气体放电灯的建模及电子镇流器优化设计的研究,浙江大学博士学位论文,1998。
[7]. Waymouth, Electric Discharge Lamp, The M.I.T press, 1971
[8]. Francis. V. J, Fundamentals of Discharge Tube Circuits, John Wiley&Sons, Inc., 1948
[9]. W. Elenbass. The Light Sources, Macmillian Press, 1972
[10]. J. R. Coaton and A. M. Marsden, Lamps and Lighting, Arnold and Contributors, 1997
[11]. M. A. Cayless and A. M. Marsden, Lamps and lighting. Baltimore, MD: Edward Arnold Ltd., London, 1983
[12]. P. C. Sorcar, Energy Saving Lighting Systems. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company Inc. 1982, p. 5, p. 18.
[13]. Fengfeng Tao, Advanced High-Frequency Electronic Ballasting Techniques for Gas Discharge Lamps, Doctor of Philpsophy in electrical Engineering of the Faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and state University, 2001.12.
[14]. Enrico Santi, Zhe Zhang, A. Cuk, "High frequency electronic ballast provides line frequency lamp current" IEEE Trans. On Power Electronics, Vol. 16, No.5, pp.667-675
[15]. E. Rasch, E. Stataic, "Behavior of metal halide lamps with conventional and electronic ball asts," Journal of the IES, 1991
[16].徐文彬,汽车用氙灯特性之研究,国立成功大学硕士论文,1990。
[17]. Jack K. Buckly, "Xenon Arc Lamps for Modulation", J of IES, pp. 589-591, 1962
[18]. J. M. Davenport, "Low Wattage Metal Halide Lamps", J of IES, pp.66-76, 1982
[19]. J. M. Davenport, "Acoustic Resonance Phenomena in Low Wattage Metal Halide Lamps", J of IES, pp.633-642, 1985
[20]. Campell J. C, "Initial Characteristics of High-Intensity Discharge Lamp on High Frequency", J of IES, pp.713-716, 1969
[21]. P. R. Herrick, "Mathematical model for high-intensity discharge lamps," IEEE Trans. On IA vol.6, 1980, pp.684-654
[22]. Edward L. Laskowskl, "A Model of a Mercury Arc Lamp's Terminal V-I Behavior", IEEE IA, Vol.17, NO.4, pp419-426, 1981
[23]. Mader U.; Horn, P. "A dynamic model for the electrical characteristics of fluorescent lamps," IAS'1992, pp1928-1934
[24]. J. C. Ant6n, C. Blanco, F. Ferrero, P. Roldan G. Zissis, "An Equivalent Conductance Model for High Intensity Discharge Lamps," IAS, 2002
[25]. J. Correa, M. Ponce, J. Arau, J. M. Alonso, "Dimming in Metal-Halide and HPS Lamps operating at HF: Effects and Modeling," IAS, 2002
[26].小功率金属卤化物灯电子镇流器述评 蒋光明 照明工程学报 1994年第四期
[27]. Compell J. C, " Initial Characteristics of High-Intensity Discharge Lamp on High Frequency", J of IES, pp.713-716, 1969
[28]. E.Rasch, E. Stataic, " Behavior of metal halide lamps with conventional and electronic ball asts," Journal of the IES, 1991
[29]. Jack K. Buckly, " Xenon Arc Lamps for Modulation", J of IES, pp. 589-591, 1962
[30]. J.W. Denneman, " Low Wattage Metal Halide Lamps", J of IES, pp.66-76, 1982
[31]. J.W. Denneman, " Acoustic Resonance Phenomena in Low Wattage Metal Halide Lamps", J of IES, pp.633-642, 1985
[32]. Cfarles F.Scholz, " Characteristics of Acoustical Resonance in Discharge Lamps", J of IES, pp.713-715, 1970
[33]. J.W. Denneman, " Acoustic resonance in high frequency operated low wattage metal halide lamps," Philips Journal of Research, vol38, no.415,263-272,1983
[34]. C. F. Gallo, " Acoustic Resonance in Modulated Xenon and Krypton Compact Arc Lamps", Applied Optics, Vol.6, No.5, pp.939-941,1967
[35]. C. F. Gallo, " Acoustic Resonance in Modulated Compact Arc Lamps", Applied Optics, Vol.16,No.4,pp.819-825, 1977
[36]. R. J. Zollweg, " Arc Instability in Mercury and Metal Halide Lamps", J.Of IES, pp.90-100, 1979
[37]. Yao C. Hsie, chin S. Moo, " Detection of Acoustic Resonance in metal halide lamp," ISIE'2001,pp.881-885
[38]. J. Zhou, L. Ma and Z.Qian, " A novel method for testing acoustic resonance of HID lmaps," IEEE IAS'99, pp.480-485
[39]. Peng, H.; Ratanapanachote, S.; Enjeti, P.; Laskai, L.; Pitel, I.; "Evaluation of acoustic resonance in metal halide (MH) lamps and an approach to detect its occurrence," IEEE IAS'1997, pp.2276-2283
[40]. Moeini, A.; Atherton, D.P.; "Exact determination of the limit cycles in relay control systems with additional nonlinearities in the feedback loops," IEE Proceedings Control Theory and Applications, Vol.144, May 1997, pp.269-275
[41]. Khai.D.Tngo, " Generalizationof resonant switches and quasi-resonant DC-DC converter," IEEE PESC'1987, pp.395-403
[42]. Vatche Vorperian, "quasi-square-wave converters: topologies and analysis", IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol. PE-3, No. 2, pp.183-191, April 1988.
[43]. Weiping Zhang; Xusen Zhao; Zhaolin Wu; "A flexible DC link-global soft switch-full bridge inverter for MH lamps," IEEE PIEMC 2000, pp. 424 -429
[44]. Yan Jiang; Jinghai Zhou; Zhaoming Qian; "A novel single stage single switch PFC converter with constant power control for ballast for medium HID lamps" IEEE IAS'2000, pp.3415-3418
[45]. Wang Wei; Zhang Weiqiang; Gao Guoan; Xu Dianguo; "A study of an electronic ballast for high pressure sodium lamp," IEEE PIEMC 2000, pp. 1056 -1060
[46]. Xu Dianguo; Zhang Weiqiang; Bao Zhiyun; Liu Gang; "Novel control strategies for HPS lamps driven by electronic ballast," IEEE IAS'2002, pp. 1852 -1855
[47]. H.J. Faehnrich and E. Rasch," Electronic ballast for metal halide lamps," Journal of the IES, Summer 1988, pp.131-140
[48]. H. Nishimura, H. Nagase, K. Uchihashi, T. Shiomi and M. Fukuhara, " A new electronic
ballast for HID lamps," Journal of the IES, Summer 1988, pp.70-76
[49]. J. M. Davenport, "Direct current operation of lower voltage metal halide lmaps," Journal of the IES, 1984, vol. 14, No.1, pp.274
[50]. J. J. de groot, J. A, J. M. Van vliet, "The high pressure sodium lamp," Philips Technical Library, Macmillan Education 1986
[51]. Van Casteren, "Device for operating a high-intensity discharge lamp." WO Patent 03/009,650 A1
[52]. Van Casteren, "Circuit arrangement." WO Patent 03/075,619 A1
[53]. Nagase, "Discharge lamp driving circuit." US Patent 4,734,624, Mar.29, 1988
[54]. Nagase, "Discharge lamp driving circuit." US Patent 4,912,374, Mar.27, 1990
[55]. Nerone, "Power control circuit for discharge lamp and method of operating same," US Patent 4,928,038, May 22, 1990
[56]. F. Goodenough, "Novel DC-DC converter keep power constant," Electronic Design, No. 1, pp.51-62, April, 1996
[57]. Blom, "Switching circuit for operating a discharge lamp with constant power," US Patent 5,235,255,Aug 10, 1993
[58]. Melis, J.; "A power controlled current source, circuit and analysis," IEEE APEC' 1994, pp.856-861
[59]. Park Jong-Yeon; Jung Dong-Youl; "Electronic ballast with constant power output controller for 250 W MHD lamp," IEEE IAS'2001, pp. 46-51 vol.1
[60]. Yongxuan Hu, Qun Zhao, Jinghai Zhou, and Fred C. Lee, "Development of Digitally Controlled Automotive HID Ballast System," CPES'2001
[61]. Faye Li, Eric. B. Shen, "Buck-Boost function type electronic ballast with bus capacitor current sensing." US Patent 6,278,245, Aug.21, 2001
[62]. Faye Li, "Control sequence for electronic ballast." US Patent 6,429,605, Aug.6, 2001
[63]. Eric. B. Shen, "High power factor electronic ballast with load dependent bus voltage regulation." US Patent 6,534,933, Mar. 18, 2003
[64]. Eric. B. Shen, "High efficiency high power factor electronic ballast." US Patent 6,573,644, Jun.3, 2003
[65]. Tsorng-Juu Liang; Wen-Bin Shyu; Chun-An Cheng; Chia-Ming Chuang; Jiann-Fuh Chen; "Investigation on transient and steady-state characteristics with electronic ballast of automotive HID lamps," IEEE PESC'2002 (方波电流源), pp. 1651-1655
[66]. Weiping Zhang; Xusen Zhao; Zhaolin Wu; "A flexible DC link-global soft switch-full bridge inverter for MH lamps," IEEE PIEMC 2000, pp. 424-429
[67]. Miaosen Shen; Zhaoming Qian; Fang Z. Peng; "Control strategy of a novel two-stage acoustic resonance free electronic ballast for HID lamps," IEEE PECS'2002, pp.209-212
[68].毛兴武,祝大卫.电子镇流器原理与制作.人民邮电出版社,1999:42-286
[69].邓国扬,王朝栋,胡解生.电子镇流高强度放电灯的启动和保护方式 中国照明电器 1992年第5期,p16—20
[70]. Chin S. Moo, Tsai E Lin, et al. Designing an Igniter for Short-Arc Xenon Lamps. IEEE IAS'99, 1999:612—617
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[72]. Kakehashi, H.; Habu, M.; Ninomiya, T.; Shoyama, M.; Ogasawara, H.; Ohta, Y.; "Analysis of an HID-lamp igniter using a two-stage magnetic-pulse-compression circuit," IEEE PESC'1998, pp.1768-1773
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