L和S波段高频收发前端研究
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摘要
微波收发前端是卫星通信系统的重要组成部分。微波接收前端通过低噪声放大、下变频、滤波等处理环节,把高频信号转换为中频信号;发射前端则通过调制、上变频、功率放大等处理环节,把基带信号转换为微波信号。可以说,微波收发前端是卫星通信系统的枢纽。本文对某卫星导航定位终端的L波段发射前端和S波段接收前端进行了深入研究,并完成了高频前端一体化模块的设计和调试。
本文首先从电路、工艺和体制三方面系统地介绍了微波电路以及高频收发前端的发展状况和未来的发展趋势。详细比较研究了不同收发前端体系结构的优点、缺点和改进方向,并结合课题实际,S波段高频接收前端采用性能优良的二次下变频超外差体系结构,L波段高频发射前端采用改进后的射频载波直接调制体系结构。
同时论文深入研究了高频收发前端工程实现中的关键技术:接收机高灵敏度、低噪声系数、高线性度和低相位噪声以及发射前端直接载波调制和微波线性功率放大。深入分析了影响扩频接收机灵敏度的主要因素,研究高频收发前端中噪声的来源、带来的影响以及解决方法,并根据工程实际需要完成低噪声放大器研制;详细分析研究了相位噪声对通信系统的影响,采用串行数字锁相频率合成技术完成了满足工程实际要求的收发本振源设计;深入研究了直接微波载波调制实现二进制相位键控(BPsK)的方法,并对直接载波调制方法进行了巧妙的改进,即将发射前端本振锁相频率降为发射载波频率的一半,有效地解决了发射信号对本振的牵引问题,同时又简化了硬件结构。针对BPSK调制信号经过功率放大器后,带外谐波对邻道干扰的严重问题,论文采用窄带、低损耗腔体滤波器来抑制带外谐波分量,并采用一种新的方法来设计和调试腔体滤波器,即利用S_(11)在谐振频率处的群时延来设计和调试谐振腔耦合滤波器。理论和实践证明,这种方法在多谐振腔耦合的带通滤波器调谐中带来方便。论文最后给了收发前端一体化模块的测试方法和测试结果,并给出系统整机联合调试的结果。系统整机联调结果表明本课题研制的L和S波段高频收发前端模块满足系统指标要求。
Microwave transceiver is an important component in the satellite communication system. The basic function of transmitter is to encode the baseband informantion onto a high frequency sine wave carrier signal that can be radiated more effectively than the direct radiation of the baseband signal, and to amplify the microwave carrier, the purpose of which is to meet demand of long-distance transmission. The receiver converts the high microwave carrier frequency to a low intermediate frequency (IF) by using the low noise amplifier (LNA) and mixer and band pass filter (BPF). So microwave transceiver is the hinge of signal chain in the wireless system. This thesis focuses on the research and design of the L band transmitter and S band receiver front.
Firstly, in this thesis, the historical development and future trends of microwave transceiver, from circuit, arts and crafts, to system are introduced. Then, a superheterodyne receiver and an improved direct modulation technology are used to carry out the transceiver of the satellite communication. Secondly, some key technologies in practice, such as sensitivity, low noise factor and phase noise, linearity, microwave direct modulation and linear power amplifier are discussed, and some technologies are used to reach the target. A LNA with a low noise factor is designed to determine the noise characteristic of whole receiver. The low phase noise is reached by using serial-digital phase-locked loop (PLL) frequency synthesizer. In order to eliminate the effect of "pull-push" from a large transmission signal in the microwave direct modulation system, an improvement that the transmission carrier doubles the frequency of local oscillator (LO) is applied to microwave transmitter front. A useful approach to the design and tuning coupled-resonator filter using group delay has been described. And a tapped I/Q coupled-resonator filter with low insertion loss and narrow band has been simulated and tuned. Thirdly, the methods of tuning and measuring transceiver front, as well as its results are figured out.
本文首先从电路、工艺和体制三方面系统地介绍了微波电路以及高频收发前端的发展状况和未来的发展趋势。详细比较研究了不同收发前端体系结构的优点、缺点和改进方向,并结合课题实际,S波段高频接收前端采用性能优良的二次下变频超外差体系结构,L波段高频发射前端采用改进后的射频载波直接调制体系结构。
同时论文深入研究了高频收发前端工程实现中的关键技术:接收机高灵敏度、低噪声系数、高线性度和低相位噪声以及发射前端直接载波调制和微波线性功率放大。深入分析了影响扩频接收机灵敏度的主要因素,研究高频收发前端中噪声的来源、带来的影响以及解决方法,并根据工程实际需要完成低噪声放大器研制;详细分析研究了相位噪声对通信系统的影响,采用串行数字锁相频率合成技术完成了满足工程实际要求的收发本振源设计;深入研究了直接微波载波调制实现二进制相位键控(BPsK)的方法,并对直接载波调制方法进行了巧妙的改进,即将发射前端本振锁相频率降为发射载波频率的一半,有效地解决了发射信号对本振的牵引问题,同时又简化了硬件结构。针对BPSK调制信号经过功率放大器后,带外谐波对邻道干扰的严重问题,论文采用窄带、低损耗腔体滤波器来抑制带外谐波分量,并采用一种新的方法来设计和调试腔体滤波器,即利用S_(11)在谐振频率处的群时延来设计和调试谐振腔耦合滤波器。理论和实践证明,这种方法在多谐振腔耦合的带通滤波器调谐中带来方便。论文最后给了收发前端一体化模块的测试方法和测试结果,并给出系统整机联合调试的结果。系统整机联调结果表明本课题研制的L和S波段高频收发前端模块满足系统指标要求。
Microwave transceiver is an important component in the satellite communication system. The basic function of transmitter is to encode the baseband informantion onto a high frequency sine wave carrier signal that can be radiated more effectively than the direct radiation of the baseband signal, and to amplify the microwave carrier, the purpose of which is to meet demand of long-distance transmission. The receiver converts the high microwave carrier frequency to a low intermediate frequency (IF) by using the low noise amplifier (LNA) and mixer and band pass filter (BPF). So microwave transceiver is the hinge of signal chain in the wireless system. This thesis focuses on the research and design of the L band transmitter and S band receiver front.
Firstly, in this thesis, the historical development and future trends of microwave transceiver, from circuit, arts and crafts, to system are introduced. Then, a superheterodyne receiver and an improved direct modulation technology are used to carry out the transceiver of the satellite communication. Secondly, some key technologies in practice, such as sensitivity, low noise factor and phase noise, linearity, microwave direct modulation and linear power amplifier are discussed, and some technologies are used to reach the target. A LNA with a low noise factor is designed to determine the noise characteristic of whole receiver. The low phase noise is reached by using serial-digital phase-locked loop (PLL) frequency synthesizer. In order to eliminate the effect of "pull-push" from a large transmission signal in the microwave direct modulation system, an improvement that the transmission carrier doubles the frequency of local oscillator (LO) is applied to microwave transmitter front. A useful approach to the design and tuning coupled-resonator filter using group delay has been described. And a tapped I/Q coupled-resonator filter with low insertion loss and narrow band has been simulated and tuned. Thirdly, the methods of tuning and measuring transceiver front, as well as its results are figured out.
引文
[1]李绪益.微波技术与微波电路.广州:华南理工大学出版社,2007
[2]Daniel L.Kaczman,Manish Shah,Nihal Godambe.A Single-Chip Tri-Band(2100,1900,850/800 MHz) WCDMA/HSDPA Cellular Transceiver.IEEE JOURNAL OF SOLID-STATE CIRCUITS,2006,41(5):1122-1132
[3]A.J.Leeuwenburgh,J.W.F.ter Laak,A.G.Mulders,et al.1.9GHz Fully Integrated CMOS DECT Transceiver.Solid-State Circuits Conference,2003,Vol.1:450-456
[4]Yo-Shen Lin,Ko-Mai Li,Chun Hsiung Chen.Design of an LTCC Tri-Band Transceiver Module for GPRS Mobile Applications.IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES,2004,52(12):2718-2724
[5]Pete Sivonen,Jussi Tervaluoto,Niko Mikkola,et al.A 1.2-V RF Front-End With On-Chip VCO for PCS 1900 Direct Conversion Receiver in 0.13-μm CMOS.IEEE JOURNAL OF SOLID-STATE CIRCUITS,2006,41(2):384-394
[6]P.H.Woerlee,M.J.Knitel,R.van Langevelde,D.B.M.Klaassen,L.F.Tiemeijer,A.J.Scholten,and A.T.A.Zegers-van Duijnhoven.RF CMOS performance trends.IEEETransactions on Electron Devices,2001,48(8):1776-1782
[7]李燕山,连红运,孙志林.全球卫星定位系统的现状及未来.创新科技,2006;第7期:41-43
[8]Joy Laskab,Babak Matinpour,Sudipto Chakraborty.Modern Receiver Front-End:Systems,Circuits,and Integration.John Wiley & Sons,Inc.,Hoboken,New Jersey,2004
[9]陈邦媛.射频通信电路.北京:科学出版社,2002
[10]徐建,孙大有.无线接收机RF前端研究.东南大学学报,2000,30(13):136-140
[11]Behzad Razavi.Design Considerations for Direct-Conversion Receivers.IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems-Ⅱ:Analog and Digital Signal Processing,1997,44(6):428-435
[12]Asad Abidi.Direct-conversion Radio Transceivers for Digital Communications.IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits,1995,30(12):1399-1410
[13]W.Bing,H.M.Kwon,and J.Mittel.Simple DC removers for digital FM direct-conversion receiver.IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference,May,1999,vol.2:1222-1226
[14]Brian A.Floyd,Scott K.Reynolds,Thomas Zwick.WCDMA Direct-Conversion Receiver Front-End Comparison in RF-CMOS and SiGe BiCMOS.IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES,2005,53(4):1181-1188
[15]F.Behbahani,J.C.Leete,Y.Kishigami,A.Roithmeier,et al.A 2.4-GHz low-IF receiver for wideband WLAN in 0.6μm CMOS architecture and front-end.IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits,2000,35(12):1908-1916
[16]J.E.Gonzalez Villarruell,F.Ramírez Fuentes.RF System Concepts Applied to Digital Wireless Receivers Design Based on wireless standards.2nd International Conference on Electrical and Electronics Engineering(ICEEE) and Ⅺ Conference on Electrical Engineering(CIE 2005)
[17]黄智伟.无线发射与接收电路设计.北京:北京航空航天大学出版社,2004
[18]张博.WCDMA基站灵敏度分析.通信世界,2005,第20期:34-35
[19]Machael S.Braasch,A.J.Van Dierendonck.GPS Receiver Architectures and Measurements.Proceedings of The IEEE,1999.87(1):48-64
[20]严国萍,龙占超.通信电子线路.北京:科学出版社,2005
[21]张玉兴.射频模拟电路.北京:电子工业出版社,2003
[22]Stephen A.Maas.Nonlinear Microwave and RF circuits.Artechhouse,2003
[23]David M.Pozar.Microwave and RF Wireless System.John Wiley & Sons Inc,2000
[24]李宗谦,余京兆,高葆新.微波工程基础.北京:清华大学出版社,2004
[25]孙雪康,张政.微波与卫星通信(第二版).北京:人民邮电出版社,2007
[26]郑伟,金仲,黄勇伟.接收机整机最小噪声系数的实现.电路与系统学报,2004,9(4):45-49
[27]Guillermo Gonzalez著.微波晶体管放大器的分析与设计(白晓东译).北京:清华大学出版社,2003
[28]Reinhold Ludwing,Pavel Bretchko.RF Circuit Design:Theory and Application.Prentice Hall,2002
[29]Jhong Sam Lee and Leonard E.Miller.CDMA Systems Engineering Handbook.Artech House Publishers,1998.
[30]CDMA RF System Engineering,Samuel C.Yang,Artech House Publishers,1998.
[31]高树廷,刘洪升.相位噪声分析及对电路系统的影响.火控雷达技术,2003,32(6):58-62
[32]张爱兵,黄普明,张辉.本振相位噪声引起QPSK信号信噪比降低的分析与仿真.空间电子技术,2004,第1期:37-41
[33]刘西峰,马伟.QPSK系统微波本振相位噪声与BER的定量关系.空间电子技术,2005,第3期:21-24
[34]张厥盛,郑继禹,万心平.锁相技术.西安:西安电子科技大学出版社,2001
[35]白局宪.低噪声频率合成.西安:西安交通大学出版社,1994
[36]Peter White.Understanding Phase Noise From Digital Components in PLL Frequency Synthesizers.Applied Radio Labs 2000
[37]李学海.PIC单片机实用教程—基础篇.北京:北京航空航天大学出版,2004
[38]叶银法,陆健贤等.WCDMA系统工程手册.北京:机械工业出版社,2006.8
[39]Park,H.C.Power and bandwidth efficient constant-envelope BPSK signals and its continuous phase modulation interpretation.Communications,lEE Proceedings,2005,52(3):288-294
[40]John Ness.A Unified Approach to Design,Measurement,and Tuning of Coupled-Resonator Filters.IEEE Trans.Microwave Theory Techniques,1998,46(4):343-351
[41]甘本跋,吴万春.现代微波滤波器的结构与设计.西安:西安电子科技大学出版社,1973
[42]E.G.Cristal.Tapped-line coupled transmission lines with applications to interdigital and combine filters,IEEE Trans.Microwave Theory Techniques,1975,23(12):1007-1012
[43]Joseph S.Wong.Microstrip Tapped-line Filters Design.IEEE Transactions on Microwave and Theory,1979,27(1):44-50
[44]Yu Rong,Kawthar A Zaki.Full-wave analysis of coupling between cylindrical combline resonators,IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques,1999,47(9):1721-1729
[2]Daniel L.Kaczman,Manish Shah,Nihal Godambe.A Single-Chip Tri-Band(2100,1900,850/800 MHz) WCDMA/HSDPA Cellular Transceiver.IEEE JOURNAL OF SOLID-STATE CIRCUITS,2006,41(5):1122-1132
[3]A.J.Leeuwenburgh,J.W.F.ter Laak,A.G.Mulders,et al.1.9GHz Fully Integrated CMOS DECT Transceiver.Solid-State Circuits Conference,2003,Vol.1:450-456
[4]Yo-Shen Lin,Ko-Mai Li,Chun Hsiung Chen.Design of an LTCC Tri-Band Transceiver Module for GPRS Mobile Applications.IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES,2004,52(12):2718-2724
[5]Pete Sivonen,Jussi Tervaluoto,Niko Mikkola,et al.A 1.2-V RF Front-End With On-Chip VCO for PCS 1900 Direct Conversion Receiver in 0.13-μm CMOS.IEEE JOURNAL OF SOLID-STATE CIRCUITS,2006,41(2):384-394
[6]P.H.Woerlee,M.J.Knitel,R.van Langevelde,D.B.M.Klaassen,L.F.Tiemeijer,A.J.Scholten,and A.T.A.Zegers-van Duijnhoven.RF CMOS performance trends.IEEETransactions on Electron Devices,2001,48(8):1776-1782
[7]李燕山,连红运,孙志林.全球卫星定位系统的现状及未来.创新科技,2006;第7期:41-43
[8]Joy Laskab,Babak Matinpour,Sudipto Chakraborty.Modern Receiver Front-End:Systems,Circuits,and Integration.John Wiley & Sons,Inc.,Hoboken,New Jersey,2004
[9]陈邦媛.射频通信电路.北京:科学出版社,2002
[10]徐建,孙大有.无线接收机RF前端研究.东南大学学报,2000,30(13):136-140
[11]Behzad Razavi.Design Considerations for Direct-Conversion Receivers.IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems-Ⅱ:Analog and Digital Signal Processing,1997,44(6):428-435
[12]Asad Abidi.Direct-conversion Radio Transceivers for Digital Communications.IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits,1995,30(12):1399-1410
[13]W.Bing,H.M.Kwon,and J.Mittel.Simple DC removers for digital FM direct-conversion receiver.IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference,May,1999,vol.2:1222-1226
[14]Brian A.Floyd,Scott K.Reynolds,Thomas Zwick.WCDMA Direct-Conversion Receiver Front-End Comparison in RF-CMOS and SiGe BiCMOS.IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES,2005,53(4):1181-1188
[15]F.Behbahani,J.C.Leete,Y.Kishigami,A.Roithmeier,et al.A 2.4-GHz low-IF receiver for wideband WLAN in 0.6μm CMOS architecture and front-end.IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits,2000,35(12):1908-1916
[16]J.E.Gonzalez Villarruell,F.Ramírez Fuentes.RF System Concepts Applied to Digital Wireless Receivers Design Based on wireless standards.2nd International Conference on Electrical and Electronics Engineering(ICEEE) and Ⅺ Conference on Electrical Engineering(CIE 2005)
[17]黄智伟.无线发射与接收电路设计.北京:北京航空航天大学出版社,2004
[18]张博.WCDMA基站灵敏度分析.通信世界,2005,第20期:34-35
[19]Machael S.Braasch,A.J.Van Dierendonck.GPS Receiver Architectures and Measurements.Proceedings of The IEEE,1999.87(1):48-64
[20]严国萍,龙占超.通信电子线路.北京:科学出版社,2005
[21]张玉兴.射频模拟电路.北京:电子工业出版社,2003
[22]Stephen A.Maas.Nonlinear Microwave and RF circuits.Artechhouse,2003
[23]David M.Pozar.Microwave and RF Wireless System.John Wiley & Sons Inc,2000
[24]李宗谦,余京兆,高葆新.微波工程基础.北京:清华大学出版社,2004
[25]孙雪康,张政.微波与卫星通信(第二版).北京:人民邮电出版社,2007
[26]郑伟,金仲,黄勇伟.接收机整机最小噪声系数的实现.电路与系统学报,2004,9(4):45-49
[27]Guillermo Gonzalez著.微波晶体管放大器的分析与设计(白晓东译).北京:清华大学出版社,2003
[28]Reinhold Ludwing,Pavel Bretchko.RF Circuit Design:Theory and Application.Prentice Hall,2002
[29]Jhong Sam Lee and Leonard E.Miller.CDMA Systems Engineering Handbook.Artech House Publishers,1998.
[30]CDMA RF System Engineering,Samuel C.Yang,Artech House Publishers,1998.
[31]高树廷,刘洪升.相位噪声分析及对电路系统的影响.火控雷达技术,2003,32(6):58-62
[32]张爱兵,黄普明,张辉.本振相位噪声引起QPSK信号信噪比降低的分析与仿真.空间电子技术,2004,第1期:37-41
[33]刘西峰,马伟.QPSK系统微波本振相位噪声与BER的定量关系.空间电子技术,2005,第3期:21-24
[34]张厥盛,郑继禹,万心平.锁相技术.西安:西安电子科技大学出版社,2001
[35]白局宪.低噪声频率合成.西安:西安交通大学出版社,1994
[36]Peter White.Understanding Phase Noise From Digital Components in PLL Frequency Synthesizers.Applied Radio Labs 2000
[37]李学海.PIC单片机实用教程—基础篇.北京:北京航空航天大学出版,2004
[38]叶银法,陆健贤等.WCDMA系统工程手册.北京:机械工业出版社,2006.8
[39]Park,H.C.Power and bandwidth efficient constant-envelope BPSK signals and its continuous phase modulation interpretation.Communications,lEE Proceedings,2005,52(3):288-294
[40]John Ness.A Unified Approach to Design,Measurement,and Tuning of Coupled-Resonator Filters.IEEE Trans.Microwave Theory Techniques,1998,46(4):343-351
[41]甘本跋,吴万春.现代微波滤波器的结构与设计.西安:西安电子科技大学出版社,1973
[42]E.G.Cristal.Tapped-line coupled transmission lines with applications to interdigital and combine filters,IEEE Trans.Microwave Theory Techniques,1975,23(12):1007-1012
[43]Joseph S.Wong.Microstrip Tapped-line Filters Design.IEEE Transactions on Microwave and Theory,1979,27(1):44-50
[44]Yu Rong,Kawthar A Zaki.Full-wave analysis of coupling between cylindrical combline resonators,IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques,1999,47(9):1721-1729