地方高校突发事件应急管理能力研究
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摘要
突发事件在带来财产损失和人身伤害的同时，将诱发更大的社会和政治冲突。近年来，高校发生了食物中毒、学生自杀、学术腐败等诸多突发事件，地方高校作为我国高等教育的主要组成部分，自然也成了我国高校各类突发事件的“阵地”，积极应对和管理这些突发事件，不仅事关地方高校的稳定运行，更能确保和促进经济和社会稳定、和谐和发展。经过多年努力，我国在突发事件管理相关法律法规、技术措施和平台建设方面取得长足发展，但是与此相应的突发事件管理理论还显得相当粗糙，特别是地方高校突发事件管理能力方面还没有形成系统和科学的管理理论和方法。因此，本文围绕突发事件应急管理能力评价和应对策略，在地方高校突发事件形成机理、应急管理能力指标体系、应急管理能力指标评价模型和应急管理对策方面展开了研究，主要研究工作和结论如下：
（1）分析了地方高校突发事件类型、特征及成因，揭示了地方高校突发事件形成机理，搭建了地方高校突发事件应急管理能力的理论基础
界定了地方高校突发事件、地方高校突发事件应急管理、地方高校突发事件应急管理能力的内涵；从突发事件性质及诱发原因角度划分了地方高校突发事件类型；根据地方高校现状及其相关研究，系统总结、提炼和解析了地方高校突发事件的特征；分析了地方高校突发事件的成因，揭示了地方高校突发事件形成机理。通过这些内容的研究，搭建起了地方高校突发事件应急管理能力的理论基础。
（2）构建了地方高校突发事件应急管理能力评价指标体系
确立了应急管理能力评价指标体系的构建原则及流程，在（1）的基础上建立了应急计划能力、应急组织能力、应急指挥能力、应急协调能力、应急控制能力和资源保障能力等6个一级指标；对6个一级指标又细分为37个二级指标，对37个二级指标进行了详细描述；最终形成了地方高校应急管理能力评价指标体系；通过问卷调查、实证检验方法对应急管理能力指标体系的合理性进行检验，结果表明所构建的指标体系通过了验证。
（3）建立了地方高校突发事件应急管理能力评价模型
首先，在五级评分制的基础上，对（2）确立的37个二级指标建立了具体的评价标准；第二，运用层次分析法构建了两两判断矩阵，利用问卷调查和专家判断数据，计算获得了各指标权重初步值，进一步运用熵值修正技术综合确定了各指标权重值；最后建立了基于多层次模糊综合评价的地方高校突发事件应急管理能力评价模型。
（4）提出了地方高校突发事件应急管理对策
针对地方高校突发事件特点及存在问题，分别从地方高校外部相关主体作为和内部措施两个层面，提出了地方高校突发事件应急管理策略。地方高校外部相关主体作为层面包括政府应“有所作为”、高校间建立联动机制和积极引导媒体控制舆情等应对策略；地方高校内部措施层面包括充分保障各项应急资源和稳步提升地方高校内部各项应急管理能力。
（5）实证分析了地方高校突发事件应急管理能力评价模型
选取了陕西省三所典型地方高校，实际运用了地方高校突发事件应急管理能力评价模型。结果表明模型评价与三所高校突发事件应急管理实际成效基本一致。模型运用还进一步发现三所地方高校突发事件应急管理在风险分析及隐患排查、宣传教育、培训和演习、信息收集传递能力、应急联动能力、预案启动能力、信息系统保障能力等方面还需要改进。
以上研究成果对我国地方高校突发事件应急管理提供了理论和方法支持，研究成果的应用将继续为维护高校安全稳定、构建校园和谐环境，乃至为社会发展做出应有的贡献，也将为我国其他领域的突发事件应急管理提供借鉴。
Emergencies can bring the property damage and personal injury, and induce greatersocial and political conflicts.In recent years, there are many emergencies such as foodpoisoning, student suicide, academic corruption et al.in the universities. Local universities is agathering place for all types of emergencies, for it is a major component of higher educationin China. Local universities have to respond to and manage these unexpected eventsactively which not only related to the stability of the local universities, but also ensured andpromoted stability, harmony and development to the economy and society. After years ofefforts, progresses have been made in the laws, regulations, technical measures and platformconstruction of emergency management in China. But the theory of emergency managementis not comprehensive enough, especially emergency management capacity has not formed asystematic and scientific management theory and methods of local universities. Based onthese, the paper studies the Local Universities’ Emergencies(LUE) formation mechanism,emergency management capability index system, emergency management capability indexevaluation model, and emergency management countermeasures around emergencymanagement capability assessment and coping strategies.The primary works and conclusionsare:
(1)Analyzed the classifications, characteristics and reasons of the LUE, uncovered themechanism of LUE, and built the theoretical basis of emergency management capacity oflocal universities.
Firstly, the paper defined the terms including, Local Universities’ Emergency (LUE),Local Universities’ Emergency Management (LUEM) and the Capability of LocalUniversities’ Emergency Management (CLUEM). Secondly, the paper made the classificationof LUE from the perspective of the nature and the reason of emergency. Thirdly, the papersummarized, refined and resolved the characteristics of the local universities based on thestatus quo and the former studies. Finally, the paper analyzed the reason of LUE, and discussed the mechanism of LUE. Through the studies of these content, the paper built up atheoretical foundation of the CLUEM.
(2)Built the indicator system of CLUEM.
Firstly, the paper established construction principles and processes of emergencymanagement evaluation index system. Secondly, the paper established6first-class indicatorsinclude capability of emergency planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating, controllingand resource assuring based (1). Then, the6first-class indicators subdivided into37second-class indicators which had been detailed description in the paper. And the indicatorsystem of CLUEM was formed. Finally, the paper test the indicator system of CLUEMthrough questionnaires and empirical testing methods.
(3)Set up the assess model of the indicators for CLUEM.
Firstly, the paper established specific quantitative criteria to37secondary indicators onthe basis of five rating degree. Secondly, the paper built pairwise judgment matrices byAnalytic Hierarchy Process(AHP), calculated the initial value of the index weight by surveydata and expert judgment, and determined the weight of each index value by using EntropyValue Correction Method(EVCM). Finally, assess model of the indicators for CLUEM wasset up by using the Multi-level Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation Model(MFCEM).
(4)Proposed the solutions for LUEM.
In terms of the characteristics and problems of LUE, the paper proposed the strategy ofLUEM from the functions of external relevant bodies and internal measures of localuniversities. The external level included the government motivating, the interactions betweenuniversities, and guiding multimedias for positive campaign and leading the public sentimentout of negative reports. The internal level included assuring the resource sufficiently andimprove every aspect of the emergency management capability steadily.
(5)Proved the assess model of the indicators for CLUEM through case study.
With the assess model for CLUEM, the paper analyzed the emergency managementcapabilities of three typical local universities. The consequent showed that result of assessmodel is consistent with the actual situation of three universities of emergency management.The model also found that they all need improvements in aspects of risk analysis, hiddendanger checking, propaganda and education, training and practice, information collection andpropagation capability, cooperation capability, emergency plan application capability,information system assurance capability and etc.
Above study the studies provided theoretical and practical supports in respect of LUEM,the application of study findings will continue to safeguard the security and stability of universities, build a harmonious campus environment, and make contributions for socialdevelopment. It also provide a reference of other areas of emergency management.
（1）分析了地方高校突发事件类型、特征及成因，揭示了地方高校突发事件形成机理，搭建了地方高校突发事件应急管理能力的理论基础
界定了地方高校突发事件、地方高校突发事件应急管理、地方高校突发事件应急管理能力的内涵；从突发事件性质及诱发原因角度划分了地方高校突发事件类型；根据地方高校现状及其相关研究，系统总结、提炼和解析了地方高校突发事件的特征；分析了地方高校突发事件的成因，揭示了地方高校突发事件形成机理。通过这些内容的研究，搭建起了地方高校突发事件应急管理能力的理论基础。
（2）构建了地方高校突发事件应急管理能力评价指标体系
确立了应急管理能力评价指标体系的构建原则及流程，在（1）的基础上建立了应急计划能力、应急组织能力、应急指挥能力、应急协调能力、应急控制能力和资源保障能力等6个一级指标；对6个一级指标又细分为37个二级指标，对37个二级指标进行了详细描述；最终形成了地方高校应急管理能力评价指标体系；通过问卷调查、实证检验方法对应急管理能力指标体系的合理性进行检验，结果表明所构建的指标体系通过了验证。
（3）建立了地方高校突发事件应急管理能力评价模型
首先，在五级评分制的基础上，对（2）确立的37个二级指标建立了具体的评价标准；第二，运用层次分析法构建了两两判断矩阵，利用问卷调查和专家判断数据，计算获得了各指标权重初步值，进一步运用熵值修正技术综合确定了各指标权重值；最后建立了基于多层次模糊综合评价的地方高校突发事件应急管理能力评价模型。
（4）提出了地方高校突发事件应急管理对策
针对地方高校突发事件特点及存在问题，分别从地方高校外部相关主体作为和内部措施两个层面，提出了地方高校突发事件应急管理策略。地方高校外部相关主体作为层面包括政府应“有所作为”、高校间建立联动机制和积极引导媒体控制舆情等应对策略；地方高校内部措施层面包括充分保障各项应急资源和稳步提升地方高校内部各项应急管理能力。
（5）实证分析了地方高校突发事件应急管理能力评价模型
选取了陕西省三所典型地方高校，实际运用了地方高校突发事件应急管理能力评价模型。结果表明模型评价与三所高校突发事件应急管理实际成效基本一致。模型运用还进一步发现三所地方高校突发事件应急管理在风险分析及隐患排查、宣传教育、培训和演习、信息收集传递能力、应急联动能力、预案启动能力、信息系统保障能力等方面还需要改进。
以上研究成果对我国地方高校突发事件应急管理提供了理论和方法支持，研究成果的应用将继续为维护高校安全稳定、构建校园和谐环境，乃至为社会发展做出应有的贡献，也将为我国其他领域的突发事件应急管理提供借鉴。
Emergencies can bring the property damage and personal injury, and induce greatersocial and political conflicts.In recent years, there are many emergencies such as foodpoisoning, student suicide, academic corruption et al.in the universities. Local universities is agathering place for all types of emergencies, for it is a major component of higher educationin China. Local universities have to respond to and manage these unexpected eventsactively which not only related to the stability of the local universities, but also ensured andpromoted stability, harmony and development to the economy and society. After years ofefforts, progresses have been made in the laws, regulations, technical measures and platformconstruction of emergency management in China. But the theory of emergency managementis not comprehensive enough, especially emergency management capacity has not formed asystematic and scientific management theory and methods of local universities. Based onthese, the paper studies the Local Universities’ Emergencies(LUE) formation mechanism,emergency management capability index system, emergency management capability indexevaluation model, and emergency management countermeasures around emergencymanagement capability assessment and coping strategies.The primary works and conclusionsare:
(1)Analyzed the classifications, characteristics and reasons of the LUE, uncovered themechanism of LUE, and built the theoretical basis of emergency management capacity oflocal universities.
Firstly, the paper defined the terms including, Local Universities’ Emergency (LUE),Local Universities’ Emergency Management (LUEM) and the Capability of LocalUniversities’ Emergency Management (CLUEM). Secondly, the paper made the classificationof LUE from the perspective of the nature and the reason of emergency. Thirdly, the papersummarized, refined and resolved the characteristics of the local universities based on thestatus quo and the former studies. Finally, the paper analyzed the reason of LUE, and discussed the mechanism of LUE. Through the studies of these content, the paper built up atheoretical foundation of the CLUEM.
(2)Built the indicator system of CLUEM.
Firstly, the paper established construction principles and processes of emergencymanagement evaluation index system. Secondly, the paper established6first-class indicatorsinclude capability of emergency planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating, controllingand resource assuring based (1). Then, the6first-class indicators subdivided into37second-class indicators which had been detailed description in the paper. And the indicatorsystem of CLUEM was formed. Finally, the paper test the indicator system of CLUEMthrough questionnaires and empirical testing methods.
(3)Set up the assess model of the indicators for CLUEM.
Firstly, the paper established specific quantitative criteria to37secondary indicators onthe basis of five rating degree. Secondly, the paper built pairwise judgment matrices byAnalytic Hierarchy Process(AHP), calculated the initial value of the index weight by surveydata and expert judgment, and determined the weight of each index value by using EntropyValue Correction Method(EVCM). Finally, assess model of the indicators for CLUEM wasset up by using the Multi-level Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation Model(MFCEM).
(4)Proposed the solutions for LUEM.
In terms of the characteristics and problems of LUE, the paper proposed the strategy ofLUEM from the functions of external relevant bodies and internal measures of localuniversities. The external level included the government motivating, the interactions betweenuniversities, and guiding multimedias for positive campaign and leading the public sentimentout of negative reports. The internal level included assuring the resource sufficiently andimprove every aspect of the emergency management capability steadily.
(5)Proved the assess model of the indicators for CLUEM through case study.
With the assess model for CLUEM, the paper analyzed the emergency managementcapabilities of three typical local universities. The consequent showed that result of assessmodel is consistent with the actual situation of three universities of emergency management.The model also found that they all need improvements in aspects of risk analysis, hiddendanger checking, propaganda and education, training and practice, information collection andpropagation capability, cooperation capability, emergency plan application capability,information system assurance capability and etc.
Above study the studies provided theoretical and practical supports in respect of LUEM,the application of study findings will continue to safeguard the security and stability of universities, build a harmonious campus environment, and make contributions for socialdevelopment. It also provide a reference of other areas of emergency management.
引文
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