《愤怒的葡萄》的存在主义解读
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摘要
约愉·斯坦贝克美国20世纪30年代大萧条期间最富盛名的小说家,他一直致力于寻找并发掘真实的美国及其本质。斯坦贝克亲眼目睹了大萧条时代流动工人的悲惨境遇,并基于他犀利的观察创作了一系列对来自尘暴重灾区移民饱含同情的“加利福尼亚小说”。在此系列作品中,《愤怒的葡萄》常被誉为斯坦贝克的最高成就,享誉全球。小说以乔德一家向西迁徙的旅程为主线。移民经历的苦难,悲痛以及他们对生活变故的不同反应使读者印象深刻。
自出版以来,《愤怒的葡萄》曾一度被当作社会问题报告,后来逐步被当作文学作品,从不同批评角度进行研究。然而对于小说中大量得存在主义思想,却罕见于研究。本论文旨在利用萨特提出的自欺、本真和人道主义三个概念,探究《愤怒的葡萄》中潜在的存在主义。本文将依据以上三个概念,以小说中若干人物为对象进行分析,研究人类对于自欺的软弱,对本真的坚定定不移以及对人文主义的终极升华。
本论文分为五部分。第一部分引言包括约翰斯坦贝克生平简介及其作品《愤怒的葡萄》简介和文献综述,并对萨特存在主义哲学思想进行总体介绍。
第一章首先讨论萨特提出的自欺概念,继而以若干人物为对象,分析自欺的两类形式。
第二章以存在主义概念自欺的对立概念本真为中心议题。本章利用本真的概念,分析小说中的人物如何承受住各种巨大压力,坚持本真的存在
第三章分析了萨特为存在主义中做出的巨大跨越,即个人主义如何升华为人文主义。本章分析了牧师凯西,汤姆和罗撒香精神层面的发展和转遍,分别展现了他们精神层面的成熟过程。
最后一部分为结论,对前面章节进行总结。本章指出小说中的人物与存在主义概念的平行关系,进一步强调了《愤怒的葡萄》中的存在主义。与存在主义类似,小说的结尾积极向上,对人文主义精神进行积极宣扬。
As the most recognized novelist of the American Depression of the1930s, John Steinbeck is dedicated to pursuing and discovering the truth of a genuine America. Having witnessed the grim conditions of migrant workers, he devoted himself to the creation of a series of "California novels" which are filled with keen observation and profound compassion for migrants from the Dust Bowl. Among this series, The Grapes of Wrath is more often than not considered his highest achievement and is appreciated around the world. The novel features the.load family's journey to the west. It impresses the reader with migrants'hardships, sorrows as well as their various reactions to the change of their lives.
Since publication, The Grapes of Wrath underwent from being read simply as a report of social problems to an example of diverse critical approaches. However, the novel is rarely studied from an existentialist perspective which the novel is greatly immersed with. This thesis intends to explore the existentialist potential in The Grapes of Wrath with special focus on the following three Sartrean notions:bad faith, authenticity, and humanism. The thesis will analyze several characters during times of drastic changes according to the aforementioned concepts, analyzing human vulnerability to bad faith, their adamant insistence on individual authenticity, and some of the characters'ultimate elevation into humanism.
This thesis comprises five parts. The first part consists of a brief introduction to John Steinbeck and The Grapes of Wrath, a literature review and a general introduction of existentialist philosophy.
Chapter One first deliberates on the Sartrean conception of bad faith, which is closely followed by an analysis of two categories of bad faith based on the examination of several characters.
Chapter Two centers on the theme of authenticity, a significant proposition raised by existentialists as opposed to "bad faith". This chapter adopts the notion of authenticity to analyze how characters strive to maintain an authentic existence under multifarious forms of tremendous pressure.
Chapter Three analyzes a significant stride in the Sarlrean existentialism, namely, how individualism evolves into humanism. It draws on the mental development and transition of Casy, Tom, and Rose of Sharon, offering an analysis of their respective spiritual maturity.
The last part is the conclusion, which summarizes previous chapters. It points out the parallel between the novel characters and existentialist conceptions, reinforcing the existentialist dimension of The Grapes of Wrath. Similar to the existentialism, the novel winds up with an upbeat note that affirms the spirit of humanism.
自出版以来,《愤怒的葡萄》曾一度被当作社会问题报告,后来逐步被当作文学作品,从不同批评角度进行研究。然而对于小说中大量得存在主义思想,却罕见于研究。本论文旨在利用萨特提出的自欺、本真和人道主义三个概念,探究《愤怒的葡萄》中潜在的存在主义。本文将依据以上三个概念,以小说中若干人物为对象进行分析,研究人类对于自欺的软弱,对本真的坚定定不移以及对人文主义的终极升华。
本论文分为五部分。第一部分引言包括约翰斯坦贝克生平简介及其作品《愤怒的葡萄》简介和文献综述,并对萨特存在主义哲学思想进行总体介绍。
第一章首先讨论萨特提出的自欺概念,继而以若干人物为对象,分析自欺的两类形式。
第二章以存在主义概念自欺的对立概念本真为中心议题。本章利用本真的概念,分析小说中的人物如何承受住各种巨大压力,坚持本真的存在
第三章分析了萨特为存在主义中做出的巨大跨越,即个人主义如何升华为人文主义。本章分析了牧师凯西,汤姆和罗撒香精神层面的发展和转遍,分别展现了他们精神层面的成熟过程。
最后一部分为结论,对前面章节进行总结。本章指出小说中的人物与存在主义概念的平行关系,进一步强调了《愤怒的葡萄》中的存在主义。与存在主义类似,小说的结尾积极向上,对人文主义精神进行积极宣扬。
As the most recognized novelist of the American Depression of the1930s, John Steinbeck is dedicated to pursuing and discovering the truth of a genuine America. Having witnessed the grim conditions of migrant workers, he devoted himself to the creation of a series of "California novels" which are filled with keen observation and profound compassion for migrants from the Dust Bowl. Among this series, The Grapes of Wrath is more often than not considered his highest achievement and is appreciated around the world. The novel features the.load family's journey to the west. It impresses the reader with migrants'hardships, sorrows as well as their various reactions to the change of their lives.
Since publication, The Grapes of Wrath underwent from being read simply as a report of social problems to an example of diverse critical approaches. However, the novel is rarely studied from an existentialist perspective which the novel is greatly immersed with. This thesis intends to explore the existentialist potential in The Grapes of Wrath with special focus on the following three Sartrean notions:bad faith, authenticity, and humanism. The thesis will analyze several characters during times of drastic changes according to the aforementioned concepts, analyzing human vulnerability to bad faith, their adamant insistence on individual authenticity, and some of the characters'ultimate elevation into humanism.
This thesis comprises five parts. The first part consists of a brief introduction to John Steinbeck and The Grapes of Wrath, a literature review and a general introduction of existentialist philosophy.
Chapter One first deliberates on the Sartrean conception of bad faith, which is closely followed by an analysis of two categories of bad faith based on the examination of several characters.
Chapter Two centers on the theme of authenticity, a significant proposition raised by existentialists as opposed to "bad faith". This chapter adopts the notion of authenticity to analyze how characters strive to maintain an authentic existence under multifarious forms of tremendous pressure.
Chapter Three analyzes a significant stride in the Sarlrean existentialism, namely, how individualism evolves into humanism. It draws on the mental development and transition of Casy, Tom, and Rose of Sharon, offering an analysis of their respective spiritual maturity.
The last part is the conclusion, which summarizes previous chapters. It points out the parallel between the novel characters and existentialist conceptions, reinforcing the existentialist dimension of The Grapes of Wrath. Similar to the existentialism, the novel winds up with an upbeat note that affirms the spirit of humanism.
引文
Beauvoir, Simone de. "The Ethics of Ambiguity." Webster University Philosophy Department. Web.19 Mar.2013.
Beegel, Susan, Susan Shillinglas and Wesley N. Tiffney. Steinbeck and the Environment: Interdisciplinary Approaches. Tuscaloosa:University of Alabama Press,1997.
Benson, Jackson J., ed. The Short Novels of John Steinbeck:Critical Essays with a Checklist to Steinbeck Criticism, Durhan, NC:Duke University Press,1990. The True Adventures of John Steinbeck, Writer. New York:Viking,1984.
Bloom, Harold. Modern Critical Interpretations:John Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath. New York:Chelsea House Publishers,1988.
Bryant, Jerry. H.. The Open Decision:the Contemporary American Novel and Its Intellectual Background, New York:Free Press,1970.
Carman, Taylor. "The Concept of Authenticity." A Companion to Phenomenology and Existentialism. Ed. Hubert L. Dreyfus and Mark A. Wrathall,2006.229-239.
Carpenter, Frederic I.. "The Philosophical Joads." College English, Vol.2, No.4 (Jan., 1941), pp.315-325.
Davis, Robert Murray. Steinbeck:A Collection of Critical Essays. Twentieth Century View. Englewood Cliffs, NJ:Peince-Hall,1972.
Dreyfus, Hubert L.. "The Roots of Existentialism." A Companion to Phenomenology and
Existentialism. Ed. Hubert E. Dreyfus and Mark A. Wrathall,2006.137-161.
Dreyfus, Hubert L. and Mark A. Wrathall, eds. A Companion to Phenomenology and Existentialism, Oxford:Blackwell Publishing,2006.
"Existentialism." Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.23 Aug.2004. Web.18 Mar.2013.
Flynn, Thomas R. Existentialism:A Very Short Introduction, Oxford:Oxford University Press,2006.
Gillespie, Michael Allen, "The Search for Immediacy and the Problem of Political Life in Existentialism and Phenomenology." A Companion to Phenomenology and Existentialism. Ed. Hubert L. Dreyfus and Mark A. Wrathall.2006.531-544.
Golomb, Jacob, In Search of Authenticity:Existentialism from Kierkegard to Camus. New York:Routledge,1995.
Hoy, David Couzens. "Death." A Companion to Phenomenology and Existentialism. Ed. Hubert L. Dreyfus and Mark A. Wrathall,2006.280-288.
Hymers, Michael. "Bad Faith." Philosophy, Vol.64, No.249 (Jul.,1989), pp.397-402.
Leitch, Vincent B.. American Literary Criticism since the 1930s Second Edition. New York: Routledge,2010.
McDonald, Gail. American Literature and Culture 1900-1960, Malden, MA:Blackwell Publishing,2007.
Motley, Warren. "From Patriarchy to Matriarchy:Ma Joad's Role in The Grapes of Wrath" American Literature,1982 (54):397-412.
Olafson, Frederick A.. "Freedom and Responsibility." A Companion to Phenomenology and Existentialism. Ed. Hubert L. Dreyfus and Mark A. Wrathall,2006.263-270.
Olson, Robert G.. "Authenticity, Metaphysics, and Moral Responsibility." Philosophy, Vol. 34, No.129(Apr,1959),99-110.
Owens, Louis. The Grapes of Wrath:trouble in the Promised Land. Boston:lwayne Publishers,1989.
Priest, Stephen, ed. Jean-Paul Sartre:Basic Writings. New York:Routledge.2001.
Reef, Catherine. John Steinbeck. New York:Houghton Mifflin Harcourt,1996.
Santoni, Ronald, ed. Bad Eaith, Good Faith and Authenticity in Sartre's Early Philosophy. Philadelphia:Temple University Press,1995. —. "Bad Faith and 'Lying to Oneself'." Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, Vol. 38, No.3 (Mar.,1978), pp.384-398.
Sartre, Jean-Paul. Being and Nothingness:An Essay on Phenomenological Ontology. Trans. Hazel E. Barnes. Beijing:China Social Sciences Publishing House,1997. —. Notebooks for an Ethics. Trans. D. Pellauer. Chicago:University of Chicago Press, 1992. —. "Existentialism is a Humanism" in Existentialism from Dostoevsky to Sartre. Ed. Walter Kaufmann. Cleveland:Meridian Books,1968. "Self-deception." Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.17 Oct.2006 Web.18 Mar.2013.
Shaw, Patrick W. "Tom's Other Trip:Psycho-Physical Questing in The Grapes of Wrath.' The Grapes of Wrath, Text and Criticism. New York:Penguin,1997.616-624.
Sherman, David. "Absurdity." A Companion to Phenomenology and Existentialism. Ed. Hubert L. Dreyfus and Mark A. Wrathall,2006.271-279.
Shockley, Martin S. "Chiristian Symbolism in The Grapes of Wrath." College English, 1956(18):87-90. "Solipsism." Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.24 Oct.2004. Web.18 Mar.2013.
Steinbeck, John. The Grapes of Wrath,1939. Ed. Peter Lisca. New York:Penguin,1997.
Tedlock, E. W., Jr., and C.V. Wicker, eds. Steinbeck and His Critics:A Record of Twenty-five Years. Albuquerque:University of New Mexico Press,1957.
Wicks, Robert. "French Existentialism." A Companion to Phenomenology and Existentialism. Ed. Hubert L. Dreyfus and Mark A. Wrathall,2006.206-227.
Wyatt, David, ed. New Essays on The Grapes of Wrath. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1990.
W.考夫曼,编著：《存在主义》,陈鼓应,孟祥森,刘琦译,北京：商务印书馆,1995年
蔡荣寿：“从荒野到丰饶——《愤怒的葡萄》中的母亲形象流变”,《甘肃社会科学》,2011年第1其,第141-143页。
陈静：“《法国中尉的女人》的存在主义解读”,《外国文学研究》,2007年第5期,第97-102页。
董衡巽：“论斯坦贝克的兴与衰”,《外国文学评论》,1996年第1期,第31-38页。
杜小真：《存在和自由的重负——解读萨特<存在与虚无>》,济南：山东人民出版社,2002年。
方杰：《约翰·斯坦贝克与20世纪30年代的美国--斯坦贝克<工人三部曲>研究》,南京：南京大学外国语学院,2000年。
方杰：“荣辱兴衰六十载——外国斯坦贝克研究综述”,《外国文学研究》,2002年第3期,第152-157页。
冯晓英,王玉明：“颠覆他性 回归本真——《愤怒的葡萄》中的女性策略和地伦理”,《外语研究》,2011年第2期,第105-109页。
胡天赋：“《愤怒的葡萄》：一部伟大的生态文学之作”,《解放军外国语学院学报》,2006年第五期,第98-102页。
李征戎：“愤怒的写实——评斯坦贝克的《愤怒的葡萄》”,《外国文学研究》,2003年第6其,第154-155页。
让-保罗·萨特：《存在与虚无》,陈宣良等译,北京：生活·读书·新知三联书店,2007年
让-保罗·萨特：《存在主义是一种人道主义》,周煦良、汤永宽译,上海：上海译文出版社,2012年。
田俊武,申美玲：“目的论与非目的论--简论斯坦贝克的哲学观和创作”,《华中科技大学学报·社会科学版》,2005年第3期,第72-76页。
约翰·斯坦贝克：《愤怒的葡萄》,胡仲持译,上海：上海译文出版社,2007年。
王玉明,冯晓英：“西行还是诗意地回归——《愤怒的葡萄》生态维度之追问”,《外语研究》,2009年第1期,第90-93页。
朱立元编：《当代西方文艺理论》,上海：华东师范大学出版社,2005年
Beegel, Susan, Susan Shillinglas and Wesley N. Tiffney. Steinbeck and the Environment: Interdisciplinary Approaches. Tuscaloosa:University of Alabama Press,1997.
Benson, Jackson J., ed. The Short Novels of John Steinbeck:Critical Essays with a Checklist to Steinbeck Criticism, Durhan, NC:Duke University Press,1990. The True Adventures of John Steinbeck, Writer. New York:Viking,1984.
Bloom, Harold. Modern Critical Interpretations:John Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath. New York:Chelsea House Publishers,1988.
Bryant, Jerry. H.. The Open Decision:the Contemporary American Novel and Its Intellectual Background, New York:Free Press,1970.
Carman, Taylor. "The Concept of Authenticity." A Companion to Phenomenology and Existentialism. Ed. Hubert L. Dreyfus and Mark A. Wrathall,2006.229-239.
Carpenter, Frederic I.. "The Philosophical Joads." College English, Vol.2, No.4 (Jan., 1941), pp.315-325.
Davis, Robert Murray. Steinbeck:A Collection of Critical Essays. Twentieth Century View. Englewood Cliffs, NJ:Peince-Hall,1972.
Dreyfus, Hubert L.. "The Roots of Existentialism." A Companion to Phenomenology and
Existentialism. Ed. Hubert E. Dreyfus and Mark A. Wrathall,2006.137-161.
Dreyfus, Hubert L. and Mark A. Wrathall, eds. A Companion to Phenomenology and Existentialism, Oxford:Blackwell Publishing,2006.
"Existentialism." Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.23 Aug.2004. Web.18 Mar.2013.
Flynn, Thomas R. Existentialism:A Very Short Introduction, Oxford:Oxford University Press,2006.
Gillespie, Michael Allen, "The Search for Immediacy and the Problem of Political Life in Existentialism and Phenomenology." A Companion to Phenomenology and Existentialism. Ed. Hubert L. Dreyfus and Mark A. Wrathall.2006.531-544.
Golomb, Jacob, In Search of Authenticity:Existentialism from Kierkegard to Camus. New York:Routledge,1995.
Hoy, David Couzens. "Death." A Companion to Phenomenology and Existentialism. Ed. Hubert L. Dreyfus and Mark A. Wrathall,2006.280-288.
Hymers, Michael. "Bad Faith." Philosophy, Vol.64, No.249 (Jul.,1989), pp.397-402.
Leitch, Vincent B.. American Literary Criticism since the 1930s Second Edition. New York: Routledge,2010.
McDonald, Gail. American Literature and Culture 1900-1960, Malden, MA:Blackwell Publishing,2007.
Motley, Warren. "From Patriarchy to Matriarchy:Ma Joad's Role in The Grapes of Wrath" American Literature,1982 (54):397-412.
Olafson, Frederick A.. "Freedom and Responsibility." A Companion to Phenomenology and Existentialism. Ed. Hubert L. Dreyfus and Mark A. Wrathall,2006.263-270.
Olson, Robert G.. "Authenticity, Metaphysics, and Moral Responsibility." Philosophy, Vol. 34, No.129(Apr,1959),99-110.
Owens, Louis. The Grapes of Wrath:trouble in the Promised Land. Boston:lwayne Publishers,1989.
Priest, Stephen, ed. Jean-Paul Sartre:Basic Writings. New York:Routledge.2001.
Reef, Catherine. John Steinbeck. New York:Houghton Mifflin Harcourt,1996.
Santoni, Ronald, ed. Bad Eaith, Good Faith and Authenticity in Sartre's Early Philosophy. Philadelphia:Temple University Press,1995. —. "Bad Faith and 'Lying to Oneself'." Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, Vol. 38, No.3 (Mar.,1978), pp.384-398.
Sartre, Jean-Paul. Being and Nothingness:An Essay on Phenomenological Ontology. Trans. Hazel E. Barnes. Beijing:China Social Sciences Publishing House,1997. —. Notebooks for an Ethics. Trans. D. Pellauer. Chicago:University of Chicago Press, 1992. —. "Existentialism is a Humanism" in Existentialism from Dostoevsky to Sartre. Ed. Walter Kaufmann. Cleveland:Meridian Books,1968. "Self-deception." Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.17 Oct.2006 Web.18 Mar.2013.
Shaw, Patrick W. "Tom's Other Trip:Psycho-Physical Questing in The Grapes of Wrath.' The Grapes of Wrath, Text and Criticism. New York:Penguin,1997.616-624.
Sherman, David. "Absurdity." A Companion to Phenomenology and Existentialism. Ed. Hubert L. Dreyfus and Mark A. Wrathall,2006.271-279.
Shockley, Martin S. "Chiristian Symbolism in The Grapes of Wrath." College English, 1956(18):87-90. "Solipsism." Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.24 Oct.2004. Web.18 Mar.2013.
Steinbeck, John. The Grapes of Wrath,1939. Ed. Peter Lisca. New York:Penguin,1997.
Tedlock, E. W., Jr., and C.V. Wicker, eds. Steinbeck and His Critics:A Record of Twenty-five Years. Albuquerque:University of New Mexico Press,1957.
Wicks, Robert. "French Existentialism." A Companion to Phenomenology and Existentialism. Ed. Hubert L. Dreyfus and Mark A. Wrathall,2006.206-227.
Wyatt, David, ed. New Essays on The Grapes of Wrath. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1990.
W.考夫曼,编著：《存在主义》,陈鼓应,孟祥森,刘琦译,北京：商务印书馆,1995年
蔡荣寿：“从荒野到丰饶——《愤怒的葡萄》中的母亲形象流变”,《甘肃社会科学》,2011年第1其,第141-143页。
陈静：“《法国中尉的女人》的存在主义解读”,《外国文学研究》,2007年第5期,第97-102页。
董衡巽：“论斯坦贝克的兴与衰”,《外国文学评论》,1996年第1期,第31-38页。
杜小真：《存在和自由的重负——解读萨特<存在与虚无>》,济南：山东人民出版社,2002年。
方杰：《约翰·斯坦贝克与20世纪30年代的美国--斯坦贝克<工人三部曲>研究》,南京：南京大学外国语学院,2000年。
方杰：“荣辱兴衰六十载——外国斯坦贝克研究综述”,《外国文学研究》,2002年第3期,第152-157页。
冯晓英,王玉明：“颠覆他性 回归本真——《愤怒的葡萄》中的女性策略和地伦理”,《外语研究》,2011年第2期,第105-109页。
胡天赋：“《愤怒的葡萄》：一部伟大的生态文学之作”,《解放军外国语学院学报》,2006年第五期,第98-102页。
李征戎：“愤怒的写实——评斯坦贝克的《愤怒的葡萄》”,《外国文学研究》,2003年第6其,第154-155页。
让-保罗·萨特：《存在与虚无》,陈宣良等译,北京：生活·读书·新知三联书店,2007年
让-保罗·萨特：《存在主义是一种人道主义》,周煦良、汤永宽译,上海：上海译文出版社,2012年。
田俊武,申美玲：“目的论与非目的论--简论斯坦贝克的哲学观和创作”,《华中科技大学学报·社会科学版》,2005年第3期,第72-76页。
约翰·斯坦贝克：《愤怒的葡萄》,胡仲持译,上海：上海译文出版社,2007年。
王玉明,冯晓英：“西行还是诗意地回归——《愤怒的葡萄》生态维度之追问”,《外语研究》,2009年第1期,第90-93页。
朱立元编：《当代西方文艺理论》,上海：华东师范大学出版社,2005年