中国东南部典型农业流域土壤、水体中重金属与有机污染物调查与风险评价
|
摘要
农业流域的重金属与农药、激素等有机物的污染有其自身特征,但目前此方面的研究较少。本论文研究了我国东南部典型农业流域——苕溪流域及其四岭水库小流域土壤、水体中重金属与农药、激素等有机物污染情况,并评估了污染的健康风险,具体研究内容导结果如下：
本论文首先通过在线水质监测系统研究了2011年9月至2012年9月四岭水库的基本水质特征,计算了综合水质指数WQI(包含10种参数：pH、水温、EC、DO、浊度、TDS、CODMn、TP、TN和NH4+-N)和WQImin (包含5种参数：pH、水温、EC、DO和浊度)。采用相关性分析及冗余分析比较了WQI和WQImin,结果表明秋季和冬季时四岭水库的水质良好,春季和夏季时水质则逐渐变差。WQImin和WQI所反映的水质变化趋势一致(R2为0.99),而分析WQImin所需的指标少、成本低,故WQImin更适用于淡水库的水质监测。在冬季时,WQI与DO呈显著正相关。此外,结果显示该水库有爆发水华的风险,气候条件是影响水库水质的重要因素。本研究表明WQI可以提供有价值的信息,为地表水资源开发、地表水水质监测提供管理决策依据。
采集四岭水库流域农田土壤,测定7种重金属元素Zn、Cu、Mn、Fe、Cr、Cd和Pb的含量。采用多元统计分析法分析冬季和夏季土壤中重金属元素含量的变化,并评估了土壤的污染状况。研究发现冬季土壤中大部分重金属的浓度高于夏季,而Cr和Cd的季节分布则较为随机。主成分分析及聚类分析结果表明人类活动显著影响土壤中Zn、Cd、Pb、Cr和Cu的分布。Zn、Cd和Pb的富集系数(EF)较高,而地质累积指数(Igeo)和污染系数(Cf)则显示土壤中Zn、Cr、Cd和Pb达到了中污染到高污染程度。
采集四岭水库流域地表水样,分析Zn、Cu、Mn、Fe、Cr、Cd和Pb的时空变化规律,并评价其风险。夏季水体中Mn、Fe和Cd的浓度较高。而到冬季,Zn、Fe和Pb则是水体中主要的重金属污染物。在这两个季节中,Cr的浓度均比较高。根据重金属的危害商(HQing)和危害指数(HIing)可知,经口摄入导致的非致癌风险已接近临界值。在夏季,金属元素的长期每日摄入量依次为Cr> Fe＞Mn>Zn>Cd;而在冬季长期每日摄入量依次为Zn>Fe>Cr>Pb>Mn>Cu;其中Cr、Cd和Pb经摄入途径产生的致癌风险高于允许临界值(10-6)。主成分分析及聚类分析结果表明人类活动和自然作用均是导致水体污染的重要因素。
调查分析了不同季节里四岭水库流域农田土壤中有机氯农药(OCPs)、多环芳烃(PAHs)及多氯联苯(PCBs)的含量,发现几乎所有被调查的土样中均存在此类持久性有机污染物(POPs)。从夏季到冬季,OCPs、PAHs和PCBs浓度变化范围分别为21.85～21.64ng g-1、40.33～38.83ng g-1及86.98～74.29ng g-1。依据每种POPs的浓度,评估了当其通过摄食、皮肤接触或吞入途径进入人体所造成的致癌风险,最终结果表明四岭水库流域土壤中OCPs、PAHs或PCBs的单一致癌风险较低。但以这3类POPs的总浓度为评估依据时,发现其所产生的致癌风险略高于允许临界值(10-6),达到了1.07×10-6。
调查了苕溪流域中临近四岭水库的某万头养猪场废水中雌激素水平,并分析了厌氧/好氧活性污泥(A/O)污水处理工艺和升流式厌氧污泥床-分步进水序批式反应器(UASB-SFSBR)丛理工艺对雌激素的去除效果。液相色谱-串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)检测结果表明A/O污水处理工艺无法有效的去除水体中的雌激素,而UASB-SFSBR对水体中雌激素的去除率高达78%。雌激素酵母筛选实验(YES)结果显示经UASB-SFSBR处理后,水体中17β-雌二醇活性当量可从初始的31.5ngL1降低至检测限以下。化学检测方法和生物检测方法所得出的雌激素去除率并不一致。应提高养猪场废水中雌激素的去除率,以降低其对环境造成的潜在危害。
对苕溪流域包括四岭水库小流域水体中的雌激素水平进行了调查。LC-MS/MS法仅检测到了一种雌激素,即雌酮,而其它大部分雌激素均未检出。在所抽检的水样中,雌酮的浓度范围为低于检测限至17.25ng L-1。采用YES法检测水样中的雌激素活性,发现所有被检水样中均有17β-雌二醇活性,其中太湖入湖口水样中17β-雌二醇活性当量为17.60ng L-1。因此把化学检测技术与生物检测技术相结合,将有助于更加有效的检测与分析环境中的雌激素。综上所述,苕溪流域中的雌激素污染必须加以控制。
In agricultural watersheds, the pollution of heavy metals, pesticides, and estrogens has special characteristics. However, related research is lacking. In this study, we moni-tored pollution and assessed the risk of heavy metals and organic pollutants in soil and wa-ter from typical agricultural watersheds in southeast China, Tiaoxi River and Siling reser-voir. The results and conclusion can be summarized as follow:
In this study, the water quality index (WQI) of Siling reservoir was verified to calcu-late scores based on water characteristics data using an online water quality monitoring system from September2011to September2012. WQI (including ten parameters:pH, WT, EC, DO, TDS, CODm,,, TP, TN, NH4+-N, and turbidity) and a minimal water quality index (WQImin)(including five parameters:water temperature, pH, DO, EC and turbidity) were investigated. Multivariate statistical analysis techniques viz:correlation analysis and re-dundancy analysis (RDA) were employed to analyze the obtained data. The results showed that water quality was good in the Siling reservoir during autumn and winter sea-sons. However, a decreasing trend in water quality was observed during spring and sum-mer seasons. WQImin illustrates similar trend to WQI with a better R2value of0.99, with a minimum cost and could be useful for the intervallic routine monitoring program. Higher positive correlation between WQI and DO was observed during winter season. Moreover, the results further indicated the risk of algal blooms in the reservoir water, which reflected the effects of climatic condition on reservoir water quality. This study suggested that the resulting WQI provides valuable information on developing, monitoring and understand-ing surface source water quality for the decision makers and reservoir management.
The concentrations of seven metals (Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe, Cr, Cd and Pb) were deter-mined in agricultural soils from Siling reservoir watershed. Multivariate statistical ap-proaches were used to study the variation of metals in soils during summer and winter sea-sons. Heavy metal concentrations were observed higher in winter season as compared to summer season. Cr and Cd revealed random distribution with diverse correlations in both seasons. Principal component analysis and cluster analysis showed significant anthropo-genic intrusions of Zn, Cd, Pb, Cr and Cu in the soils. Enrichment factor, revealed signifi- cant enrichment of Zn, Cd and Pb, whereas, geoaccumulation index and contamination factor exhibited moderate to high contamination for Zn, Cr, Cd and Pb.
Spatio-temporal variations and risk assessment of the selected heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe, Cr, Cd and Pb) were investigated in water samples from Siling reservoir wa-tershed. During summer season Mn, Fe and Cd concentrations were higher in the water samples, while the concentrations of Zn, Fe and Pb were dominant in winter season. How-ever, Cr exhibited elevated concentrations in both seasons. The health risk assessment re-vealed that hazard quotient (HQing) and hazard index (HIing) values were near to the ac-ceptable limit indicating non-carcinogenic risk to the recipient via oral intake of water. The calculated values for chronically daily intake were found in the order of Cr> Fe> Mn> Zn> Cd in summer season and Zn> Fe> Cr> Pb> Mn> Cu during winter season. The carcinogenic risk (CRing) via ingestion route for Cr, Cd and Pb were noted higher than the acceptable limit (10-6). Multivariate statistical analysis such as; cluster analysis (CA) and principal component analysis (PCA) results revealed that both natural processes and an-thropogenic activities were the main sources of water contamination.
Seasonal concentrations of legacy organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polycyclic aro-matic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were determined in soil samples from agricultural fields of the Siling reservoir watershed. Persistence organic pollutants (POPs) were found in almost all of the soil samples. The total concentrations of OCPs, PAHs, and PCBs during summer and winter seasons ranged from21.85to21.64ng g-1,40.33to38.83ng g-1, and86.98to74.29ng g-1, respectively. The total concentrations of individual POPs were further used to evaluate the cancer risk probabilities in human via ingestion, dermal contact, and inhalation of soil particles. Near to very low cancer risk of every POPs was found in the soils of the Siling reservoir watershed. Furthermore, cancer risk, based on total OCPs, PAHS and PCBs concentrations were also investigated. Results revealed cancer risk with a value of1.07×10-6, which was a little higher than the ac-ceptable limit (10-6).
Estrogens levels in wastewater collected from a large-scale swine farm in Tiaoxi River watershed near by Siling reservoir were analyzed. And the efficiency of estrogen removal by anaerobic/aerobic active sludge (A/O) treatment or by upflow anaerobic sludge blanket and step-fed sequencing batch reactor (UASB-SFSBR) treatment was also investigated. The results showed that the A/O treatment had no significant estrogenic re-moval ability, whereas the removal rates of estrogen after UASB-SFSBR treatment reached approximately78%, as measured by LC-MS/MS. The17β-estradiol equivalents (EEQ) decreased from31.5ng L-1to an undetectable level according to the Yeast Estro-gen Screen (YES) analysis. We found differences between the estrogen removal rates measured by the chemical assay and those measured using the bioassay. More attention must be paid to the removal of estrogen pollutants in livestock wastewater to reduce the environmental risk.
The estrogen pollution in surface water of Tiaoxi River watershed was investigated by chemical and bioassay analysis. Most estrogens species, except estrone, were not de-tected by the chemical analysis using LC-MS/MS. The concentration of estrone in the samples ranged from below the detection limit to17.25ng L"1. The estrogen activity in most water samples was also determined by YES. The17β-estradiol activity could be de-tected in all water samples. EEQ in sample from the estuary of Taihu Lake was17.60ng L-1. This study demonstrates that combining chemical and bioassay analysis is an effective way to detect environmental contamination by estrogen species. Furthermore, the results indicate that the risk of estrogen contamination in the Tiaoxi River watershed should be controlled.
本论文首先通过在线水质监测系统研究了2011年9月至2012年9月四岭水库的基本水质特征,计算了综合水质指数WQI(包含10种参数：pH、水温、EC、DO、浊度、TDS、CODMn、TP、TN和NH4+-N)和WQImin (包含5种参数：pH、水温、EC、DO和浊度)。采用相关性分析及冗余分析比较了WQI和WQImin,结果表明秋季和冬季时四岭水库的水质良好,春季和夏季时水质则逐渐变差。WQImin和WQI所反映的水质变化趋势一致(R2为0.99),而分析WQImin所需的指标少、成本低,故WQImin更适用于淡水库的水质监测。在冬季时,WQI与DO呈显著正相关。此外,结果显示该水库有爆发水华的风险,气候条件是影响水库水质的重要因素。本研究表明WQI可以提供有价值的信息,为地表水资源开发、地表水水质监测提供管理决策依据。
采集四岭水库流域农田土壤,测定7种重金属元素Zn、Cu、Mn、Fe、Cr、Cd和Pb的含量。采用多元统计分析法分析冬季和夏季土壤中重金属元素含量的变化,并评估了土壤的污染状况。研究发现冬季土壤中大部分重金属的浓度高于夏季,而Cr和Cd的季节分布则较为随机。主成分分析及聚类分析结果表明人类活动显著影响土壤中Zn、Cd、Pb、Cr和Cu的分布。Zn、Cd和Pb的富集系数(EF)较高,而地质累积指数(Igeo)和污染系数(Cf)则显示土壤中Zn、Cr、Cd和Pb达到了中污染到高污染程度。
采集四岭水库流域地表水样,分析Zn、Cu、Mn、Fe、Cr、Cd和Pb的时空变化规律,并评价其风险。夏季水体中Mn、Fe和Cd的浓度较高。而到冬季,Zn、Fe和Pb则是水体中主要的重金属污染物。在这两个季节中,Cr的浓度均比较高。根据重金属的危害商(HQing)和危害指数(HIing)可知,经口摄入导致的非致癌风险已接近临界值。在夏季,金属元素的长期每日摄入量依次为Cr> Fe＞Mn>Zn>Cd;而在冬季长期每日摄入量依次为Zn>Fe>Cr>Pb>Mn>Cu;其中Cr、Cd和Pb经摄入途径产生的致癌风险高于允许临界值(10-6)。主成分分析及聚类分析结果表明人类活动和自然作用均是导致水体污染的重要因素。
调查分析了不同季节里四岭水库流域农田土壤中有机氯农药(OCPs)、多环芳烃(PAHs)及多氯联苯(PCBs)的含量,发现几乎所有被调查的土样中均存在此类持久性有机污染物(POPs)。从夏季到冬季,OCPs、PAHs和PCBs浓度变化范围分别为21.85～21.64ng g-1、40.33～38.83ng g-1及86.98～74.29ng g-1。依据每种POPs的浓度,评估了当其通过摄食、皮肤接触或吞入途径进入人体所造成的致癌风险,最终结果表明四岭水库流域土壤中OCPs、PAHs或PCBs的单一致癌风险较低。但以这3类POPs的总浓度为评估依据时,发现其所产生的致癌风险略高于允许临界值(10-6),达到了1.07×10-6。
调查了苕溪流域中临近四岭水库的某万头养猪场废水中雌激素水平,并分析了厌氧/好氧活性污泥(A/O)污水处理工艺和升流式厌氧污泥床-分步进水序批式反应器(UASB-SFSBR)丛理工艺对雌激素的去除效果。液相色谱-串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)检测结果表明A/O污水处理工艺无法有效的去除水体中的雌激素,而UASB-SFSBR对水体中雌激素的去除率高达78%。雌激素酵母筛选实验(YES)结果显示经UASB-SFSBR处理后,水体中17β-雌二醇活性当量可从初始的31.5ngL1降低至检测限以下。化学检测方法和生物检测方法所得出的雌激素去除率并不一致。应提高养猪场废水中雌激素的去除率,以降低其对环境造成的潜在危害。
对苕溪流域包括四岭水库小流域水体中的雌激素水平进行了调查。LC-MS/MS法仅检测到了一种雌激素,即雌酮,而其它大部分雌激素均未检出。在所抽检的水样中,雌酮的浓度范围为低于检测限至17.25ng L-1。采用YES法检测水样中的雌激素活性,发现所有被检水样中均有17β-雌二醇活性,其中太湖入湖口水样中17β-雌二醇活性当量为17.60ng L-1。因此把化学检测技术与生物检测技术相结合,将有助于更加有效的检测与分析环境中的雌激素。综上所述,苕溪流域中的雌激素污染必须加以控制。
In agricultural watersheds, the pollution of heavy metals, pesticides, and estrogens has special characteristics. However, related research is lacking. In this study, we moni-tored pollution and assessed the risk of heavy metals and organic pollutants in soil and wa-ter from typical agricultural watersheds in southeast China, Tiaoxi River and Siling reser-voir. The results and conclusion can be summarized as follow:
In this study, the water quality index (WQI) of Siling reservoir was verified to calcu-late scores based on water characteristics data using an online water quality monitoring system from September2011to September2012. WQI (including ten parameters:pH, WT, EC, DO, TDS, CODm,,, TP, TN, NH4+-N, and turbidity) and a minimal water quality index (WQImin)(including five parameters:water temperature, pH, DO, EC and turbidity) were investigated. Multivariate statistical analysis techniques viz:correlation analysis and re-dundancy analysis (RDA) were employed to analyze the obtained data. The results showed that water quality was good in the Siling reservoir during autumn and winter sea-sons. However, a decreasing trend in water quality was observed during spring and sum-mer seasons. WQImin illustrates similar trend to WQI with a better R2value of0.99, with a minimum cost and could be useful for the intervallic routine monitoring program. Higher positive correlation between WQI and DO was observed during winter season. Moreover, the results further indicated the risk of algal blooms in the reservoir water, which reflected the effects of climatic condition on reservoir water quality. This study suggested that the resulting WQI provides valuable information on developing, monitoring and understand-ing surface source water quality for the decision makers and reservoir management.
The concentrations of seven metals (Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe, Cr, Cd and Pb) were deter-mined in agricultural soils from Siling reservoir watershed. Multivariate statistical ap-proaches were used to study the variation of metals in soils during summer and winter sea-sons. Heavy metal concentrations were observed higher in winter season as compared to summer season. Cr and Cd revealed random distribution with diverse correlations in both seasons. Principal component analysis and cluster analysis showed significant anthropo-genic intrusions of Zn, Cd, Pb, Cr and Cu in the soils. Enrichment factor, revealed signifi- cant enrichment of Zn, Cd and Pb, whereas, geoaccumulation index and contamination factor exhibited moderate to high contamination for Zn, Cr, Cd and Pb.
Spatio-temporal variations and risk assessment of the selected heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe, Cr, Cd and Pb) were investigated in water samples from Siling reservoir wa-tershed. During summer season Mn, Fe and Cd concentrations were higher in the water samples, while the concentrations of Zn, Fe and Pb were dominant in winter season. How-ever, Cr exhibited elevated concentrations in both seasons. The health risk assessment re-vealed that hazard quotient (HQing) and hazard index (HIing) values were near to the ac-ceptable limit indicating non-carcinogenic risk to the recipient via oral intake of water. The calculated values for chronically daily intake were found in the order of Cr> Fe> Mn> Zn> Cd in summer season and Zn> Fe> Cr> Pb> Mn> Cu during winter season. The carcinogenic risk (CRing) via ingestion route for Cr, Cd and Pb were noted higher than the acceptable limit (10-6). Multivariate statistical analysis such as; cluster analysis (CA) and principal component analysis (PCA) results revealed that both natural processes and an-thropogenic activities were the main sources of water contamination.
Seasonal concentrations of legacy organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polycyclic aro-matic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were determined in soil samples from agricultural fields of the Siling reservoir watershed. Persistence organic pollutants (POPs) were found in almost all of the soil samples. The total concentrations of OCPs, PAHs, and PCBs during summer and winter seasons ranged from21.85to21.64ng g-1,40.33to38.83ng g-1, and86.98to74.29ng g-1, respectively. The total concentrations of individual POPs were further used to evaluate the cancer risk probabilities in human via ingestion, dermal contact, and inhalation of soil particles. Near to very low cancer risk of every POPs was found in the soils of the Siling reservoir watershed. Furthermore, cancer risk, based on total OCPs, PAHS and PCBs concentrations were also investigated. Results revealed cancer risk with a value of1.07×10-6, which was a little higher than the ac-ceptable limit (10-6).
Estrogens levels in wastewater collected from a large-scale swine farm in Tiaoxi River watershed near by Siling reservoir were analyzed. And the efficiency of estrogen removal by anaerobic/aerobic active sludge (A/O) treatment or by upflow anaerobic sludge blanket and step-fed sequencing batch reactor (UASB-SFSBR) treatment was also investigated. The results showed that the A/O treatment had no significant estrogenic re-moval ability, whereas the removal rates of estrogen after UASB-SFSBR treatment reached approximately78%, as measured by LC-MS/MS. The17β-estradiol equivalents (EEQ) decreased from31.5ng L-1to an undetectable level according to the Yeast Estro-gen Screen (YES) analysis. We found differences between the estrogen removal rates measured by the chemical assay and those measured using the bioassay. More attention must be paid to the removal of estrogen pollutants in livestock wastewater to reduce the environmental risk.
The estrogen pollution in surface water of Tiaoxi River watershed was investigated by chemical and bioassay analysis. Most estrogens species, except estrone, were not de-tected by the chemical analysis using LC-MS/MS. The concentration of estrone in the samples ranged from below the detection limit to17.25ng L"1. The estrogen activity in most water samples was also determined by YES. The17β-estradiol activity could be de-tected in all water samples. EEQ in sample from the estuary of Taihu Lake was17.60ng L-1. This study demonstrates that combining chemical and bioassay analysis is an effective way to detect environmental contamination by estrogen species. Furthermore, the results indicate that the risk of estrogen contamination in the Tiaoxi River watershed should be controlled.
引文
Abad, E., Martinez, K., Planas, C., Palacios, O., Caixach, J., Rivera, J.,2005. Priority or-ganic pollutant assessment of sludges for agricultural purposes. Chemosphere. 61:1358-1369.
Adefemi, S., Awokunmi, E.,2010. Determination of physico-chemical parameters and heavy metals in water samples from Itaogbolu area of Ondo-State, Nigeria. African J. Environ. Sei. Technol.4 (3):145-148.
Ahmed, M.T., Loutfy, N., El Shiekh, E.,2002. Residue levels of DDE and PCBs in the blood serum of women in the Port Said region of Egypt. J. Hazard. Mater.89:41-48.
Airaksinen, R., Rantakokko, P., Eriksson, J.G., Blomstedt. P., Kajantie. E., Kiviranta, H., 2011. Association between type 2 diabetes and exposure to persistent organic pol-lutants. Diabetes Care.34:1972-1979.
Allen, S., Grimshaw, H. M., Parkinson, J. A., Quarmby, C.,1974 "Chemical analysis of ecological materials," Oxford, Blackwell,1974.
Alloway, B. J.,2013. Heavy Metals in soils. Springer.
Alloway, B. J.,1995. Soil processes and the behaviour of heavy metals.
Atkinson, H., Giles, G., Desjardins. J.,1954. "Trace element content of farmyard ma-nure," Can. J. Agric. Sci.34:76-80.
ATSDR.,1995. Public health assessment. Johnstown City Land fill, Johnstown, Fulton Country, (CERCLIS NO. NYD980506927). In:Department of Health and Human Services PHS, Atlanta, editor. New York State Department of Health under coop-erative agreement with the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry.
Azizullah, A., Khattak, M.N.K., Richter, P., Hader, D.P.,2011. Water pollution in Paki-stan and its impact on public health—a review. Environ. hit.37:479-497.
Baderna, D., Colombo, A., Amodei, G., Cantu, S., Teoldi, F., Cambria, F., Rotella. G., Natolino, F., Lodi, M., Benfenati, E.,2013. Chemical-based risk assessment and in vitro models of human health effects induced by organic pollutants in soils from the Olona valley. Sci.Total Environ.463:790-801.
Badran, M.I.,2001. Dissolved Oxygen, Chlorophyll a and Nutrients:Seasonal Cycles in Waters of the Gulf of Aquaba, Red Sea. Aquatic Eco. Heal. Manage.4:139-150.
Baek, S., Field, R., Goldstone, M., Kirk, P., Lester, J., Perry, R.,1991. A review of at-mospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons:sources, fate and behavior. Water Air Soil Pollut.60:279-300.
Bao, L.-J., Maruya, K.A., Snyder, S.A., Zeng, E.Y.,2012. China's water pollution by per-sistent organic pollutants. Environ. Pollut.163:100-108.
Bao, S.,2000. "Soil and agricultural chemistry analysis," Agriculture Publication, Bei-jing.355-356.
Barcelo, D. Occurrence.1991. Handling and chromatographic determination of pesticides in the aquatic environment. A review. Analyst.116:681-689.
Bermudez, G. M. A., Moreno, M., Invernizzi, R., Pla, R., Pignata, M. L.,2010. "Heavy metals pollution in top soils near a cement plant:the role of organic matter and distance to the source to predice total and HCl-extrcated heavy metal concentra-tion," Chemosphere,78:375-381.
Bloemen, M. L., Markert, B., Lieth, H.,1995. "The distribution of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in topsoils of Osnabruck in relation to land use," Sci. Total Environ.166:137-148.
Blumer, M., Youngblood, W.W.,1975. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils and recent sediments:Sci.188:53.
Boehm, P., Burns, W., Page, D., Bence, A., Mankiewicz, P., Brown, J., Douglas, G., 2002. Total organic carbon, an important tool in a holistic approach to hydrocar-bon source finger printing. Environ. Forensics.3:243-250.
Bordalo, A., Nilsumranchit, W., Chalermwat, K.,2001. Water quality and uses of the Bangpakong River (Eastern Thailand). Water Res.35:3635-3642.
Brewer, G.J., Reichensperger, J.D., Brinton, R.D.,2006. Prevention of age-related dysregulation of calcium dynamics by estrogen in neurons. Neurobiol. Aging 27(2):306-317.
Brinton, R.D., Tran. J., Proffitt. P., Montoya. M.,1997.17 beta-estradiol enhances the outgrowth and survival of neocortical neurons in culture. Neurochem. Res. 22:1339-1351.
Cai, Q.Y., Mo, C.H., Li, Y.H., Zeng, Q.Y., Katsoyiannis, A., Wu, Q.T., Ferard, J.F., 2007. Occurrence and assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils from vegetable fields of the Pearl River Delta, South China. Chemosphere. 68:159-168.
Cai, Q.Y., Mo, C.-H., Wu, Q.-T., Katsoyiannis, A., Zeng, Q.Y.,2008. The status of soil contamination by semivolatile organic chemicals (SVOCs) in China:a review. Sci. Total Environ.389:209-224.
Caliman, F.A., Gavrilescu. M.,2009 Pharmaceuticals, personal care products and endo-crine disrupting agents in the environment-a review. Clean Soil Air Water 37:277-303.
Campbell, C.G., Borglin, S.E., Green, F.B., Grayson, A., Wozei, E., Stringfellow, W.T., 2006. Biologically directed environmental monitoring, fate, and transport of es-trogenic endocrine disrupting compounds in water:a review. Chemosphere. 65:1265-1280.
Chang, H.,2005. Spatial and temporal variations of water quality in the Han River and its tributaries, Seoul, Korea,1993-2002. Water Air Soil Pollut.161:267-284.
Chapman, D.V.,1996. Water quality assessments:a guide to the use of biota, sediments, and water in environmental monitoring. E & Fn Spon.
Chen, F., Ying, G.-G., Kong, L.-X., Wang, L., Zhao, J.-L., Zhou, L.-J., Zhang, L.-J., 2011. Distribution and accumulation of endocrine-disrupting chemicals and pharmaceuticals in wastewater irrigated soils in Hebei, China. Environ. Pollut. 159:1490-1498.
Chen, L., Ran, Y., Xing, B., Mai, B., He, J., Wei, X., Fu, J., Sheng, G.,2005. Contents and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and organochlorine pesticides in vegetable soils of Guangzhou, China. Chemosphere.60:879-890.
Chen, H. M.,1996. "Heavy metals pollution in soil and plant systems," Science Press, Beijing, pp.7-8.
Chen, T.S., Chen, T.C., Yeh. K.J.C., Chao. H.R., Liaw. E.T., Hsieh. C.Y., Chen. K.C., Hsieh. L.T., Yeh YL.,2010. High estrogen concentrations in receiving river dis-charge from a concentrated livestock feedlot. Sci. Total Environ.408(16):3223-3230.
Cheng, X., Li, S.,2006. An analysis on the evolvement processes of Lake Eutrophication and their characteristics of the typical lakes in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River. Chinese Sci. Bull.51:1603-1613.
Cheng, S.,2003. "Heavy metal pollution in China:origin, pattern and control," Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res.10:192-198.
Chimchirian, R.F., Suri, R.P.S., Fu, H.,2007. Free synthetic and natural estrogen hor-mones in influent and effluent of three municipal wastewater treatment plants. Water Environ. Res.79(9):69-974.
China, E.,2002. Environmental quality standards for surface water. MEP, China, GB3838.
Chiou, C. T., Malcolm, R. L., Brinton, T. I., Kile, D. E.,1986. Water solubility enhance-ment of some organic pollutants and pesticides by dissolved humic and fulvic ac-ids. Environ. Sci. Technol.20:502-508.
Chrysanthus Chukwuma, S.,1994. "Evaluation Baseline data for trace elements, pH, or-ganic matter content, and bulk density in agricultural soils in Nigeria," pp.13-34.
Colombo, A., Benfenati, E., Bugatti, S.G., Celeste, G., Lodi, M., Rotella, G.,2011. Con-centrations of PCDD/PCDF in soil close to a secondary aluminum smelter. Chemosphere.85(11):1719-24.
Corwin, D.L., Wagenet, R.,1996. Applications of GIS to the modeling of nonpoint source pollu-tants in the vadose zone:A conference overview. J. Environ. Qual.25:403-411.
Covaci, A., Hura, C.Schepens, P.,2001. Selected persistent organochlorine pollutants in Romania. Sci. Total Environ.280:143-152.
Crisp, T.M., Clegg, E.D., Cooper, R.L., Wood, W.P., Anderson, D.G., Baetcke, K.P., Hoffmann, J.L., Morrow, M.S., Rodier, D.J., Schaeffer, J.E.,1998. Environmental endocrine disruption:an effects assessment and analysis. Environ. Heal. Perspect. 106:11.
CUDE, C.G.,2001. Oregon water quality index:A tool for evaluating water quality man-agement effectiveness. J. American Water Resour. Assoc.37,125-137.
Dai, J., Li, S., Zhang, Y., Wang, R., Yu, Y.,2008. Distributions, sources and risk assess-ment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in top soil at Ji'nan city, Chi-na. Environ. Monit. Assess.147:317-326.
Davie, T.,2008. Fundamentals of hydrology. Taylor and Francis.
Debels, P., Figueroa, R., Urrutia, R., Barra, R., Niell, X.,2005. Evaluation of water quali-ty in the Chillan river (Central Chile) using physicochemical parameters and a modified water quality index. Environ. Monit. Assess.110:301-322.
Demirbas, A.,2008. Heavy metal adsorption onto agro-based waste materials:a review. J. Hazard. Mater.157:220-229.
Diamanti-Kandarakis, E., Bourguignon, J.P., Giudice, L.C., Hauser, R., Prins, G.S., Soto, A.M., Zoeller, R.T., Gore, A.C.,2009. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals:an Endo-crine Society scientific statement. Endocr. Rev.30:293-342.
Eckel, H., Roth, U., Dohler, H., Schultheiss, U.,2008. Assessment and reduction of heavy metal input into agro-ecosystems. Trace Elements in Animal Production Systems Wageningen Acaemic Publishers:33-43.
Eguchi, A., Isobe, T., Ramu, K., Tue, N.M., Sudaryanto, A., Devanathan, G., Viet, P.H., Tana, R.S.,Takahashi, S., Subramanian, A., Tanabe, S.,2013. Soil contamination by brominated flame retardants in open waste dumping sites in Asian developing countries. Chemosphere.90(9):2365-71.
EPA.,1997. Volunteer Stream Monitoring:A Methods Manual. DIANE Publishing.
Ernst, W.O.,1998. "The origin and ecology of contaminated, stabilized and non-pristine soils, Metal-contaminated soil." Springer, New York,17-29.
Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO).,2008. Current world fertilizer trends and out-look to 2011-12. Rome:FAO.
French, T.D., Petticrew, E.L.,2007. Chlorophyll a seasonality in four shallow eutrophic lakes (northern British Columbia, Canada) and the critical roles of internal phos-phorus loading and temperature. Hydrobiologia 575:285-299.
Furuichi, T., Kannan, K., Suzuki, K., Tanaka, S., Giesy, J.P., Masunaga, S.,2006. Occur-rence of estrogenic compounds in and removal by a swine farm waste treatment plant. Environ. Sci. Technol.40(24):7896-7902.
Gabet-Giraud, V., Miege, C., Herbreteau, B., Hernandez-Raquet, G., Coquery, M.,2010. Development and validation of an analytical method by LC-MS/MS for the quan-tification of estrogens in sewage sludge. Anal. Bioanal. Chem.396(5):1841-1851.
Gambrell, R.,1994. Trace and toxic metals in wetlands—a review, J. Environ. Qual.23, 883-891.
Gaw, S., Wilkins, A., Kim, N., Palmer, G., Robinson, P.,2006. "Trace element and EDDT concentrations in horticultural soils from the Tasman, Waikato and Auck-land regions of New Zealand," Sci. Total Environ.355:31-47.
Ge, J., Woodward, L.A., Li, Q.X., Wang, J.,2013. Composition, distribution and risk as-sessment of organochlorine pesticides in soils from the Midway Atoll, North Pa-cific Ocean. Sci. Total Environ.452:421-426.
Giesy, J.P., Hilscherova, K., Jones, P.; Kannan, K., Machala, M.,2002. Cell bioassays for detection of aryl hydrocarbon (AhR) and estrogen receptor (ER) mediated activity in environmental samples. Marine Pollut. Bull.45:3-16.
Gimeno-Garcia, E., Andreu, V., Boluda, R.,1996. "Heavy metals incidence in the appli-cation of inorganic fertilizers and pesticides to rice farming soils," Environ. Pollut.92:19-25.
Gray, C. W., McLaren, R. G., Roberts, A. H. C.,2003. "Atmospheric accessions of heavy metals to some New Zealand pastoral soils," Sci. Total Environ.305:105-115.
Guo, Y., Yu, H.-Y., Zeng, E.Y.,2009. Occurrence, source diagnosis, and biological ef-fect assessment of DDT and its metabolites in various environmental compart-ments of the Pearl River Delta, South China:a review. Environ. Pollut.157:1753-1763.
Hafner, W.D., Carlson, D.L., Hites, R.A.,2005. Influence of local human population on atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations. Environ. Sci. Technol.39:7374-7379.
Hakanson, L.,1980. "An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control:a sedimentological approach," Water Res.14:975-1001.
Han, Z.Y., Wu, W.X., Ding, Y., Zhu, J., Chen, Y.X.,2008. Optimization of main factors associated with nitrogen removal in hybrid sludge sequencing batch reactor with step-feeding of swine wastewater. J. Environ. Sci. Health. A 43(2):161-170.
Hanselman, T.A., Graetz, D.A., Wilkie, A.C.,2003. Manure-borne estrogens as potential environmental contaminants:a review. Environ. Sci.Technol.37:5471-5478.
Hansen, P.D., Dizer, H., Hock, B., Marx, A., Sherry, J., McMaster, M., Blaise, C.,1998. Vitellogenin-a biomarker for endocrine disruptors. Trends Anal. Chem. 17(7):448-451
Hashmi, M. Z., Riffat, Naseem, M., Shahbaz, Muhammad.,2012. Heavy metals in egg-shells of cattle egret (Bubulcus ibis) and little egret (Egretta garzetta) from the Punjab province, Pakistan. Ecotox. Environ.Safe.89:158-165.
Havens, K.E., James, R.T., East, T.L., Smith, V.H.,2003. N:P ratios, light limitation, and cyanobacterial dominance in a subtropical lake impacted by nonpoint source nutrient pollution. Environ. Pollut.122:379-390.
Health Canada.,2004. Federal Contaminated Site Risk Assessment in Canada, Part I: Guidance on Human Health Preliminary Quantitative Risk Assessment (PQRA). Environmental Health Assessment Services, Safe Environments Directorate. www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ewh-semt/pubs/contamsite/part-partie_i/index-eng.php.
Hinrichsen, D., Tacio, H.,2002. The coming freshwater crisis is already here. Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars:Environmental Change and Security Program.
Hu, L., Hu, W., Zhai, S., Wu, H.,2010. Effects on water quality following water transfer in Lake Taihu, China. Ecol. Eng.36:471-481.
Hua, X., Shan, Z.,1996. The production and application of pesticides and factor analysis of their pollution in environment in China. Adv. Environ. Sci.4:33-45.
Huang, S. S., Liao, Q. L., Hua, M., Wu, X. M., Bi, K. S., Yan, C. Y., Chen, B., Zhang, X. Y.,2007. "Survey of heavy metal pollution and assessment of agricultural soil in Yangzhong district, Jiangsu Province, China," Chemosphere,67:2148-2155.
IARC, (International Agency for Research on Cancer).,2012. Polycyclic Aromatic Hy-drocarbons, IARC Monogaraphs 2006,92, Lyone, France. Available at http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Meetings/92-pahs.pdf(accessed Oct 2012).
Ilnitsky, A.P., Mischenko, V.S., Shabad, L.M.,1977. New data on volcanoes as natural sources of carcinogenic substances:Cancer Lett.3:227.
Imperato, M.,2003. "Spatial distribution of heavy metals in urban soils of Naples city (Italy)," Environ. Pollut.124:247-256.
Inigo, V., Andrades, M., Alonso-Martirena, J., Marin, A., Jimenez-Ballesta, R.,2013. "Spatial Variability of Cadmium and Lead in Natural Soils of a Humid Mediterranean Environment:La Rioja, Spain" Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1-11.
Iqbal, J., Shah, M. H.,2011. "Distribution, correlation and risk assessment of selected metals in urban soils from Islamabad, Pakistan," J. Hazard. Mater.192:887-898.
ISO, N.,2005. "10390 Soil quality, determination of pH," International Organization for Standardization, Geneve, Switzerland.
Jarup, L.,2003. "Hazards of heavy metal contamination," Br. Med. Bull.68:167-182.
Jiang, C., Zhu, L., Hu, X., Cheng, J., Xie, M.,2011. Reasons and Control of Eutrophica-tion in New Reservoirs. Eutrophication:causes, consequences and control. Springer,325-340.
Johansson, K., Bergback, B., Tyler, G.,2001. "Impact of atmospheric long range transport of lead, mercury and cadmium on the Swedish forest environment," Wa-ter Air Soil Pollut.1:279-297.
Johnson, A.C., Williams, R.J.,2004. A model to estimate influent and effluent concentra-tions of estradiol, estrone, and ethinylestradiol at sewage treatment works. Envi-ron. Sci. Technol.38:3649-3658.
Jones, R.C., Kelso, D.P., Schaeffer, E.,2008. Spatial and seasonal patterns in water quali-ty in an embayment-mainstem reach of the tidal freshwater Potomac River, USA: a multiyear study. Environ. Monit. Assess.147:351-375.
Jonnalagadda, S., Mhere, G.,2001. Water quality of the Odzi River in the eastern high-lands of Zimbabwe. Water Res.35:2371-2376.
Kabata-Pendias, A., Pendias, H.,2001 "Trace elements in soils and plants" CRC, Press, I Llc.
Kai, H., Ishibashi, Y., Mori, T., Ishibashi, H., Kawaguchi, I., Ohwaki, H., Takemasa, T., Arizono, K.,2010. Decolorization and estrogenic activity of colored livestock wastewater after electrolysis treatment. J. Mater. Cycles Waste 12(2):128-135.
Kannel, P.R., Lee, S., Lee, Y.-S., Kanel, S.R., Khan, S.P.,2007. Application of water quality indices and dissolved oxygen as indicators for river water classification and urban impact assessment. Environ. Monit. Assess.132:93-110.
Karakaya, N., Evrendilek, F.,2010. Water quality time series for Big Melen stream (Tur-key):its decomposition analysis and comparison to upstream. Environ. Monit. Assess.165:125-136.
Katsoyiannis, A.,2006. Occurrence of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the Soulou stream in the power generation area of Eordea, northwestern Greece. Chemo-sphere.65:1551-1561.
Kaushik, A., Kansal, A., Kumari, S., Kaushik, C.,2009. Heavy metal contamination of river Yamuna, Haryana, India:Assessment by metal enrichment factor of the sed-iments. J. Hazard. Mater.164:265-270.
Kazi, T., Arain, M., Jamali, M., Jalbani, N., Afridi, H., Sarfraz, R., Baig, J., Shah, A.Q., 2009. Assessment of water quality of polluted lake using multivariate statistical techniques:A case study. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safe.72:301-309.
Kinney, C.A., Furlong, E.T., Werner, S.L., Cahill, J.D.,2006. Presence and distribution of wastewater-derived pharmaceuticals in soil irrigated with reclaimed water. En-viron. Toxicol. Chem.25:317-326.
Kirk, J.T.,1985. Effects of suspensoids (turbidity) on penetration of solar radiation in aquatic ecosystems. Hydrobiologia 125:195-208.
Kirk, L.A., Tyler, C.R., Lye, C.M.,2002. Sumpter, J.P. Changes in estrogenic and andro-genic activities at different stages of treatment in wastewater treatment works. Environ. Toxicol. Chem.21:972-979.
Knight, C., Kaiser, J., Lalor, G., Robotham, H., Witter, J.,1997. "Heavy metals in surface water and stream sediments in Jamaica," Environ. Geochem. Heal.19:63-66.
Kolodziej, E.P., Harter, T., Sedlak, D.L.,2004. Dairy wastewater, aquaculture, and spawning fish as sources of steroid hormones in the aquatic environment. Envi-ron. Sci. Technol.38:6377-6384.
Kookana, R.S., Baskaran, S., Naidu, R.,1998. Pesticide fate and behaviour in Australian soils in relation to contamination and management of soil and water:a review. Australian J. Soil Res.36:715-764.
Kumar, B., Verma, V.K., Kumar, S., Sharma, C.S.,2013. Probabilistic health risk as-sessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls in urban soils from a tropical city of India. J. Environ. Sci. Health, Part A.48:1253-1263.
Lange, I.G., Daxenberger, A., Schiffer, B., Witters, H., Ibarreta, D., Meyer, H.H.D., 2002. Sex hormones originating from different livestock production systems:fate and potential disrupting activity in the environment. Anal. Chim. Acta 473(1-2):27-37.
Lead, W.A., Steinnes, E., Bacon, J.R., Jones, K.C.,1997. Polychlorinated biphenyls in UK and Norwegian soils:spatial and temporal trends. Sci. Total Environ.193:229-236.
Lee, O., Takesono, A., Tada, M., Tyler, C.R., Kudoh, T.,2012. Biosensor zebra fish pro-vide new insights into potential health effects of environmental estrogens. Envi-ron. Heal. Perspect.120:990.
Legros, S., Doelsch, E., Feder, F., Moussard, G., Sansoulet, J., Gaudet, J. P., Rigaud, S., Doelsch, I. B., Macary, H. S., Bottero, J. Y.,2013. "Fate and behaviour of Cu and Zn from pig slurry spreading in a tropical water-soil-plant system," Agric. Ecosys. Environ.164:70-79.
Leigh, C., Burford, M.A., Roberts, D.T., Udy, J.W.,2010. Predicting the vulnerability of reservoirs to poor water quality and cyanobacterial blooms. Water Res.44:4487-4496.
Lemieux, P.M.; Lutes, C.C.; Santoianni, D.A.,2004. Emissions of organic air toxics from open burning:a comprehensive review. Prog. Energ. Combust. Sci.30:1-32.
Lesage, S., and Jackson, R.E.,1992. Groundwater contamination and analysis at hazard-ous waste sites:Marcel Dekker, Inc.,552.
Li, J., Zhang, G., Qi, S., Li, X., Peng, X.,2006. Concentrations, enantiomeric composi-tions, and sources of HCH, DDT and chlordane in soils from the Pearl River Del-ta, South China. Sci. Total Environ.372(1):215-224.
Li, S., Migita, J.,1992. Pesticide runoff from paddy field and its impact on receiving wa-ter. Water Sci. Technol.25:69-76.
Li, S., Liu, W., Gu, S., Cheng, X., Xu, Z., Zhang, Q.,2009. Spatio-temporal dynamics of nutrients in the upper Han River basin, China. J. Hazard. Mater.162:1340-1346.
Lide, D. R.,2005. "CRC Handbook of chemistry and physics, geophysics, astronomy, and acoustics, abundance of elements in the earth's crust and in the sea," CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, Section 14.
Lintelmann, J., Katayama, A., Kurihara, N., Shore, L., Wenzel, A.,2003. Endocrine dis-ruptors in the environment (IUPAC Technical Report). Pure Appl. Chem.75:631-68.
Liu, Z., Sun, G., Huang, S., Sun, W., Guo, J., Xu, M.,2012. Water Quality Index as a Simple Indicator of Drinking Water Source in the Dongjiang River, China. Int. J. Environ. Protect.2 (5):16-21.
Liu, Z.-h., Kanjo, Y., Mizutani, S.,2009. Removal mechanisms for endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) in wastewater treatment—physical means, biodegradation, and chemical advanced oxidation:a review. Sci. Total Environ.407:731-748.
Liu, H., Li, W.,2011. Dissolved trace elements and heavy metals from the shallow lakes in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River region, China. Environ. Earth Sci.62:1503-1511.
Liu, J., Liang, X., Yang, J., Ye,Y., Su, M., Nie, Z., Chen, Y.,2011. Size distribution and composition of phosphorus in the East Tiao River, China:The significant role of colloids. J. Environ. Monit.13:2844-2850.
Loska, K., Cebula, J., Pelczar, J., Weichula, D., Kwapulinski, J.,1995. "Use of Enrich-ment, and Contamination Factors Together with Geoaccumulation Indexes to Evaluate the Content of Cd, Cu, and Ni in the Rybnik Water Reservoir in Po-land," Water Air Soil Pollut.93:347-365.
Loska, K., Wiechula, D., Korus, I.,2004. "Metal contamination of farming soils affected by industry,"Environ. Int.30:159-165.
Lu, P., Mei, K., Zhang, Y., Liao, L., Long, B., Dahlgren, R.A., Zhang, M.,2011. Spatial and temporal variations of nitrogen pollution in Wen-Rui Tang River watershed, Zhejiang, China. Environ. Monit. Assess.180:501-520.
Lu, R.S., Lo, S.L., Hu, J.Y.,1999. Analysis of reservoir water quality using fuzzy syn-thetic evaluation. Stoch. Environ. Res. Risk Assess.13:327-336.
Lu, GH., Yan, Z.H., Wang, Y.H., Chen, W.,2011. Assessment of estrogenic contamina-tion and biological effects in Lake Taihu. Ecotoxicology 20(5):974-981.
Lu, GH., Zhang, H.Z., Wang, C.,2010. Assessment of Estrogenic Activity Conducted by Combining Bioassay and Chemical Analyses of the Effluent from Wastewater Treatment Plants in Nanjing, China. Environ. Toxicol. Chem.29:1279-1286.
Luo, L., Ma, Y., Zhang, S., Wei, D., Zhu, Y.-G.,2009. An inventory of trace elementin puts to agricultural soils in China. J. Environ. Manage. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.01.1011.
Luo, W., Lu, Y., Giesy, J. P., Wang, T., Shi, Y., Wang, G., Xing,Y.,2007. "Effects of land use on concentrations of metals in surface soils and ecological risk around Guanting Reservoir, China," Environ. Geochem. Heal.29:459-471.
Ma, M., Rao, KF., Wang, Z.J.,2007. Occurrence of estrogenic effects in sewage and in-dustrial wastewaters in Beijing, China. Environ. Pollut.147(2):331-336.
Maas, S., Scheifler, R., Benslama, M., Crini, N., Lucot, E., Brahmia, Z., Benyacoub, S., Giraudoux, P.,2010. "Spatial distribution of heavy metal concentrations in urban, suburban and agricultural soils in a Mediterranean city of Algeria," Environ. Pollut.158:2294-2301.
Maguire, R.,1992. The importance of pesticide volatilization from the surface microlayer of natural waters after aerial spraying. Water Sci.Technol.25:111-116.
Mahanta, M. J., Bhattacharyya, K. G.,2010. "Total concentrations, fractionation and mo-bility of heavy metals in soils of urban area of Guwahati, India," Environ. Monit. Assess.173:221-240.
Mai, B., Qi, S., Zeng, E.Y., Yang, Q., Zhang, G., Fu, J., Sheng, G., Peng, P.,2003. Wang, Z. Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the coastal region off Ma-cao, China:assessment of input sources and transport pathways using composi-tional analysis. Environ. Sci. Technol.37:4855-4863.
Makarewicz, J.C., D'Aiuto, P.E., Bosch, I.,2007. Elevated Nutrient Levels from Agricul-turally Dominated Watersheds Stimulate Metaphyton Growth. J. Great Lakes Res. 33:437-448.
Man, Y.B., Lopez, B.N., Wang, H.S., Leung, A.O.W., Chow, K.L., Wong, M.H.,2011. Cancer risk assessment of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlo-rinated biphenyls (PCBs) in former agricultural soils of Hong Kong. J. Hazard. Mater.195:92-99.
Mann, S. S., Rate, A. W., Gilkes, R. J.,2002. "Cadmium accumulation in agricultural soils in Western Australia," Water Air Soil Pollut.141:281-297.
Meijer, S.N., Ockenden, W., Sweetman, A., Breivik, K., Grimalt, J.O., Jones, K.C.,2003. Global distribution and budget of PCBs and HCB in background surface soils: implications for sources and environmental processes. Environ. Sci. Technol. 37:667-672.
Metcalfe, C.D., Metcalfe, T.L., Kiparissis, Y., Koenig, B.G., Khan, C., Hughes, R.J., Croley, T.R., March, R.E., Potter, T.E.,2001. Strogenic potency of chemicals de-tected in sewage treatment plant effluents as determined by in vivo assays with Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes). Environ. Toxicol. Chem.20(2):297-308.
Mico. C., Recatala, L., Peris, M., Sanchez, J.,2006 "Assessing heavy metal sources in agricultural soils of an European Mediterranean area by multivariate analysis," Chemosphere,65:863-872.
Mielke, H.W., Wang, G., Gonzales, C.R., Powell, E.T., Le, B., Quach, V.N.,2004. PAHs and metals in the soils of inner-city and suburban New Orleans, Louisiana, USA. Environ. Toxicol. Pharm.18:243-247.
Mishra, K., Sharma, R.C., Kumar, S.,2012. Contamination levels and spatial distribution of organochlorine pesticides in soils from India. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safe. 76:215-225.
Mo, C.H., Cai, Q.Y., Li, Y.H., Zeng, Q.Y.,2008. Occurrence of priority organic pollu-tants in the fertilizers, China. J. Hazard. Mater.152:1208-1213.
Motelay-Massei, A., Ollivon, D., Garban, B., Teil, M., Blanchard, M.,2004. Chevreuil, M. Distribution and spatial trends of PAHs and PCBs in soils in the Seine River basin, France. Chemosphere.55:555-565.
Mulholland, P.J., Houser, J.N., Maloney, K.O.,2005. Stream diurnal dissolved oxygen profiles as indicators of in-stream metabolism and disturbance effects:Fort Benning as a case study. Ecol. Indic.5:243-252.
Muller, G.,1969. "Index of geoaccumulation in sediments of the Rhine River," J. Geol. 2:108-118.
Nair, D.R., Burken, J.G., Licht, L.A., Schnoor, J.L.,1993. Mineralization and uptake of triazine pesticide in soil-plant systems. J. Environ. Engin.119:842-854.
National Management Measures to Control Nonpoint Source Pollution from Agriculture. July 2003. Document No. EPA 841-B-03-004.
National Research Council (NRC).,2000. Clean coastal waters:understanding and reduc-ing the effects of nutrient pollution. National Academy Press, Washington, DC
Naveedullah., Hashmi, M. Z., Yu, C., Shen, H., Duan, D., Shen, C., Lou, L., Chen, Y., 2013. Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals Pollution in Agricultural Soils of Siling Reservoir Watershed in Zhejiang Province, China. BioMed. Res. Int.
N'Guessan, Y. M., Probst, J. L., Bur, T., Probst, A.,2009. "Trace elements in stream bed sediments from agricultural catchments (Gascogne region, S-W France):Where do they come from?," Sci. Total Environ.407:2939-2952.
Nicholson, F., Rollett, A., Chambers, B.2009. A review of practices on returns to land of organic materials containing potentially toxic elements (PTEs) and organic contam-inants (Report 1 for Defra Project SP0569). Nottinghamshire:ADAS.
Nicholson, F., Rollett, A., Chambers, B.,2010. The Defra "Agricultural Soil Heavy Met-al Inventory for 2008" (Report 3 for Defra Project SP0569). Nottinghamshire: ADAS.
Nicholson, F., Smith, S., Alloway, B., Carlton-Smith, C., Chambers, B.,2003. An inven-tory of heavy metals inputs to agricultural soils in England and Wales. Sci. Total Environ.311:205-219.
Niskavaara, H., Reimann, C., Chekushin, V., Kashulina, G.,1997 "Seasonal variability of total and easily leachable element contents in topsoils (0-5 cm) from eight catch-ments in the European Arctic (Finland, Norway and Russia)," Environ. Pollut.96: 261-274.
Notarianni, V., Calliera, M., Tremolada, P., Finizio, A., Vighi, M.,1998. PCB distribution in soil and vegetation from different areas in Northern Italy. Chemo-sphere 37:14-15.
Novotmy, V.,2003. Water quality:Diffuse pollution and watershed management. John Wiley and Sons.P.864.
Niirnberg, G.K.,1996. Trophic state of clear and colored, soft-and hardwater lakes with special consideration of nutrients, anoxia, phytoplankton and fish. Lake and Reserv. Managem.12:432-447.
Obaja, D., Mace, S., Mata-Alvarez, J.,2005. Biological nutrient removal by a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) using an internal organic carbon source in digested piggery wastewater. Biores. Technol.96:7-14.
Oiadipo, M.; Bodunde, J.,1993. ICP-MS analysis of tomato fruits grown on fertilizer amended soil. J. Environ. Sci. Heal. A.28:809-820.
Olson, S., Stall, W., Vallad, G., Webb, S., Smith, S., Simonne, E., McAvoy, E., Santos, B., Ozores-Hampton, M.,2005. Tomato production in Florida. Vegetable produc-tion handbook for Florida 2006:357-375.
Ongley, E.D., Xiaolan, Z., Tao, Y.,2010. Current status of agricultural and rural nonpoint source pollution assessment in China. Environ. Pollut.158:1159-1168.
Ouyang, Y., Higman, J., Thompson, J., O'Toole, T., Campbell, D.,2002. "Characteriza-tion and spatial distribution of heavy metals in sediment from Cedar and Ortega rivers subbasin," J. Contam. Hydrol.54:19-35.
Oves, M., Khan, M. S., Zaidi, A., Ahmad, E.,2012. "Soil contamination, nutritive value, and human health risk assessment of heavy metals:an overview, Toxicity of Heavy Metals to Legumes and Bioremediation," Springer,1-27.
Oyekunle, J.A.O., Ogunfowokan, A.O., Torto, N., Akanni, M.,2011. Determination of organochlorine pesticides in the agricultural soil of Oke-Osun farm settlement, Osogbo, Nigeria. Environ. Monit. Assess.177:51-61.
Paerl, H., Fulton III, R.,2006. Ecology of harmful cyanobacteria. Ecology of Harmful Algae:Springer.
Pant, M., Sharma, A., Sharma, P.,1980. Evidence for the increased eutrophication of lake Nainital as a result of human interference. Environ. Pollut. Series B, Chemical and Physical 1:149-161.
Parinet, B., Lhote, A., Legube, B.,2004. Principal component analysis:an appropriate tool for water quality evaluation and management—application to a tropical lake system. Ecol. Model.178:295-311.
Pawlowski, S., Ternes, T.A., Bonerz, M., Rastall, A.C., Erdinger, L., Braunbeck, T., 2004. Estrogenicity of solid phase-extracted water samples from two municipal sewage treatment plant effluents and river Rhine water using the yeast estrogen screen. Toxicol. In Vitro 18(1):129-138.
Pesce, S.F., Wunderlin, D.A.,2000. Use of water quality indices to verify the impact of Cordoba City (Argentina) on Suquia River. Water Res.34:2915-2926.
Ping, L., Hai-jun, Z., Li-li, W., Zhao-hui, L., Jian-lin, W., Yan-qin, W., Li-hua, J., Liang, D., Yu-feng, Z.,2011 "Analysis of Heavy metals sources for vegetable soils from Shandong Province, China," Agric. Sci. China,10:109-119.
Prasse, C, Zech, W., Itanna, F., Glaser, B.,2012. Contamination and source assessment of metals, polychlorinated biphenyls, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban soils from Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Toxicol. Environ. Chem.94:1954-1979.
Qian, Y., Migliaccio, K.W., Wan, Y., Li, Y.,2007. Trend analysis of nutrient concentra-tions and loads in selected canals of the Southern Indian River Lagoon, Florida. Water Air Soil Pollut.186:195-208.
Qu, J., Fan, M.,2010. The current state of water quality and technology development for water pollution control in China. Critical Reviews in Environ. Sci. Technol. 40:519-560.
Radojevic, M., Bashlin, V. N.,1999. "Practical Environmental Analysis," The Royal So-ciety of Chemistry, UK.
Raman, D.R., Williams, E.L., Layton, A.C., Burns, R.T., Easter, J.P., Daugherty, A.S., Mullen, M.D., Sayler, G.S.,2004. Estrogen content of dairy and swine wastes. Environ Sci. Technol.38(13):3567-573
Ramirez Garcia, P., Nandini, S., Sarma, S., Robles Valderrama, E., Cuesta, I., Hurtado, M.D.,2002. Seasonal variations of zooplankton abundance in the freshwater res-ervoir Valle de Bravo (Mexico). Hydrobiologia 467:99-108.
Rapant, S., Krcmova, K.,2007. Health risk assessment maps for arsenic groundwater content:application of national geochemical databases. Environ. Geochem. Heal. 29:131-141.
Reimann, C., de Caritat, P.,2005. "Distinguishing between natural and anthropogenic sources for elements in the environment:regional geochemical surveys versus en-richment factors," Sci. Total Environ.337:91-107.
Ren, N., Que, M., Li, Y.F., Liu, Y., Wan, X., Xu, D., Sverko, E., Ma, J.,2007. Polychlo-rinated biphenyls in Chinese surface soils. Environ. Sci. Technol.41:3871-3876.
Robinson, G.R., Larkins, P., Boughton, C.J., Reed, B.W., Sibrell, P.L.,2007. Assessment of contamination from arsenical pesticide use on orchards in the Great Valley re-gion, Virginia and West Virginia, USA. J. Environ. Qual.36:654-663.
Romic, M., Romic, D.,2003. "Heavy metals distribution in agricultural topsoils in urban area," Environ. Geol.43:795-805.
Rongfang, L., Changyan, L., Dunyin, W.,2011. Residual characteristic and eco-risk as-sessment of organochlorine pesticides in paddy soil in Jiangxi Province. Materials for Renewable Energy & Environment (ICMREE), International Conference on: IEEE.
Sanchez, E., Colmenarejo, M.F., Vicente, J., Rubio, A., Garcia, M.G., Travieso, L. Borja, R.,2007. Use of the water quality index and dissolved oxygen deficit as simple indicators of watersheds pollution. Ecol. Indic.7:315-328.
Sanchez-Martin, M. J., Sanchez-Camazano, M., Lorenzo, L. F.,2000. "Cadmium and Lead Contents in Suburban and Urban Soils from Two Medium-Sized Cities of Spain:Influence of Traffic Intensity," Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.64:250-257.
Sanders, M., Sivertsen, S., Scott, G.,2002. Origin and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surficial sediments from the Savannah River. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.43:0438-0448.
Sanghi, R., Sasi, K.,2001. Pesticides and heavy metals in agricultural soil of Kanpur, In-dia. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.67:0446-0454.
Sarmah, A.K., Northcott, G.L., Leusch, F.D.L., Tremblay, L.A.,2006. A survey of endo-crine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in municipal sewage and animal waste efflu-ents in the Waikato region of New Zealand. Sci. Total Environ.355(1):135-144.
Schuhmacher, M., Granero, S., Xifro, A., Domingo, J.L., Rivera, J., Eljarrat, E.,1998. Levels of PCDD/Fs in soil samples in the vicinity of a municipal solid waste in-cinerator. Chemosphere.37(9-12):2127-37.
Shen, C., Chen, Y., Huang, S., Wang, Z., Yu, C., Qiao, M., Xu, Y., Setty, K., Zhang, J., Zhu, Y.,2009. Dioxin-like compounds in agricultural soils near e-waste recycling sites from Taizhou area, China:chemical and bioanalytical characterization. Envi-ron. Int.35:50-55.
Shen, J.H., Gutendorf, B., Vahl, H.H., Shen, L., Westendorf, J.,2001. Toxicological pro-file of pollutants in surface water from an area in Taihu Lake, Yangtze Delta. Toxicol 166:71-78.
Shi, W.X., Wang, L.Z., Rousseau, D.P.L., Lens, P.N.L.,2010. Removal of estrone,17a-ethinylestradiol, and 17β-estradiol in algae and duckweed-based wastewater treatment systems. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res.17:824-833.
Simeonov, V., Stratis, J., Samara, C., Zachariadis, G., Voutsa, D., Anthemidis, A., Sofoniou, M., Kouimtzis, T.,2003. Assessment of the surface water quality in Northern Greece. Water Res.37:4119-4124.
Smil, V.,1997. China's environment and security:Simple myths and complex realities. SAIS
Song, M.W., Huang, P., Li, F., Zhang, H., Xie, K.Z., Wang, X.H., He, G.X.,2011. Water quality of a tributary of the Pearl River, the Beijiang, Southern China:implica-tions from multivariate statistical analyses. Environ. Monit. Assess.172:589-603.
Song, W.T., Lu, G.H., Wang, C., Zhang, H.Z., Xu, S., Qin, J.,2010. Study on environ-mental estrogen pollution in Yangtze River (Nanjing section) by an in vivo bioas-say. Bull. Environ. Contain. Toxicol.84:406-412.
Soto, A.M., Sonnenschein, C., Chung, K.L., Fernandez, M.F., Olea, N., Serrano, F.O., 1995. The E-SCREEN assay as a tool to identify estrogens:an update on estro-genic environmental pollutants. Environ. Heal. Perspect.103:113.
Soto, AM., Calabro, J.M., Prechtl, N.V., Yau, A.Y., Orlando, E.F., Daxenberger, A., Kolok, A.S., Guillette, L.J.Jr., le, Bizec. B., Lange, I.G., Sonnenschein, C.,2004. Androgenic and estrogenic activity in water bodies receiving cattle feedlot effluent in Eastern Nebraska, USA. Environ. Heal. Perspect.112(3):346-352.
Stafilov, T., Sajn, R., Pancevski, Z., Boev, B., Frontasyeva, M. V., Strelkove, L.,2010. "Heavy metal concentration of topsoils around a lead and zinc smelter in the Re-public of Macedonia," J. Hazard. Mater.175:896-914.
Stambuk-Giljanovic, N.,1999. Water quality evaluation by index in Dalmatia. Water Res.33:3423-3440.
Sultan, K.,2007. "Distribution of Metals and Arsenic in Soils of Central Victoria (Cres-wick-Ballarat), Australia," Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.52,339-346.
Sun, B., Zhang, L., Yang, L., Zhang, F., Norse, D., Zhu, Z.,2012. Agricultural nonpoint source pollution in China:causes and mitigation measures. Ambio.41:370-379.
Sutherland, R. A.,2000. "Bed sediment-associated trace metals in an urban stream, Oahu, Hawaii," Environ. Geol.39:611-627.
Suzuki, Y., Kubota, A., Furukawa, T., Sugamoto, K., Asano, Y., Takahashi, H., Sekito, T., Dote, Y., Sugimoto, Y.,2009. Residual of 17 β-estradiol in digestion liquid generated from a biogas plant using livestock waste. J. Hazard. Mater.165(1-3):677-682.
Swanson, N.L., Liss, W.J., Ziller, J.S., Wade, M.G., Gresswell, R.E.,2000. Growth and diet of fish in Waldo Lake, Oregon. Lake Reservoir Manage.16:133-143.
Tang, X., Shen, C., Shi, D., Cheema, S.A., Khan, M.I., Zhang, C., Chen, Y.,2010. Heavy metal and persistent organic compound contamination in soil from Wenling:An emerging e-waste recycling city in Taizhou area, China. J. Hazard. Mater. 173:653-660.
Tao, S., Guo, L. Q., Liu, W. X., Ju, T. Z., Dawson, R., Cao, J., Xu, F. L., Li, B. G.,2004. Use of sequential ASE extraction to evaluate the bioavailability of DDT and its metabolites to wheat roots in soils with various organic carbon contents. Sci. To-tal Environ.320:1-9.
Tariq, S. R., Shah, M. H., Shaheen, N.,2009a. "Comparative statistical analysis of chrome and vegetable tanning effluents and their effects on related soil," J. Haz-ard. Mater.169:285-290.
Tariq, S. R., Shaheen, N., Khalique, A., Shah, M. H.,2009b. "Distribution, correlation, and source apportionment of selected metals in tannery effluents, related soils, and groundwater—a case study from Multan, Pakistan," Environ. Monit. As-sess.166:303-312.
Tashiro, Y., Takemura, A., Fujii, H., Takahira, K., Nakanishi, Y., Livestock wastes as a source of estrogens and their effects on wildlife of Manko tidal flat, Okinawa. Mar. Pollut. Bull.47:143-147.
Taylor, S. R., Mclennan, S. M.,1995. "The geochemical evolution of the continental crust," Reviews of Geophysics,33:241-265.
Ternes, T.A., Bonerz, M., Herrmann, N., Teiser, B.,2007. Andersen, H.R. Irrigation of treated wastewater in Braunschweig, Germany:An option to remove pharmaceu-ticals and musk fragrances. Chemosphere.66:894-904.
Tessier, A., Campbell, P. G., Bisson, M.,1979. "Sequential extraction procedure for the speciation of particulate trace metals," Analyt. Chem.51:844-851.
Toor, G.S., Han, L., Stanley, C.D.,2012. Temporal variability in water quality parame-ters—a case study of drinking water reservoir in Florida, USA. Environ. Monit. Assess.1-16.
Tundisi, J., Matsumura-Tundisi, T., Arantes Junior, J., Tundisi, J., Manzini, N., Ducrot, R.,2004. The response of Carlos Botelho (Lobo, Broa) reservoir to the passage of cold fronts as reflected by physical, chemical, and biological variables. Brazilian J. Biol.64:177-186.
Turekian. K. K., Wedepohl, K. H.,1961. "Distribution of the elements in some major units of the earth's crust," Geolo. Soc. Am. Bull.72:175-192.
U.S.Geological Survey.,2011, February 8. Where is Earth's Water Located? Retrieved from http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/earthwherewater.html
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Washington, D.C., October 2007. "Na-tional Water Quality Inventory:Report to Congress; 2002 Reporting Cycle." Doc-ument No. EPA-841-R-07-001.
UNECE.,1998. Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants under the 1979 Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution; ECB/EB.Air/60; United Nations Eco-nomic Commission for Europe:Geneva, Switzerland.
UNESCO.,2006. Water, a shared responsibility. The United Nations World Water De-velopment Report 2. United Nations World Water Assessment Program.
USEPA., (United States Environmental Protection Agency).,2001. Supplemental Guid-ance for Soil Screening Levels for Superfund sites OCWER 9355, Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, Washington, DC,2-24.
USEPA., (United States Environmental Protection Agency).,2009. Risk Assessment Guiadance for Superfund. Vol I:Human Health Evaluation Manual (F. Supple-mental Guidance for Inhalation Risk Assessment) EPA/540/R/070/00, Office of the Superfund REemesiation and Technology Innovation, Washington DC.
USEPA., (United States Environmental Protection Agency)., Risk Assessment Guiadance for Superfund. Vol I:Human Health Evaluation Manual EPA/540/1-89/002.
USEPA.,1996. Method 3620B:Florisil Cleanup, US Environmental Protection Agen-cy,Washington, DC.
USEPA.,1996. Method 8270C:Semivolatile Organic Compounds by Gas Chromatog-raphy/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS), US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
USEPA.,1997. (United States Environenintal Protection Agency), polychlorinated biphenyles (PCBs), CASRN 1336-36-3, Environmental Protection Agency, Washington.
USEPA.,1997. Exposure factors handbook. EPA/600/P-95/002F. Washington:Environ-mental Protection Agency.
USEPA.,2007. "Microwave Assisted Acid Digestion of Sediments, Sludges, Soils, and Oils, Method 3051 A," Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC,2007.
USEPA.,2009. Risk assessment guidance for superfund. Vol. I:human health evaluation manual (F, supplemental guidance for inhalation risk assessment) EPA/540/R/070/002. Washington:Environmental Protection Agency.
USEPA,2000. National Water Quality Inventory:1998 Report to Congress. Office of Water, vegetation from different areas in Northern Italy. Chemosphere.37:2839-2845.
Vega, M., Pardo, R., Barrado, E., Deban, L.,1998. Assessment of seasonal and polluting effects on the quality of river water by exploratory data analysis. Water Res.32: 3581-3592.
Vega, F. A., Covelo, E. F., Cerqueira, B., Andrade, M. L.,2009. "Enrichment of marsh soils with heavy metals by effect of anthropic pollution," J. Hazard. Mater.170, pp.1056-1063,2009.
Vieira, N., Bio, A.,2011. Spatial and temporal variability of water quality and zooplank-ton in an artisanal salina. J. Sea Res.65:293-303.
Wang, F., Jiang, X., Bian, Y.R., Yao, F.X., Gao, H.J., Yu, G.F., Munch, J. C., Schroll, R., 2007. Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China. J. Environ. Sci.19(5):584-590.
Wania, F., Mackay, D.,1996. Peer reviewed:tracking the distribution of persistent organ-ic pollutants. Environ. Sci. Technol.30:390A-396A.
Ward, M.H., Mark, S.D., Cantor, K.P., Weisenburger, D.D.,1996. Drinking Water Ni-trate and the Risk of Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma. Epidemiology,7(5):465-471.
Wei, B., Yang, L.,2010. A review of heavy metal contaminations in urban soils, urban road dusts and agricultural soils from China. Microchem. J.94:99-107.
Wei, H., Yan-Xia, L., Ming, Y., Wei, L.,2011. Presence and Determination of Manure-borne Estrogens from Dairy and Beef Cattle Feeding Operations in Northeast China. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.86:465-469.
White, C.M., Lee, M.L.,1980. Identification and geochemical significance of some aro-matic components of coal:Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta,44:1825.
White, P.A., Kalff, J., Rasmussen, J.B., Gasol, J.M.,1991. The effect of temperature and algal biomass on bacterial production and specific growth rate in freshwater and marine habitats. Microb. Ecolo.21:99-118.
Wilcke, W.,2000. Synopsis polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil—a review. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci.163:229-248.
Wong, S. C., Li, X. D., Zhang, G., GQi, S. H., Min, Y. S.,2002. "Heavy metals in agri-cultural soils of the Pearl River Delta, South China," Environ. Pollut.119:33-44.
Wu, S., Zhou, S., Li, X., Jackson, T., Zhu, Q.,2011. "An approach to partition the an-thropogenic and natural components of heavy metal contaminations in roadside agricultural soil," Environ. Monit. Assess.173:871-881.
Wu, W., Xie, D. T., Liu, H. B.,2009. "Spatial variability of soil heavy metals in the three gorges area:multivariate and geostatistical analyses," Environ. Monit. As-sess.157:63-71.
World Health Organization (WHO).,1998. Guidelines for drinking water quality, Ad-dendum to vol 1,2nd ed. World Health Organization, Recommendations. Geneva
Xu. H., Yang, L.Z., Zhao, G.M., Jiao, J.G., Yin, S.X., Liu, Z.P.,2009. Anthropogenic impact on surface water quality in Taihu Lake Region, China. Pedosphere 19: 765-778.
Yahaya, M. I., Muhammad, S., Abdullah, B. K.,2009. "Seasonal variations of heavy metals concentration in abattoir dumping site soil in Nigeria," J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Manage.13.
Yalcin, M. G., Tumuklu, A., Sonmez, M., Erdag, D. S.,2009 "Application of multivari-ate statistical approach to identify heavy metal sources in bottom soil of the Seyhan River (Adana), Turkey," Environ. Monit. Assess.164:311-322.
Yamada, T., Inoue, T., Fukuhara, H., Nakahara, O., Izuta, T., Suda, R., Takahashi, M., Sase, H., Takahashi, A., Kobayashi, H.,2007. Long-term trends in surface water quality of five lakes in Japan. Water Air Soil Pollut. Focus 7:259-266.
Yang, B., Xue, N., Zhou, L., Li, F., Cong, X., Han, B., Li, H., Yan, Y., Liu, B.,2012. Risk assessment and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in agricultural soils of Huanghuai plain, China. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safe.84 (1):304-310.
Yunker, M.B., Macdonald, R.W., Goyette, D., Paton, D.W., Fowler, B.R., Sullivan, D., Boyd, J.,1999. Natural and anthropogenic inputs of hydrocarbons to the Strait of Georgia. Sci. Total Environ.225:181-209.
Zanini, E., Bonifacio, E., Cuttica, G.,1992. Heavy metals in soils near a steel-making industry:A case study in a complex valley situation in Italy. J. Environ. Sci. Heal. A.27:2019-2036.
Zhang, H., Luo, Y., Wong, M., Zhao, Q., Zhang, G.,2006. Distributions and concentra-tions of PAHs in Hong Kong soils. Environ. Pollut.141:107-114.
Zhang, W., Wu, S., Ji, H., Kolbe, H.,2004. Estimation of agricultural nonpoint source pollution in China and the alleviating strategies. I. Estimation of agricultural non-point source pollution in China in early 21 century. Sci. Agric. Sinica.37:1008-1017.
Zhang, Y., Tao, S., Shen, H., Ma, J.,2009. Inhalation exposure to ambient polycyclic ar-omatic hydrocarbons and lung cancer risk of Chinese population. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 106:21063-21067.
Zhang, Y.X., Tao, S., Cao, J., Coveney, R.M.,2007. Emission of polycyclic aromatic hy-drocarbons in China by county. Environ. Sci. Technol.41:683-687.
Zhang, F., He, J., Yao, Y., Hou, D., Jiang, C., Zhang, X., Di, C.,2013. Otgonbayar, K. Spatial and seasonal variations of pesticide contamination in agricultural soils and crops sample from an intensive horticulture area of Hohhot, North-West China. Environ. Monit. Assess.1-16.
Zhang, Z.H., Feng,Y.J., Su, H., Ren, N.Q.,2011. Comparison and analysis of estrogen removal efficiency in AO and AAO processes. Acta Sci. Circumst.31(1):26-32.
Zhao, G., Gao, J., Tian, P., Tian, K., Ni, G.,2011. Spatial-temporal characteristics of sur-face water quality in the Taihu Basin, China. Environ. Earth Sci.64:809-819.
Zhao, J.L., Ying, G.G., Wang, L., Yang, J.F., Yang, X.B., Yang, L.H., Li, X.,2009. De-termination of phenolic endocrine disrupting chemicals and acidic pharmaceuti-cals in surface water of the Pearl Rivers in South China by gas chromatography-negative chemical ionization-mass spectrometry. Sci. Total Environ.407:962-974.
Zhao, Z., Knowlton, K.F., Love, N.G., Ogejo, J.A.,2008. Contribution of 17-β estradiol to total estrogenicity in dairy manure subject to anaerobic digestion or separation and aeration. An AS ABE Meeting Presentation, Paper Number:084384.
Zheng, Y. M., Chen, T. B., Chen, H.,2005b. "Lead accumulation in soils under different land use in Beijing City," Acta Geogr. Sinica.60:791-797.
Zheng, Y. M., Chen, T. B., Zheng, G. D.,2005a. "Chromium and nickel accumulations in soils under different land use (in Chinese)," Resources Sci.27:162-166.
Zheng, Y. M., Chen, T. B., Zheng, G. D.,2005d. "Copper accumulation in soils under differential land use in Beijing (in Chinese)," J. Nat. Resources.20:690-696.
Zheng, Y. M., Luo, J. F., Chen, T. B.,2005c. "Cadmium accumulation in soils under dif-ferential land use in Beijing (in Chinese)," Geogr. Res.24:542.
Zhou. X., Lian, Z., Wang, J., Tan, L., Zhao, Z.,2011. Distribution of Estrogens Along Licun River in Qingdao, China. Procedia Environ. Sci.10:1876-1880.
Zilberbrand, M., Rosenthal, E., Shachnai, E.,2001. Impact of urbanization on hydrochemical evolution of groundwater and on unsaturated-zone gas composi-tion in the coastal city of Tel Aviv, Israel. J. Contam. Hydrol.50:175-208.
Adefemi, S., Awokunmi, E.,2010. Determination of physico-chemical parameters and heavy metals in water samples from Itaogbolu area of Ondo-State, Nigeria. African J. Environ. Sei. Technol.4 (3):145-148.
Ahmed, M.T., Loutfy, N., El Shiekh, E.,2002. Residue levels of DDE and PCBs in the blood serum of women in the Port Said region of Egypt. J. Hazard. Mater.89:41-48.
Airaksinen, R., Rantakokko, P., Eriksson, J.G., Blomstedt. P., Kajantie. E., Kiviranta, H., 2011. Association between type 2 diabetes and exposure to persistent organic pol-lutants. Diabetes Care.34:1972-1979.
Allen, S., Grimshaw, H. M., Parkinson, J. A., Quarmby, C.,1974 "Chemical analysis of ecological materials," Oxford, Blackwell,1974.
Alloway, B. J.,2013. Heavy Metals in soils. Springer.
Alloway, B. J.,1995. Soil processes and the behaviour of heavy metals.
Atkinson, H., Giles, G., Desjardins. J.,1954. "Trace element content of farmyard ma-nure," Can. J. Agric. Sci.34:76-80.
ATSDR.,1995. Public health assessment. Johnstown City Land fill, Johnstown, Fulton Country, (CERCLIS NO. NYD980506927). In:Department of Health and Human Services PHS, Atlanta, editor. New York State Department of Health under coop-erative agreement with the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry.
Azizullah, A., Khattak, M.N.K., Richter, P., Hader, D.P.,2011. Water pollution in Paki-stan and its impact on public health—a review. Environ. hit.37:479-497.
Baderna, D., Colombo, A., Amodei, G., Cantu, S., Teoldi, F., Cambria, F., Rotella. G., Natolino, F., Lodi, M., Benfenati, E.,2013. Chemical-based risk assessment and in vitro models of human health effects induced by organic pollutants in soils from the Olona valley. Sci.Total Environ.463:790-801.
Badran, M.I.,2001. Dissolved Oxygen, Chlorophyll a and Nutrients:Seasonal Cycles in Waters of the Gulf of Aquaba, Red Sea. Aquatic Eco. Heal. Manage.4:139-150.
Baek, S., Field, R., Goldstone, M., Kirk, P., Lester, J., Perry, R.,1991. A review of at-mospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons:sources, fate and behavior. Water Air Soil Pollut.60:279-300.
Bao, L.-J., Maruya, K.A., Snyder, S.A., Zeng, E.Y.,2012. China's water pollution by per-sistent organic pollutants. Environ. Pollut.163:100-108.
Bao, S.,2000. "Soil and agricultural chemistry analysis," Agriculture Publication, Bei-jing.355-356.
Barcelo, D. Occurrence.1991. Handling and chromatographic determination of pesticides in the aquatic environment. A review. Analyst.116:681-689.
Bermudez, G. M. A., Moreno, M., Invernizzi, R., Pla, R., Pignata, M. L.,2010. "Heavy metals pollution in top soils near a cement plant:the role of organic matter and distance to the source to predice total and HCl-extrcated heavy metal concentra-tion," Chemosphere,78:375-381.
Bloemen, M. L., Markert, B., Lieth, H.,1995. "The distribution of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in topsoils of Osnabruck in relation to land use," Sci. Total Environ.166:137-148.
Blumer, M., Youngblood, W.W.,1975. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils and recent sediments:Sci.188:53.
Boehm, P., Burns, W., Page, D., Bence, A., Mankiewicz, P., Brown, J., Douglas, G., 2002. Total organic carbon, an important tool in a holistic approach to hydrocar-bon source finger printing. Environ. Forensics.3:243-250.
Bordalo, A., Nilsumranchit, W., Chalermwat, K.,2001. Water quality and uses of the Bangpakong River (Eastern Thailand). Water Res.35:3635-3642.
Brewer, G.J., Reichensperger, J.D., Brinton, R.D.,2006. Prevention of age-related dysregulation of calcium dynamics by estrogen in neurons. Neurobiol. Aging 27(2):306-317.
Brinton, R.D., Tran. J., Proffitt. P., Montoya. M.,1997.17 beta-estradiol enhances the outgrowth and survival of neocortical neurons in culture. Neurochem. Res. 22:1339-1351.
Cai, Q.Y., Mo, C.H., Li, Y.H., Zeng, Q.Y., Katsoyiannis, A., Wu, Q.T., Ferard, J.F., 2007. Occurrence and assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils from vegetable fields of the Pearl River Delta, South China. Chemosphere. 68:159-168.
Cai, Q.Y., Mo, C.-H., Wu, Q.-T., Katsoyiannis, A., Zeng, Q.Y.,2008. The status of soil contamination by semivolatile organic chemicals (SVOCs) in China:a review. Sci. Total Environ.389:209-224.
Caliman, F.A., Gavrilescu. M.,2009 Pharmaceuticals, personal care products and endo-crine disrupting agents in the environment-a review. Clean Soil Air Water 37:277-303.
Campbell, C.G., Borglin, S.E., Green, F.B., Grayson, A., Wozei, E., Stringfellow, W.T., 2006. Biologically directed environmental monitoring, fate, and transport of es-trogenic endocrine disrupting compounds in water:a review. Chemosphere. 65:1265-1280.
Chang, H.,2005. Spatial and temporal variations of water quality in the Han River and its tributaries, Seoul, Korea,1993-2002. Water Air Soil Pollut.161:267-284.
Chapman, D.V.,1996. Water quality assessments:a guide to the use of biota, sediments, and water in environmental monitoring. E & Fn Spon.
Chen, F., Ying, G.-G., Kong, L.-X., Wang, L., Zhao, J.-L., Zhou, L.-J., Zhang, L.-J., 2011. Distribution and accumulation of endocrine-disrupting chemicals and pharmaceuticals in wastewater irrigated soils in Hebei, China. Environ. Pollut. 159:1490-1498.
Chen, L., Ran, Y., Xing, B., Mai, B., He, J., Wei, X., Fu, J., Sheng, G.,2005. Contents and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and organochlorine pesticides in vegetable soils of Guangzhou, China. Chemosphere.60:879-890.
Chen, H. M.,1996. "Heavy metals pollution in soil and plant systems," Science Press, Beijing, pp.7-8.
Chen, T.S., Chen, T.C., Yeh. K.J.C., Chao. H.R., Liaw. E.T., Hsieh. C.Y., Chen. K.C., Hsieh. L.T., Yeh YL.,2010. High estrogen concentrations in receiving river dis-charge from a concentrated livestock feedlot. Sci. Total Environ.408(16):3223-3230.
Cheng, X., Li, S.,2006. An analysis on the evolvement processes of Lake Eutrophication and their characteristics of the typical lakes in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River. Chinese Sci. Bull.51:1603-1613.
Cheng, S.,2003. "Heavy metal pollution in China:origin, pattern and control," Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res.10:192-198.
Chimchirian, R.F., Suri, R.P.S., Fu, H.,2007. Free synthetic and natural estrogen hor-mones in influent and effluent of three municipal wastewater treatment plants. Water Environ. Res.79(9):69-974.
China, E.,2002. Environmental quality standards for surface water. MEP, China, GB3838.
Chiou, C. T., Malcolm, R. L., Brinton, T. I., Kile, D. E.,1986. Water solubility enhance-ment of some organic pollutants and pesticides by dissolved humic and fulvic ac-ids. Environ. Sci. Technol.20:502-508.
Chrysanthus Chukwuma, S.,1994. "Evaluation Baseline data for trace elements, pH, or-ganic matter content, and bulk density in agricultural soils in Nigeria," pp.13-34.
Colombo, A., Benfenati, E., Bugatti, S.G., Celeste, G., Lodi, M., Rotella, G.,2011. Con-centrations of PCDD/PCDF in soil close to a secondary aluminum smelter. Chemosphere.85(11):1719-24.
Corwin, D.L., Wagenet, R.,1996. Applications of GIS to the modeling of nonpoint source pollu-tants in the vadose zone:A conference overview. J. Environ. Qual.25:403-411.
Covaci, A., Hura, C.Schepens, P.,2001. Selected persistent organochlorine pollutants in Romania. Sci. Total Environ.280:143-152.
Crisp, T.M., Clegg, E.D., Cooper, R.L., Wood, W.P., Anderson, D.G., Baetcke, K.P., Hoffmann, J.L., Morrow, M.S., Rodier, D.J., Schaeffer, J.E.,1998. Environmental endocrine disruption:an effects assessment and analysis. Environ. Heal. Perspect. 106:11.
CUDE, C.G.,2001. Oregon water quality index:A tool for evaluating water quality man-agement effectiveness. J. American Water Resour. Assoc.37,125-137.
Dai, J., Li, S., Zhang, Y., Wang, R., Yu, Y.,2008. Distributions, sources and risk assess-ment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in top soil at Ji'nan city, Chi-na. Environ. Monit. Assess.147:317-326.
Davie, T.,2008. Fundamentals of hydrology. Taylor and Francis.
Debels, P., Figueroa, R., Urrutia, R., Barra, R., Niell, X.,2005. Evaluation of water quali-ty in the Chillan river (Central Chile) using physicochemical parameters and a modified water quality index. Environ. Monit. Assess.110:301-322.
Demirbas, A.,2008. Heavy metal adsorption onto agro-based waste materials:a review. J. Hazard. Mater.157:220-229.
Diamanti-Kandarakis, E., Bourguignon, J.P., Giudice, L.C., Hauser, R., Prins, G.S., Soto, A.M., Zoeller, R.T., Gore, A.C.,2009. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals:an Endo-crine Society scientific statement. Endocr. Rev.30:293-342.
Eckel, H., Roth, U., Dohler, H., Schultheiss, U.,2008. Assessment and reduction of heavy metal input into agro-ecosystems. Trace Elements in Animal Production Systems Wageningen Acaemic Publishers:33-43.
Eguchi, A., Isobe, T., Ramu, K., Tue, N.M., Sudaryanto, A., Devanathan, G., Viet, P.H., Tana, R.S.,Takahashi, S., Subramanian, A., Tanabe, S.,2013. Soil contamination by brominated flame retardants in open waste dumping sites in Asian developing countries. Chemosphere.90(9):2365-71.
EPA.,1997. Volunteer Stream Monitoring:A Methods Manual. DIANE Publishing.
Ernst, W.O.,1998. "The origin and ecology of contaminated, stabilized and non-pristine soils, Metal-contaminated soil." Springer, New York,17-29.
Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO).,2008. Current world fertilizer trends and out-look to 2011-12. Rome:FAO.
French, T.D., Petticrew, E.L.,2007. Chlorophyll a seasonality in four shallow eutrophic lakes (northern British Columbia, Canada) and the critical roles of internal phos-phorus loading and temperature. Hydrobiologia 575:285-299.
Furuichi, T., Kannan, K., Suzuki, K., Tanaka, S., Giesy, J.P., Masunaga, S.,2006. Occur-rence of estrogenic compounds in and removal by a swine farm waste treatment plant. Environ. Sci. Technol.40(24):7896-7902.
Gabet-Giraud, V., Miege, C., Herbreteau, B., Hernandez-Raquet, G., Coquery, M.,2010. Development and validation of an analytical method by LC-MS/MS for the quan-tification of estrogens in sewage sludge. Anal. Bioanal. Chem.396(5):1841-1851.
Gambrell, R.,1994. Trace and toxic metals in wetlands—a review, J. Environ. Qual.23, 883-891.
Gaw, S., Wilkins, A., Kim, N., Palmer, G., Robinson, P.,2006. "Trace element and EDDT concentrations in horticultural soils from the Tasman, Waikato and Auck-land regions of New Zealand," Sci. Total Environ.355:31-47.
Ge, J., Woodward, L.A., Li, Q.X., Wang, J.,2013. Composition, distribution and risk as-sessment of organochlorine pesticides in soils from the Midway Atoll, North Pa-cific Ocean. Sci. Total Environ.452:421-426.
Giesy, J.P., Hilscherova, K., Jones, P.; Kannan, K., Machala, M.,2002. Cell bioassays for detection of aryl hydrocarbon (AhR) and estrogen receptor (ER) mediated activity in environmental samples. Marine Pollut. Bull.45:3-16.
Gimeno-Garcia, E., Andreu, V., Boluda, R.,1996. "Heavy metals incidence in the appli-cation of inorganic fertilizers and pesticides to rice farming soils," Environ. Pollut.92:19-25.
Gray, C. W., McLaren, R. G., Roberts, A. H. C.,2003. "Atmospheric accessions of heavy metals to some New Zealand pastoral soils," Sci. Total Environ.305:105-115.
Guo, Y., Yu, H.-Y., Zeng, E.Y.,2009. Occurrence, source diagnosis, and biological ef-fect assessment of DDT and its metabolites in various environmental compart-ments of the Pearl River Delta, South China:a review. Environ. Pollut.157:1753-1763.
Hafner, W.D., Carlson, D.L., Hites, R.A.,2005. Influence of local human population on atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations. Environ. Sci. Technol.39:7374-7379.
Hakanson, L.,1980. "An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control:a sedimentological approach," Water Res.14:975-1001.
Han, Z.Y., Wu, W.X., Ding, Y., Zhu, J., Chen, Y.X.,2008. Optimization of main factors associated with nitrogen removal in hybrid sludge sequencing batch reactor with step-feeding of swine wastewater. J. Environ. Sci. Health. A 43(2):161-170.
Hanselman, T.A., Graetz, D.A., Wilkie, A.C.,2003. Manure-borne estrogens as potential environmental contaminants:a review. Environ. Sci.Technol.37:5471-5478.
Hansen, P.D., Dizer, H., Hock, B., Marx, A., Sherry, J., McMaster, M., Blaise, C.,1998. Vitellogenin-a biomarker for endocrine disruptors. Trends Anal. Chem. 17(7):448-451
Hashmi, M. Z., Riffat, Naseem, M., Shahbaz, Muhammad.,2012. Heavy metals in egg-shells of cattle egret (Bubulcus ibis) and little egret (Egretta garzetta) from the Punjab province, Pakistan. Ecotox. Environ.Safe.89:158-165.
Havens, K.E., James, R.T., East, T.L., Smith, V.H.,2003. N:P ratios, light limitation, and cyanobacterial dominance in a subtropical lake impacted by nonpoint source nutrient pollution. Environ. Pollut.122:379-390.
Health Canada.,2004. Federal Contaminated Site Risk Assessment in Canada, Part I: Guidance on Human Health Preliminary Quantitative Risk Assessment (PQRA). Environmental Health Assessment Services, Safe Environments Directorate. www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ewh-semt/pubs/contamsite/part-partie_i/index-eng.php.
Hinrichsen, D., Tacio, H.,2002. The coming freshwater crisis is already here. Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars:Environmental Change and Security Program.
Hu, L., Hu, W., Zhai, S., Wu, H.,2010. Effects on water quality following water transfer in Lake Taihu, China. Ecol. Eng.36:471-481.
Hua, X., Shan, Z.,1996. The production and application of pesticides and factor analysis of their pollution in environment in China. Adv. Environ. Sci.4:33-45.
Huang, S. S., Liao, Q. L., Hua, M., Wu, X. M., Bi, K. S., Yan, C. Y., Chen, B., Zhang, X. Y.,2007. "Survey of heavy metal pollution and assessment of agricultural soil in Yangzhong district, Jiangsu Province, China," Chemosphere,67:2148-2155.
IARC, (International Agency for Research on Cancer).,2012. Polycyclic Aromatic Hy-drocarbons, IARC Monogaraphs 2006,92, Lyone, France. Available at http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Meetings/92-pahs.pdf(accessed Oct 2012).
Ilnitsky, A.P., Mischenko, V.S., Shabad, L.M.,1977. New data on volcanoes as natural sources of carcinogenic substances:Cancer Lett.3:227.
Imperato, M.,2003. "Spatial distribution of heavy metals in urban soils of Naples city (Italy)," Environ. Pollut.124:247-256.
Inigo, V., Andrades, M., Alonso-Martirena, J., Marin, A., Jimenez-Ballesta, R.,2013. "Spatial Variability of Cadmium and Lead in Natural Soils of a Humid Mediterranean Environment:La Rioja, Spain" Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1-11.
Iqbal, J., Shah, M. H.,2011. "Distribution, correlation and risk assessment of selected metals in urban soils from Islamabad, Pakistan," J. Hazard. Mater.192:887-898.
ISO, N.,2005. "10390 Soil quality, determination of pH," International Organization for Standardization, Geneve, Switzerland.
Jarup, L.,2003. "Hazards of heavy metal contamination," Br. Med. Bull.68:167-182.
Jiang, C., Zhu, L., Hu, X., Cheng, J., Xie, M.,2011. Reasons and Control of Eutrophica-tion in New Reservoirs. Eutrophication:causes, consequences and control. Springer,325-340.
Johansson, K., Bergback, B., Tyler, G.,2001. "Impact of atmospheric long range transport of lead, mercury and cadmium on the Swedish forest environment," Wa-ter Air Soil Pollut.1:279-297.
Johnson, A.C., Williams, R.J.,2004. A model to estimate influent and effluent concentra-tions of estradiol, estrone, and ethinylestradiol at sewage treatment works. Envi-ron. Sci. Technol.38:3649-3658.
Jones, R.C., Kelso, D.P., Schaeffer, E.,2008. Spatial and seasonal patterns in water quali-ty in an embayment-mainstem reach of the tidal freshwater Potomac River, USA: a multiyear study. Environ. Monit. Assess.147:351-375.
Jonnalagadda, S., Mhere, G.,2001. Water quality of the Odzi River in the eastern high-lands of Zimbabwe. Water Res.35:2371-2376.
Kabata-Pendias, A., Pendias, H.,2001 "Trace elements in soils and plants" CRC, Press, I Llc.
Kai, H., Ishibashi, Y., Mori, T., Ishibashi, H., Kawaguchi, I., Ohwaki, H., Takemasa, T., Arizono, K.,2010. Decolorization and estrogenic activity of colored livestock wastewater after electrolysis treatment. J. Mater. Cycles Waste 12(2):128-135.
Kannel, P.R., Lee, S., Lee, Y.-S., Kanel, S.R., Khan, S.P.,2007. Application of water quality indices and dissolved oxygen as indicators for river water classification and urban impact assessment. Environ. Monit. Assess.132:93-110.
Karakaya, N., Evrendilek, F.,2010. Water quality time series for Big Melen stream (Tur-key):its decomposition analysis and comparison to upstream. Environ. Monit. Assess.165:125-136.
Katsoyiannis, A.,2006. Occurrence of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the Soulou stream in the power generation area of Eordea, northwestern Greece. Chemo-sphere.65:1551-1561.
Kaushik, A., Kansal, A., Kumari, S., Kaushik, C.,2009. Heavy metal contamination of river Yamuna, Haryana, India:Assessment by metal enrichment factor of the sed-iments. J. Hazard. Mater.164:265-270.
Kazi, T., Arain, M., Jamali, M., Jalbani, N., Afridi, H., Sarfraz, R., Baig, J., Shah, A.Q., 2009. Assessment of water quality of polluted lake using multivariate statistical techniques:A case study. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safe.72:301-309.
Kinney, C.A., Furlong, E.T., Werner, S.L., Cahill, J.D.,2006. Presence and distribution of wastewater-derived pharmaceuticals in soil irrigated with reclaimed water. En-viron. Toxicol. Chem.25:317-326.
Kirk, J.T.,1985. Effects of suspensoids (turbidity) on penetration of solar radiation in aquatic ecosystems. Hydrobiologia 125:195-208.
Kirk, L.A., Tyler, C.R., Lye, C.M.,2002. Sumpter, J.P. Changes in estrogenic and andro-genic activities at different stages of treatment in wastewater treatment works. Environ. Toxicol. Chem.21:972-979.
Knight, C., Kaiser, J., Lalor, G., Robotham, H., Witter, J.,1997. "Heavy metals in surface water and stream sediments in Jamaica," Environ. Geochem. Heal.19:63-66.
Kolodziej, E.P., Harter, T., Sedlak, D.L.,2004. Dairy wastewater, aquaculture, and spawning fish as sources of steroid hormones in the aquatic environment. Envi-ron. Sci. Technol.38:6377-6384.
Kookana, R.S., Baskaran, S., Naidu, R.,1998. Pesticide fate and behaviour in Australian soils in relation to contamination and management of soil and water:a review. Australian J. Soil Res.36:715-764.
Kumar, B., Verma, V.K., Kumar, S., Sharma, C.S.,2013. Probabilistic health risk as-sessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls in urban soils from a tropical city of India. J. Environ. Sci. Health, Part A.48:1253-1263.
Lange, I.G., Daxenberger, A., Schiffer, B., Witters, H., Ibarreta, D., Meyer, H.H.D., 2002. Sex hormones originating from different livestock production systems:fate and potential disrupting activity in the environment. Anal. Chim. Acta 473(1-2):27-37.
Lead, W.A., Steinnes, E., Bacon, J.R., Jones, K.C.,1997. Polychlorinated biphenyls in UK and Norwegian soils:spatial and temporal trends. Sci. Total Environ.193:229-236.
Lee, O., Takesono, A., Tada, M., Tyler, C.R., Kudoh, T.,2012. Biosensor zebra fish pro-vide new insights into potential health effects of environmental estrogens. Envi-ron. Heal. Perspect.120:990.
Legros, S., Doelsch, E., Feder, F., Moussard, G., Sansoulet, J., Gaudet, J. P., Rigaud, S., Doelsch, I. B., Macary, H. S., Bottero, J. Y.,2013. "Fate and behaviour of Cu and Zn from pig slurry spreading in a tropical water-soil-plant system," Agric. Ecosys. Environ.164:70-79.
Leigh, C., Burford, M.A., Roberts, D.T., Udy, J.W.,2010. Predicting the vulnerability of reservoirs to poor water quality and cyanobacterial blooms. Water Res.44:4487-4496.
Lemieux, P.M.; Lutes, C.C.; Santoianni, D.A.,2004. Emissions of organic air toxics from open burning:a comprehensive review. Prog. Energ. Combust. Sci.30:1-32.
Lesage, S., and Jackson, R.E.,1992. Groundwater contamination and analysis at hazard-ous waste sites:Marcel Dekker, Inc.,552.
Li, J., Zhang, G., Qi, S., Li, X., Peng, X.,2006. Concentrations, enantiomeric composi-tions, and sources of HCH, DDT and chlordane in soils from the Pearl River Del-ta, South China. Sci. Total Environ.372(1):215-224.
Li, S., Migita, J.,1992. Pesticide runoff from paddy field and its impact on receiving wa-ter. Water Sci. Technol.25:69-76.
Li, S., Liu, W., Gu, S., Cheng, X., Xu, Z., Zhang, Q.,2009. Spatio-temporal dynamics of nutrients in the upper Han River basin, China. J. Hazard. Mater.162:1340-1346.
Lide, D. R.,2005. "CRC Handbook of chemistry and physics, geophysics, astronomy, and acoustics, abundance of elements in the earth's crust and in the sea," CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, Section 14.
Lintelmann, J., Katayama, A., Kurihara, N., Shore, L., Wenzel, A.,2003. Endocrine dis-ruptors in the environment (IUPAC Technical Report). Pure Appl. Chem.75:631-68.
Liu, Z., Sun, G., Huang, S., Sun, W., Guo, J., Xu, M.,2012. Water Quality Index as a Simple Indicator of Drinking Water Source in the Dongjiang River, China. Int. J. Environ. Protect.2 (5):16-21.
Liu, Z.-h., Kanjo, Y., Mizutani, S.,2009. Removal mechanisms for endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) in wastewater treatment—physical means, biodegradation, and chemical advanced oxidation:a review. Sci. Total Environ.407:731-748.
Liu, H., Li, W.,2011. Dissolved trace elements and heavy metals from the shallow lakes in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River region, China. Environ. Earth Sci.62:1503-1511.
Liu, J., Liang, X., Yang, J., Ye,Y., Su, M., Nie, Z., Chen, Y.,2011. Size distribution and composition of phosphorus in the East Tiao River, China:The significant role of colloids. J. Environ. Monit.13:2844-2850.
Loska, K., Cebula, J., Pelczar, J., Weichula, D., Kwapulinski, J.,1995. "Use of Enrich-ment, and Contamination Factors Together with Geoaccumulation Indexes to Evaluate the Content of Cd, Cu, and Ni in the Rybnik Water Reservoir in Po-land," Water Air Soil Pollut.93:347-365.
Loska, K., Wiechula, D., Korus, I.,2004. "Metal contamination of farming soils affected by industry,"Environ. Int.30:159-165.
Lu, P., Mei, K., Zhang, Y., Liao, L., Long, B., Dahlgren, R.A., Zhang, M.,2011. Spatial and temporal variations of nitrogen pollution in Wen-Rui Tang River watershed, Zhejiang, China. Environ. Monit. Assess.180:501-520.
Lu, R.S., Lo, S.L., Hu, J.Y.,1999. Analysis of reservoir water quality using fuzzy syn-thetic evaluation. Stoch. Environ. Res. Risk Assess.13:327-336.
Lu, GH., Yan, Z.H., Wang, Y.H., Chen, W.,2011. Assessment of estrogenic contamina-tion and biological effects in Lake Taihu. Ecotoxicology 20(5):974-981.
Lu, GH., Zhang, H.Z., Wang, C.,2010. Assessment of Estrogenic Activity Conducted by Combining Bioassay and Chemical Analyses of the Effluent from Wastewater Treatment Plants in Nanjing, China. Environ. Toxicol. Chem.29:1279-1286.
Luo, L., Ma, Y., Zhang, S., Wei, D., Zhu, Y.-G.,2009. An inventory of trace elementin puts to agricultural soils in China. J. Environ. Manage. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.01.1011.
Luo, W., Lu, Y., Giesy, J. P., Wang, T., Shi, Y., Wang, G., Xing,Y.,2007. "Effects of land use on concentrations of metals in surface soils and ecological risk around Guanting Reservoir, China," Environ. Geochem. Heal.29:459-471.
Ma, M., Rao, KF., Wang, Z.J.,2007. Occurrence of estrogenic effects in sewage and in-dustrial wastewaters in Beijing, China. Environ. Pollut.147(2):331-336.
Maas, S., Scheifler, R., Benslama, M., Crini, N., Lucot, E., Brahmia, Z., Benyacoub, S., Giraudoux, P.,2010. "Spatial distribution of heavy metal concentrations in urban, suburban and agricultural soils in a Mediterranean city of Algeria," Environ. Pollut.158:2294-2301.
Maguire, R.,1992. The importance of pesticide volatilization from the surface microlayer of natural waters after aerial spraying. Water Sci.Technol.25:111-116.
Mahanta, M. J., Bhattacharyya, K. G.,2010. "Total concentrations, fractionation and mo-bility of heavy metals in soils of urban area of Guwahati, India," Environ. Monit. Assess.173:221-240.
Mai, B., Qi, S., Zeng, E.Y., Yang, Q., Zhang, G., Fu, J., Sheng, G., Peng, P.,2003. Wang, Z. Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the coastal region off Ma-cao, China:assessment of input sources and transport pathways using composi-tional analysis. Environ. Sci. Technol.37:4855-4863.
Makarewicz, J.C., D'Aiuto, P.E., Bosch, I.,2007. Elevated Nutrient Levels from Agricul-turally Dominated Watersheds Stimulate Metaphyton Growth. J. Great Lakes Res. 33:437-448.
Man, Y.B., Lopez, B.N., Wang, H.S., Leung, A.O.W., Chow, K.L., Wong, M.H.,2011. Cancer risk assessment of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlo-rinated biphenyls (PCBs) in former agricultural soils of Hong Kong. J. Hazard. Mater.195:92-99.
Mann, S. S., Rate, A. W., Gilkes, R. J.,2002. "Cadmium accumulation in agricultural soils in Western Australia," Water Air Soil Pollut.141:281-297.
Meijer, S.N., Ockenden, W., Sweetman, A., Breivik, K., Grimalt, J.O., Jones, K.C.,2003. Global distribution and budget of PCBs and HCB in background surface soils: implications for sources and environmental processes. Environ. Sci. Technol. 37:667-672.
Metcalfe, C.D., Metcalfe, T.L., Kiparissis, Y., Koenig, B.G., Khan, C., Hughes, R.J., Croley, T.R., March, R.E., Potter, T.E.,2001. Strogenic potency of chemicals de-tected in sewage treatment plant effluents as determined by in vivo assays with Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes). Environ. Toxicol. Chem.20(2):297-308.
Mico. C., Recatala, L., Peris, M., Sanchez, J.,2006 "Assessing heavy metal sources in agricultural soils of an European Mediterranean area by multivariate analysis," Chemosphere,65:863-872.
Mielke, H.W., Wang, G., Gonzales, C.R., Powell, E.T., Le, B., Quach, V.N.,2004. PAHs and metals in the soils of inner-city and suburban New Orleans, Louisiana, USA. Environ. Toxicol. Pharm.18:243-247.
Mishra, K., Sharma, R.C., Kumar, S.,2012. Contamination levels and spatial distribution of organochlorine pesticides in soils from India. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safe. 76:215-225.
Mo, C.H., Cai, Q.Y., Li, Y.H., Zeng, Q.Y.,2008. Occurrence of priority organic pollu-tants in the fertilizers, China. J. Hazard. Mater.152:1208-1213.
Motelay-Massei, A., Ollivon, D., Garban, B., Teil, M., Blanchard, M.,2004. Chevreuil, M. Distribution and spatial trends of PAHs and PCBs in soils in the Seine River basin, France. Chemosphere.55:555-565.
Mulholland, P.J., Houser, J.N., Maloney, K.O.,2005. Stream diurnal dissolved oxygen profiles as indicators of in-stream metabolism and disturbance effects:Fort Benning as a case study. Ecol. Indic.5:243-252.
Muller, G.,1969. "Index of geoaccumulation in sediments of the Rhine River," J. Geol. 2:108-118.
Nair, D.R., Burken, J.G., Licht, L.A., Schnoor, J.L.,1993. Mineralization and uptake of triazine pesticide in soil-plant systems. J. Environ. Engin.119:842-854.
National Management Measures to Control Nonpoint Source Pollution from Agriculture. July 2003. Document No. EPA 841-B-03-004.
National Research Council (NRC).,2000. Clean coastal waters:understanding and reduc-ing the effects of nutrient pollution. National Academy Press, Washington, DC
Naveedullah., Hashmi, M. Z., Yu, C., Shen, H., Duan, D., Shen, C., Lou, L., Chen, Y., 2013. Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals Pollution in Agricultural Soils of Siling Reservoir Watershed in Zhejiang Province, China. BioMed. Res. Int.
N'Guessan, Y. M., Probst, J. L., Bur, T., Probst, A.,2009. "Trace elements in stream bed sediments from agricultural catchments (Gascogne region, S-W France):Where do they come from?," Sci. Total Environ.407:2939-2952.
Nicholson, F., Rollett, A., Chambers, B.2009. A review of practices on returns to land of organic materials containing potentially toxic elements (PTEs) and organic contam-inants (Report 1 for Defra Project SP0569). Nottinghamshire:ADAS.
Nicholson, F., Rollett, A., Chambers, B.,2010. The Defra "Agricultural Soil Heavy Met-al Inventory for 2008" (Report 3 for Defra Project SP0569). Nottinghamshire: ADAS.
Nicholson, F., Smith, S., Alloway, B., Carlton-Smith, C., Chambers, B.,2003. An inven-tory of heavy metals inputs to agricultural soils in England and Wales. Sci. Total Environ.311:205-219.
Niskavaara, H., Reimann, C., Chekushin, V., Kashulina, G.,1997 "Seasonal variability of total and easily leachable element contents in topsoils (0-5 cm) from eight catch-ments in the European Arctic (Finland, Norway and Russia)," Environ. Pollut.96: 261-274.
Notarianni, V., Calliera, M., Tremolada, P., Finizio, A., Vighi, M.,1998. PCB distribution in soil and vegetation from different areas in Northern Italy. Chemo-sphere 37:14-15.
Novotmy, V.,2003. Water quality:Diffuse pollution and watershed management. John Wiley and Sons.P.864.
Niirnberg, G.K.,1996. Trophic state of clear and colored, soft-and hardwater lakes with special consideration of nutrients, anoxia, phytoplankton and fish. Lake and Reserv. Managem.12:432-447.
Obaja, D., Mace, S., Mata-Alvarez, J.,2005. Biological nutrient removal by a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) using an internal organic carbon source in digested piggery wastewater. Biores. Technol.96:7-14.
Oiadipo, M.; Bodunde, J.,1993. ICP-MS analysis of tomato fruits grown on fertilizer amended soil. J. Environ. Sci. Heal. A.28:809-820.
Olson, S., Stall, W., Vallad, G., Webb, S., Smith, S., Simonne, E., McAvoy, E., Santos, B., Ozores-Hampton, M.,2005. Tomato production in Florida. Vegetable produc-tion handbook for Florida 2006:357-375.
Ongley, E.D., Xiaolan, Z., Tao, Y.,2010. Current status of agricultural and rural nonpoint source pollution assessment in China. Environ. Pollut.158:1159-1168.
Ouyang, Y., Higman, J., Thompson, J., O'Toole, T., Campbell, D.,2002. "Characteriza-tion and spatial distribution of heavy metals in sediment from Cedar and Ortega rivers subbasin," J. Contam. Hydrol.54:19-35.
Oves, M., Khan, M. S., Zaidi, A., Ahmad, E.,2012. "Soil contamination, nutritive value, and human health risk assessment of heavy metals:an overview, Toxicity of Heavy Metals to Legumes and Bioremediation," Springer,1-27.
Oyekunle, J.A.O., Ogunfowokan, A.O., Torto, N., Akanni, M.,2011. Determination of organochlorine pesticides in the agricultural soil of Oke-Osun farm settlement, Osogbo, Nigeria. Environ. Monit. Assess.177:51-61.
Paerl, H., Fulton III, R.,2006. Ecology of harmful cyanobacteria. Ecology of Harmful Algae:Springer.
Pant, M., Sharma, A., Sharma, P.,1980. Evidence for the increased eutrophication of lake Nainital as a result of human interference. Environ. Pollut. Series B, Chemical and Physical 1:149-161.
Parinet, B., Lhote, A., Legube, B.,2004. Principal component analysis:an appropriate tool for water quality evaluation and management—application to a tropical lake system. Ecol. Model.178:295-311.
Pawlowski, S., Ternes, T.A., Bonerz, M., Rastall, A.C., Erdinger, L., Braunbeck, T., 2004. Estrogenicity of solid phase-extracted water samples from two municipal sewage treatment plant effluents and river Rhine water using the yeast estrogen screen. Toxicol. In Vitro 18(1):129-138.
Pesce, S.F., Wunderlin, D.A.,2000. Use of water quality indices to verify the impact of Cordoba City (Argentina) on Suquia River. Water Res.34:2915-2926.
Ping, L., Hai-jun, Z., Li-li, W., Zhao-hui, L., Jian-lin, W., Yan-qin, W., Li-hua, J., Liang, D., Yu-feng, Z.,2011 "Analysis of Heavy metals sources for vegetable soils from Shandong Province, China," Agric. Sci. China,10:109-119.
Prasse, C, Zech, W., Itanna, F., Glaser, B.,2012. Contamination and source assessment of metals, polychlorinated biphenyls, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban soils from Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Toxicol. Environ. Chem.94:1954-1979.
Qian, Y., Migliaccio, K.W., Wan, Y., Li, Y.,2007. Trend analysis of nutrient concentra-tions and loads in selected canals of the Southern Indian River Lagoon, Florida. Water Air Soil Pollut.186:195-208.
Qu, J., Fan, M.,2010. The current state of water quality and technology development for water pollution control in China. Critical Reviews in Environ. Sci. Technol. 40:519-560.
Radojevic, M., Bashlin, V. N.,1999. "Practical Environmental Analysis," The Royal So-ciety of Chemistry, UK.
Raman, D.R., Williams, E.L., Layton, A.C., Burns, R.T., Easter, J.P., Daugherty, A.S., Mullen, M.D., Sayler, G.S.,2004. Estrogen content of dairy and swine wastes. Environ Sci. Technol.38(13):3567-573
Ramirez Garcia, P., Nandini, S., Sarma, S., Robles Valderrama, E., Cuesta, I., Hurtado, M.D.,2002. Seasonal variations of zooplankton abundance in the freshwater res-ervoir Valle de Bravo (Mexico). Hydrobiologia 467:99-108.
Rapant, S., Krcmova, K.,2007. Health risk assessment maps for arsenic groundwater content:application of national geochemical databases. Environ. Geochem. Heal. 29:131-141.
Reimann, C., de Caritat, P.,2005. "Distinguishing between natural and anthropogenic sources for elements in the environment:regional geochemical surveys versus en-richment factors," Sci. Total Environ.337:91-107.
Ren, N., Que, M., Li, Y.F., Liu, Y., Wan, X., Xu, D., Sverko, E., Ma, J.,2007. Polychlo-rinated biphenyls in Chinese surface soils. Environ. Sci. Technol.41:3871-3876.
Robinson, G.R., Larkins, P., Boughton, C.J., Reed, B.W., Sibrell, P.L.,2007. Assessment of contamination from arsenical pesticide use on orchards in the Great Valley re-gion, Virginia and West Virginia, USA. J. Environ. Qual.36:654-663.
Romic, M., Romic, D.,2003. "Heavy metals distribution in agricultural topsoils in urban area," Environ. Geol.43:795-805.
Rongfang, L., Changyan, L., Dunyin, W.,2011. Residual characteristic and eco-risk as-sessment of organochlorine pesticides in paddy soil in Jiangxi Province. Materials for Renewable Energy & Environment (ICMREE), International Conference on: IEEE.
Sanchez, E., Colmenarejo, M.F., Vicente, J., Rubio, A., Garcia, M.G., Travieso, L. Borja, R.,2007. Use of the water quality index and dissolved oxygen deficit as simple indicators of watersheds pollution. Ecol. Indic.7:315-328.
Sanchez-Martin, M. J., Sanchez-Camazano, M., Lorenzo, L. F.,2000. "Cadmium and Lead Contents in Suburban and Urban Soils from Two Medium-Sized Cities of Spain:Influence of Traffic Intensity," Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.64:250-257.
Sanders, M., Sivertsen, S., Scott, G.,2002. Origin and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surficial sediments from the Savannah River. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.43:0438-0448.
Sanghi, R., Sasi, K.,2001. Pesticides and heavy metals in agricultural soil of Kanpur, In-dia. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.67:0446-0454.
Sarmah, A.K., Northcott, G.L., Leusch, F.D.L., Tremblay, L.A.,2006. A survey of endo-crine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in municipal sewage and animal waste efflu-ents in the Waikato region of New Zealand. Sci. Total Environ.355(1):135-144.
Schuhmacher, M., Granero, S., Xifro, A., Domingo, J.L., Rivera, J., Eljarrat, E.,1998. Levels of PCDD/Fs in soil samples in the vicinity of a municipal solid waste in-cinerator. Chemosphere.37(9-12):2127-37.
Shen, C., Chen, Y., Huang, S., Wang, Z., Yu, C., Qiao, M., Xu, Y., Setty, K., Zhang, J., Zhu, Y.,2009. Dioxin-like compounds in agricultural soils near e-waste recycling sites from Taizhou area, China:chemical and bioanalytical characterization. Envi-ron. Int.35:50-55.
Shen, J.H., Gutendorf, B., Vahl, H.H., Shen, L., Westendorf, J.,2001. Toxicological pro-file of pollutants in surface water from an area in Taihu Lake, Yangtze Delta. Toxicol 166:71-78.
Shi, W.X., Wang, L.Z., Rousseau, D.P.L., Lens, P.N.L.,2010. Removal of estrone,17a-ethinylestradiol, and 17β-estradiol in algae and duckweed-based wastewater treatment systems. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res.17:824-833.
Simeonov, V., Stratis, J., Samara, C., Zachariadis, G., Voutsa, D., Anthemidis, A., Sofoniou, M., Kouimtzis, T.,2003. Assessment of the surface water quality in Northern Greece. Water Res.37:4119-4124.
Smil, V.,1997. China's environment and security:Simple myths and complex realities. SAIS
Song, M.W., Huang, P., Li, F., Zhang, H., Xie, K.Z., Wang, X.H., He, G.X.,2011. Water quality of a tributary of the Pearl River, the Beijiang, Southern China:implica-tions from multivariate statistical analyses. Environ. Monit. Assess.172:589-603.
Song, W.T., Lu, G.H., Wang, C., Zhang, H.Z., Xu, S., Qin, J.,2010. Study on environ-mental estrogen pollution in Yangtze River (Nanjing section) by an in vivo bioas-say. Bull. Environ. Contain. Toxicol.84:406-412.
Soto, A.M., Sonnenschein, C., Chung, K.L., Fernandez, M.F., Olea, N., Serrano, F.O., 1995. The E-SCREEN assay as a tool to identify estrogens:an update on estro-genic environmental pollutants. Environ. Heal. Perspect.103:113.
Soto, AM., Calabro, J.M., Prechtl, N.V., Yau, A.Y., Orlando, E.F., Daxenberger, A., Kolok, A.S., Guillette, L.J.Jr., le, Bizec. B., Lange, I.G., Sonnenschein, C.,2004. Androgenic and estrogenic activity in water bodies receiving cattle feedlot effluent in Eastern Nebraska, USA. Environ. Heal. Perspect.112(3):346-352.
Stafilov, T., Sajn, R., Pancevski, Z., Boev, B., Frontasyeva, M. V., Strelkove, L.,2010. "Heavy metal concentration of topsoils around a lead and zinc smelter in the Re-public of Macedonia," J. Hazard. Mater.175:896-914.
Stambuk-Giljanovic, N.,1999. Water quality evaluation by index in Dalmatia. Water Res.33:3423-3440.
Sultan, K.,2007. "Distribution of Metals and Arsenic in Soils of Central Victoria (Cres-wick-Ballarat), Australia," Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.52,339-346.
Sun, B., Zhang, L., Yang, L., Zhang, F., Norse, D., Zhu, Z.,2012. Agricultural nonpoint source pollution in China:causes and mitigation measures. Ambio.41:370-379.
Sutherland, R. A.,2000. "Bed sediment-associated trace metals in an urban stream, Oahu, Hawaii," Environ. Geol.39:611-627.
Suzuki, Y., Kubota, A., Furukawa, T., Sugamoto, K., Asano, Y., Takahashi, H., Sekito, T., Dote, Y., Sugimoto, Y.,2009. Residual of 17 β-estradiol in digestion liquid generated from a biogas plant using livestock waste. J. Hazard. Mater.165(1-3):677-682.
Swanson, N.L., Liss, W.J., Ziller, J.S., Wade, M.G., Gresswell, R.E.,2000. Growth and diet of fish in Waldo Lake, Oregon. Lake Reservoir Manage.16:133-143.
Tang, X., Shen, C., Shi, D., Cheema, S.A., Khan, M.I., Zhang, C., Chen, Y.,2010. Heavy metal and persistent organic compound contamination in soil from Wenling:An emerging e-waste recycling city in Taizhou area, China. J. Hazard. Mater. 173:653-660.
Tao, S., Guo, L. Q., Liu, W. X., Ju, T. Z., Dawson, R., Cao, J., Xu, F. L., Li, B. G.,2004. Use of sequential ASE extraction to evaluate the bioavailability of DDT and its metabolites to wheat roots in soils with various organic carbon contents. Sci. To-tal Environ.320:1-9.
Tariq, S. R., Shah, M. H., Shaheen, N.,2009a. "Comparative statistical analysis of chrome and vegetable tanning effluents and their effects on related soil," J. Haz-ard. Mater.169:285-290.
Tariq, S. R., Shaheen, N., Khalique, A., Shah, M. H.,2009b. "Distribution, correlation, and source apportionment of selected metals in tannery effluents, related soils, and groundwater—a case study from Multan, Pakistan," Environ. Monit. As-sess.166:303-312.
Tashiro, Y., Takemura, A., Fujii, H., Takahira, K., Nakanishi, Y., Livestock wastes as a source of estrogens and their effects on wildlife of Manko tidal flat, Okinawa. Mar. Pollut. Bull.47:143-147.
Taylor, S. R., Mclennan, S. M.,1995. "The geochemical evolution of the continental crust," Reviews of Geophysics,33:241-265.
Ternes, T.A., Bonerz, M., Herrmann, N., Teiser, B.,2007. Andersen, H.R. Irrigation of treated wastewater in Braunschweig, Germany:An option to remove pharmaceu-ticals and musk fragrances. Chemosphere.66:894-904.
Tessier, A., Campbell, P. G., Bisson, M.,1979. "Sequential extraction procedure for the speciation of particulate trace metals," Analyt. Chem.51:844-851.
Toor, G.S., Han, L., Stanley, C.D.,2012. Temporal variability in water quality parame-ters—a case study of drinking water reservoir in Florida, USA. Environ. Monit. Assess.1-16.
Tundisi, J., Matsumura-Tundisi, T., Arantes Junior, J., Tundisi, J., Manzini, N., Ducrot, R.,2004. The response of Carlos Botelho (Lobo, Broa) reservoir to the passage of cold fronts as reflected by physical, chemical, and biological variables. Brazilian J. Biol.64:177-186.
Turekian. K. K., Wedepohl, K. H.,1961. "Distribution of the elements in some major units of the earth's crust," Geolo. Soc. Am. Bull.72:175-192.
U.S.Geological Survey.,2011, February 8. Where is Earth's Water Located? Retrieved from http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/earthwherewater.html
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Washington, D.C., October 2007. "Na-tional Water Quality Inventory:Report to Congress; 2002 Reporting Cycle." Doc-ument No. EPA-841-R-07-001.
UNECE.,1998. Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants under the 1979 Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution; ECB/EB.Air/60; United Nations Eco-nomic Commission for Europe:Geneva, Switzerland.
UNESCO.,2006. Water, a shared responsibility. The United Nations World Water De-velopment Report 2. United Nations World Water Assessment Program.
USEPA., (United States Environmental Protection Agency).,2001. Supplemental Guid-ance for Soil Screening Levels for Superfund sites OCWER 9355, Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, Washington, DC,2-24.
USEPA., (United States Environmental Protection Agency).,2009. Risk Assessment Guiadance for Superfund. Vol I:Human Health Evaluation Manual (F. Supple-mental Guidance for Inhalation Risk Assessment) EPA/540/R/070/00, Office of the Superfund REemesiation and Technology Innovation, Washington DC.
USEPA., (United States Environmental Protection Agency)., Risk Assessment Guiadance for Superfund. Vol I:Human Health Evaluation Manual EPA/540/1-89/002.
USEPA.,1996. Method 3620B:Florisil Cleanup, US Environmental Protection Agen-cy,Washington, DC.
USEPA.,1996. Method 8270C:Semivolatile Organic Compounds by Gas Chromatog-raphy/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS), US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
USEPA.,1997. (United States Environenintal Protection Agency), polychlorinated biphenyles (PCBs), CASRN 1336-36-3, Environmental Protection Agency, Washington.
USEPA.,1997. Exposure factors handbook. EPA/600/P-95/002F. Washington:Environ-mental Protection Agency.
USEPA.,2007. "Microwave Assisted Acid Digestion of Sediments, Sludges, Soils, and Oils, Method 3051 A," Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC,2007.
USEPA.,2009. Risk assessment guidance for superfund. Vol. I:human health evaluation manual (F, supplemental guidance for inhalation risk assessment) EPA/540/R/070/002. Washington:Environmental Protection Agency.
USEPA,2000. National Water Quality Inventory:1998 Report to Congress. Office of Water, vegetation from different areas in Northern Italy. Chemosphere.37:2839-2845.
Vega, M., Pardo, R., Barrado, E., Deban, L.,1998. Assessment of seasonal and polluting effects on the quality of river water by exploratory data analysis. Water Res.32: 3581-3592.
Vega, F. A., Covelo, E. F., Cerqueira, B., Andrade, M. L.,2009. "Enrichment of marsh soils with heavy metals by effect of anthropic pollution," J. Hazard. Mater.170, pp.1056-1063,2009.
Vieira, N., Bio, A.,2011. Spatial and temporal variability of water quality and zooplank-ton in an artisanal salina. J. Sea Res.65:293-303.
Wang, F., Jiang, X., Bian, Y.R., Yao, F.X., Gao, H.J., Yu, G.F., Munch, J. C., Schroll, R., 2007. Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China. J. Environ. Sci.19(5):584-590.
Wania, F., Mackay, D.,1996. Peer reviewed:tracking the distribution of persistent organ-ic pollutants. Environ. Sci. Technol.30:390A-396A.
Ward, M.H., Mark, S.D., Cantor, K.P., Weisenburger, D.D.,1996. Drinking Water Ni-trate and the Risk of Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma. Epidemiology,7(5):465-471.
Wei, B., Yang, L.,2010. A review of heavy metal contaminations in urban soils, urban road dusts and agricultural soils from China. Microchem. J.94:99-107.
Wei, H., Yan-Xia, L., Ming, Y., Wei, L.,2011. Presence and Determination of Manure-borne Estrogens from Dairy and Beef Cattle Feeding Operations in Northeast China. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.86:465-469.
White, C.M., Lee, M.L.,1980. Identification and geochemical significance of some aro-matic components of coal:Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta,44:1825.
White, P.A., Kalff, J., Rasmussen, J.B., Gasol, J.M.,1991. The effect of temperature and algal biomass on bacterial production and specific growth rate in freshwater and marine habitats. Microb. Ecolo.21:99-118.
Wilcke, W.,2000. Synopsis polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil—a review. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci.163:229-248.
Wong, S. C., Li, X. D., Zhang, G., GQi, S. H., Min, Y. S.,2002. "Heavy metals in agri-cultural soils of the Pearl River Delta, South China," Environ. Pollut.119:33-44.
Wu, S., Zhou, S., Li, X., Jackson, T., Zhu, Q.,2011. "An approach to partition the an-thropogenic and natural components of heavy metal contaminations in roadside agricultural soil," Environ. Monit. Assess.173:871-881.
Wu, W., Xie, D. T., Liu, H. B.,2009. "Spatial variability of soil heavy metals in the three gorges area:multivariate and geostatistical analyses," Environ. Monit. As-sess.157:63-71.
World Health Organization (WHO).,1998. Guidelines for drinking water quality, Ad-dendum to vol 1,2nd ed. World Health Organization, Recommendations. Geneva
Xu. H., Yang, L.Z., Zhao, G.M., Jiao, J.G., Yin, S.X., Liu, Z.P.,2009. Anthropogenic impact on surface water quality in Taihu Lake Region, China. Pedosphere 19: 765-778.
Yahaya, M. I., Muhammad, S., Abdullah, B. K.,2009. "Seasonal variations of heavy metals concentration in abattoir dumping site soil in Nigeria," J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Manage.13.
Yalcin, M. G., Tumuklu, A., Sonmez, M., Erdag, D. S.,2009 "Application of multivari-ate statistical approach to identify heavy metal sources in bottom soil of the Seyhan River (Adana), Turkey," Environ. Monit. Assess.164:311-322.
Yamada, T., Inoue, T., Fukuhara, H., Nakahara, O., Izuta, T., Suda, R., Takahashi, M., Sase, H., Takahashi, A., Kobayashi, H.,2007. Long-term trends in surface water quality of five lakes in Japan. Water Air Soil Pollut. Focus 7:259-266.
Yang, B., Xue, N., Zhou, L., Li, F., Cong, X., Han, B., Li, H., Yan, Y., Liu, B.,2012. Risk assessment and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in agricultural soils of Huanghuai plain, China. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safe.84 (1):304-310.
Yunker, M.B., Macdonald, R.W., Goyette, D., Paton, D.W., Fowler, B.R., Sullivan, D., Boyd, J.,1999. Natural and anthropogenic inputs of hydrocarbons to the Strait of Georgia. Sci. Total Environ.225:181-209.
Zanini, E., Bonifacio, E., Cuttica, G.,1992. Heavy metals in soils near a steel-making industry:A case study in a complex valley situation in Italy. J. Environ. Sci. Heal. A.27:2019-2036.
Zhang, H., Luo, Y., Wong, M., Zhao, Q., Zhang, G.,2006. Distributions and concentra-tions of PAHs in Hong Kong soils. Environ. Pollut.141:107-114.
Zhang, W., Wu, S., Ji, H., Kolbe, H.,2004. Estimation of agricultural nonpoint source pollution in China and the alleviating strategies. I. Estimation of agricultural non-point source pollution in China in early 21 century. Sci. Agric. Sinica.37:1008-1017.
Zhang, Y., Tao, S., Shen, H., Ma, J.,2009. Inhalation exposure to ambient polycyclic ar-omatic hydrocarbons and lung cancer risk of Chinese population. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 106:21063-21067.
Zhang, Y.X., Tao, S., Cao, J., Coveney, R.M.,2007. Emission of polycyclic aromatic hy-drocarbons in China by county. Environ. Sci. Technol.41:683-687.
Zhang, F., He, J., Yao, Y., Hou, D., Jiang, C., Zhang, X., Di, C.,2013. Otgonbayar, K. Spatial and seasonal variations of pesticide contamination in agricultural soils and crops sample from an intensive horticulture area of Hohhot, North-West China. Environ. Monit. Assess.1-16.
Zhang, Z.H., Feng,Y.J., Su, H., Ren, N.Q.,2011. Comparison and analysis of estrogen removal efficiency in AO and AAO processes. Acta Sci. Circumst.31(1):26-32.
Zhao, G., Gao, J., Tian, P., Tian, K., Ni, G.,2011. Spatial-temporal characteristics of sur-face water quality in the Taihu Basin, China. Environ. Earth Sci.64:809-819.
Zhao, J.L., Ying, G.G., Wang, L., Yang, J.F., Yang, X.B., Yang, L.H., Li, X.,2009. De-termination of phenolic endocrine disrupting chemicals and acidic pharmaceuti-cals in surface water of the Pearl Rivers in South China by gas chromatography-negative chemical ionization-mass spectrometry. Sci. Total Environ.407:962-974.
Zhao, Z., Knowlton, K.F., Love, N.G., Ogejo, J.A.,2008. Contribution of 17-β estradiol to total estrogenicity in dairy manure subject to anaerobic digestion or separation and aeration. An AS ABE Meeting Presentation, Paper Number:084384.
Zheng, Y. M., Chen, T. B., Chen, H.,2005b. "Lead accumulation in soils under different land use in Beijing City," Acta Geogr. Sinica.60:791-797.
Zheng, Y. M., Chen, T. B., Zheng, G. D.,2005a. "Chromium and nickel accumulations in soils under different land use (in Chinese)," Resources Sci.27:162-166.
Zheng, Y. M., Chen, T. B., Zheng, G. D.,2005d. "Copper accumulation in soils under differential land use in Beijing (in Chinese)," J. Nat. Resources.20:690-696.
Zheng, Y. M., Luo, J. F., Chen, T. B.,2005c. "Cadmium accumulation in soils under dif-ferential land use in Beijing (in Chinese)," Geogr. Res.24:542.
Zhou. X., Lian, Z., Wang, J., Tan, L., Zhao, Z.,2011. Distribution of Estrogens Along Licun River in Qingdao, China. Procedia Environ. Sci.10:1876-1880.
Zilberbrand, M., Rosenthal, E., Shachnai, E.,2001. Impact of urbanization on hydrochemical evolution of groundwater and on unsaturated-zone gas composi-tion in the coastal city of Tel Aviv, Israel. J. Contam. Hydrol.50:175-208.