中国对外贸易中的生态要素流分析
|
摘要
国际贸易自由化程度的不断提高是一个不可抗拒的历史趋势。已经有一些证据表明，发达国家或地区通过贸易从其它地方进口自然资源和环境服务，从而导致资源从发展中国家向发达国家转移，而污染则从发达国家向发展中国家转移。国际贸易发展到今天已经不再是最初意义上的物物交换，生态资本和环境空间的交换越来越受到发达国家的重视。电子垃圾贸易、污染性行业转移、初级产品跨国采购，都在国际贸易的旗帜下有条不紊地进行着。中国近年来的出口导向型经济发展对于提高GDP增长起到了很大作用，全球化在给中国带来巨大经济利益的同时，也带来了一些负面的影响，可能潜伏着一些不易被人们察觉的危机。贸易产品的生产需要土地、水、能源、矿产、木材等生态要素，同时会排放出各种污染性的废物，造成不同程度的环境污染，国际贸易的背后实际上隐含着生态要素的流动。例如，鄂尔多斯羊毛衫出口的是中国的草地资源，这些草原正面临荒漠化的严重威胁；电解铝出口的是电，这些电是中国承担巨大生态风险修建大坝或是由对酸雨和全球变暖不能推卸责任的火电站生产出来的；粮食出口的是中国滥施农药化肥的土地和贫瘠的水资源；焦炭出口的是中国的环境承载力，而自己则饱受污水、废气和焦油等污染物之苦。以上这些都是产品在生产过程中的生态成本或是环境成本，很多都是游离在价格体系外，由出口国自己承担。生态经济学的研究已经表明，只用货币形式来评价国际贸易是相当片面的，经济上的贸易顺差也许带来了生态资本上的亏损，评价贸易的可持续发展需要更多从生态要素角度来考虑。
中国作为发展中国家的领头羊，在对外贸易蓬勃发展的历史时期，在全球生态要素流动中占据了什么样的位置?是受到其他国家的生态剥削，还是在全球化中享受了贸易带来的生态利益?贸易结构与生态要素流动有什么关系?如何从生态要素禀赋的角度评价贸易的可持续性和构建可持续贸易体系?本论文针对以上问题，从物质流、体现能、虚拟水、污染流等角度，定量分析了中国对外贸易中的各种生态要素流，研究了中国在国际生态要素贸易中所处的位置及起到的作用，并对中国构建可持续贸易体系提出了自己的看法。主要研究结果如下：
(1)利用1980-2002年《中国对外经济贸易年鉴》的数据，按照贸易区域和产品类型进行归并，计算了1950-2001年中国初级产品对外贸易中的物质流。研究表明，用货币流和物质流衡量国际贸易存在很大差异，在进行可持续贸易研究中后者更为重要。上世纪80年代以来，中国初级产品净出口表现出一条倒U型曲线。从贸易结构的角度来看，表明中国已经完成了经济转型，进入了资源海外扩张时期，中国开始从世界其他地区净进口生态资本。中国同世界6大洲之间的初级产品贸易结构存在很大差异，主要从亚洲、大洋洲、拉丁美洲和非洲进口初级产品，而出口主要面向亚洲和欧洲。初级产品的净进口主要来自大洋洲，非洲和拉丁美洲。
(2)利用《中国统计年鉴》的工业产出数据、贸易数据，《中国能源统计年鉴》的部门能源消耗数据以及1997年的全国投入产出表，分析了中国对外贸易中的体现能。研究表明，中国1994-2001年的贸易结构是有利于国内的能源保护的。出口产品的能源密度要小于进口产品的能源密度。近几年，中国虽然存在贸易顺差，但实际上净进口了体现能。体现能的进口量和真实能源的进口量具有相同的数量级，对于国内能源需求的供给效应不容忽视。体现能可以作为一个很好的指标来区分在一个国家内消耗的能源和被一个国家消耗的能源，判断该国对于全球变暖的实际责任。
(3)利用《中国海关统计年鉴》的数据和国际上虚拟水的通用计算方法，计算了中国1996-2002年间粮食对外贸易中的虚拟水量。研究表明：中国通过粮食贸易净进口了大量的虚拟水，节约了国内的水资源，减轻了粮食生产地区的水短缺压力，而且有利于提高全球水资源的使用效率。虽然通过粮食贸易进口虚拟水不能完全解决中国的水危机，可能引发粮食安全问题、外来种入侵、转基因生物安全及其他社会经济问题，但是虚拟水的概念给我们理解粮食贸易和调水工程提供了全新的角度。
(4)从“污染足迹”的概念出发，利用《中国统计年鉴》的工业部门产出和污染排放数据以及投入产出分析方法，分析了国内工业部门的污染状况，核算了1994-2001年中国工业产品对外贸易中的污染成本、收益及部门来源。研究表明：中国工业产品出口的污染密度要小于进口的污染密度，这种贸易结构有利于国内的环境保护。1999-2001年，中国虽然存在工业产品贸易顺差，实际上却向国外转移了污染足迹。其中，化学工业的净进口帮助中国转移了最多的污染足迹，而污染足迹的流入则主要来自纺织业和机械工业的净出口。
以上研究表明，中国近年来的对外贸易在获得了经济收益的同时也获得了各种生态利益，包括净进口了初级产品、体现能、虚拟水，净出口了污染足迹，对于国内的可持续发展起到了促进作用。中国在对外贸易中获得了生态利益，不仅缓解了自身的生态压力，还可以提高全球资源的利用效率。对外贸易中生态要素
流的研究，可以帮助辨识在一个国家内消耗的环境要素和被这个国家消耗的环境要素，判别该国实际的生态责任，在今后的环境外交谈判中将会发挥重要作用。该研究不仅为从生态经济学角度评价国际贸易提供了新思路和新方法，对于我国审视和调整贸易政策和环境政策也有很大的参考价值。
The development of international trade liberalization has become an irresistible historical trend. Some evidences have showed that developed countries or regions import natural resources and environmental services which results in resources transfer from developing countries to developed ones while pollutants flow in the reverse direction. Now international trade is not only to barter one thing for another. Ecological capital and environmental space have been paid more attention. Electric rubbish trades, high pollution indust\ries migrate, transnational purchase of primary products and so on are all under the name of international trade. In recent years, export-oriented economy of China has played a great role in increasing GDP. The globalization not only brings great economic interests to China, but also brings many negative effects and crisis which is not easy to be conscious. The production process of trade goods needs lands, water, energy, minerals, woods and other ecological elements and at the same time it emits kinds of waste materials and causes environmental pollution. Actually there exist ecological flows behind international trade. For example, Erdos cashmere exports grasslands which are facing the threat of serious desertification. Electrolytic aluminum exports electricity which is come from big dam with great ecological risks or thermal power station which is responsible for acid rain and global warming. Grains exports lands which are damaged by pesticides and fertilizers, and water which is rarer in China. Coke exports environmental capability while China bears sewage, waste gas, tar and other pollutants. These are all ecological costs or environmental costs in products which are out of the price system and are shouldered by the exporting country. The study of ecological economics has showed that it is quite unilaterally to evaluate the international trade from monetary term. A favorable balance of trade maybe brings the loss in ecological capital. It is necessary to evaluate the sustainability of trade from the point of view of ecological elements.
As a leader of developing countries and with a vigorous development of international trade, what role does China play in global ecological elements flow? Does China endure the ecological exploit of other countries or get ecological benefits of trade from globalization? What is the relationship between trade structure and ecological elements flow? How to evaluate the sustainability of trade and construct a sustainable trade system from the view of ecological endowment? In accordance with these questions, we quantitatively analyzed various ecological elements flow--
material flow, embodied energy, virtual water and pollution footprint, discussed the location and role of China in international ecological elements trade and brought up some suggestions about the construction of sustainable trade in China. The main research results are as follows:
1. With the data from Almanac of China's Foreign Economic Relations and Trade, we analyzed the material flow in primary commodity trade of China from 1950 to 2001 according to trade regions and product types. The result shows that: 1) there is a great difference in measuring international trade with money flow and material flow. Material flow is more important in the research of sustainable trade. 2) Since 1980s, the net import of primary products in China showed an inverse U curve. It states clearly that from the point of view of trade structure, China has completed economical transformation and got into the period of resource expansion. China net imported ecological capital from other countries of the world. 3) The trade structures between China and six continents were different. China mainly imported primary products from Asia, Oceania, Latin America and Africa while exports to Asia and Europe. Most of the net imported primary commodities came from Oceania, Africa and Latin America.
2. With the trade data and industry output data from China Statistical Yearbook, energy consumption data from China Energy Statistical Yearbook and Input-Output Table of China (1997), embodied energy in goods trade of China from 1994-2001 was estimated. Some conclusions can be drawn from the study: 1) the trade structure of China in this period is beneficial for domestic energy conservation. The average energy intensity of imports was always higher than that of exports. As a trade surplus country, China actually net imported embodied energy in recent several years. 2) The net import volume of embodied energy was of the same order of magnitude as that of real energy and the energy supply effect of embodied energy trade to domestic demand should not be neglected. 3) The study of embodied energy trade is important for us to distinguish energy consumption in a country and by a country, which will provide an efficient method to judge a country's responsibility for global warming.
3. With the data from China Customs Statistics Yearbook and the common calculate method of virtual water, the volume of virtual water in China's grains trade from 1996 to 2002 was calculated, the results show that China imported considerable quantities of virtual water, saved domestic water resources, released the pressure to grains production areas of China and contributed to the increase of global water
efficiency. Although importing virtual water through grains trade can't completely resolve the water crisis of China which maybe cause food security, biological invasions, GM food safety and other social and economic issues, the concept of virtual water can give us a new point of view to understand grains trade and water transfer project.
4. From the concept of pollution footprint, we used industrial output and pollution data from China Statistical Yearbook and Input-Output Analysis to analyze the pollution intensity of industrial sectors and calculated the pollution costs and benefits of industrial products trade of China from 1994 to 2001. Some conclusions can be drawn from the study: 1) the pollution intensity of exports was lower than that of imports in industrial products trade of China, which is beneficial to domestic environmental protection. 2) China transferred pollution footprint overseas although with a trade plus in industrial products from 1999 to 2001. 3) The most significant sector which net exported pollution footprint was Chemical Industry and those of net imports were Textile Industry and Machinery Industry. The study is helpful for distinguishing the emission responsibility of a country and giving suggestions to environmental and trade policy decisions.
All above shows that China not only obtains economic benefits but also kinds of ecological benefits in recent foreign trade. China net imported primary products, embodied energy, virtual water and net exported pollution footprint, which is beneficial for promoting domestic sustainable development. Through trade, China not only released the pressure to domestic ecological environment but also increased global resource use efficiency. The study of ecological elements flow in international trade can help us distinguish environmental elements consumption in a country and by a country and judge a country's ecological responsibility. It can also play great roles in future environmental negotiations. The study not only provides a new method framework to evaluate international trade from the point of view of ecological economics but also has great reference value for government to rethink and adjust trade and environmental policy.
中国作为发展中国家的领头羊，在对外贸易蓬勃发展的历史时期，在全球生态要素流动中占据了什么样的位置?是受到其他国家的生态剥削，还是在全球化中享受了贸易带来的生态利益?贸易结构与生态要素流动有什么关系?如何从生态要素禀赋的角度评价贸易的可持续性和构建可持续贸易体系?本论文针对以上问题，从物质流、体现能、虚拟水、污染流等角度，定量分析了中国对外贸易中的各种生态要素流，研究了中国在国际生态要素贸易中所处的位置及起到的作用，并对中国构建可持续贸易体系提出了自己的看法。主要研究结果如下：
(1)利用1980-2002年《中国对外经济贸易年鉴》的数据，按照贸易区域和产品类型进行归并，计算了1950-2001年中国初级产品对外贸易中的物质流。研究表明，用货币流和物质流衡量国际贸易存在很大差异，在进行可持续贸易研究中后者更为重要。上世纪80年代以来，中国初级产品净出口表现出一条倒U型曲线。从贸易结构的角度来看，表明中国已经完成了经济转型，进入了资源海外扩张时期，中国开始从世界其他地区净进口生态资本。中国同世界6大洲之间的初级产品贸易结构存在很大差异，主要从亚洲、大洋洲、拉丁美洲和非洲进口初级产品，而出口主要面向亚洲和欧洲。初级产品的净进口主要来自大洋洲，非洲和拉丁美洲。
(2)利用《中国统计年鉴》的工业产出数据、贸易数据，《中国能源统计年鉴》的部门能源消耗数据以及1997年的全国投入产出表，分析了中国对外贸易中的体现能。研究表明，中国1994-2001年的贸易结构是有利于国内的能源保护的。出口产品的能源密度要小于进口产品的能源密度。近几年，中国虽然存在贸易顺差，但实际上净进口了体现能。体现能的进口量和真实能源的进口量具有相同的数量级，对于国内能源需求的供给效应不容忽视。体现能可以作为一个很好的指标来区分在一个国家内消耗的能源和被一个国家消耗的能源，判断该国对于全球变暖的实际责任。
(3)利用《中国海关统计年鉴》的数据和国际上虚拟水的通用计算方法，计算了中国1996-2002年间粮食对外贸易中的虚拟水量。研究表明：中国通过粮食贸易净进口了大量的虚拟水，节约了国内的水资源，减轻了粮食生产地区的水短缺压力，而且有利于提高全球水资源的使用效率。虽然通过粮食贸易进口虚拟水不能完全解决中国的水危机，可能引发粮食安全问题、外来种入侵、转基因生物安全及其他社会经济问题，但是虚拟水的概念给我们理解粮食贸易和调水工程提供了全新的角度。
(4)从“污染足迹”的概念出发，利用《中国统计年鉴》的工业部门产出和污染排放数据以及投入产出分析方法，分析了国内工业部门的污染状况，核算了1994-2001年中国工业产品对外贸易中的污染成本、收益及部门来源。研究表明：中国工业产品出口的污染密度要小于进口的污染密度，这种贸易结构有利于国内的环境保护。1999-2001年，中国虽然存在工业产品贸易顺差，实际上却向国外转移了污染足迹。其中，化学工业的净进口帮助中国转移了最多的污染足迹，而污染足迹的流入则主要来自纺织业和机械工业的净出口。
以上研究表明，中国近年来的对外贸易在获得了经济收益的同时也获得了各种生态利益，包括净进口了初级产品、体现能、虚拟水，净出口了污染足迹，对于国内的可持续发展起到了促进作用。中国在对外贸易中获得了生态利益，不仅缓解了自身的生态压力，还可以提高全球资源的利用效率。对外贸易中生态要素
流的研究，可以帮助辨识在一个国家内消耗的环境要素和被这个国家消耗的环境要素，判别该国实际的生态责任，在今后的环境外交谈判中将会发挥重要作用。该研究不仅为从生态经济学角度评价国际贸易提供了新思路和新方法，对于我国审视和调整贸易政策和环境政策也有很大的参考价值。
The development of international trade liberalization has become an irresistible historical trend. Some evidences have showed that developed countries or regions import natural resources and environmental services which results in resources transfer from developing countries to developed ones while pollutants flow in the reverse direction. Now international trade is not only to barter one thing for another. Ecological capital and environmental space have been paid more attention. Electric rubbish trades, high pollution indust\ries migrate, transnational purchase of primary products and so on are all under the name of international trade. In recent years, export-oriented economy of China has played a great role in increasing GDP. The globalization not only brings great economic interests to China, but also brings many negative effects and crisis which is not easy to be conscious. The production process of trade goods needs lands, water, energy, minerals, woods and other ecological elements and at the same time it emits kinds of waste materials and causes environmental pollution. Actually there exist ecological flows behind international trade. For example, Erdos cashmere exports grasslands which are facing the threat of serious desertification. Electrolytic aluminum exports electricity which is come from big dam with great ecological risks or thermal power station which is responsible for acid rain and global warming. Grains exports lands which are damaged by pesticides and fertilizers, and water which is rarer in China. Coke exports environmental capability while China bears sewage, waste gas, tar and other pollutants. These are all ecological costs or environmental costs in products which are out of the price system and are shouldered by the exporting country. The study of ecological economics has showed that it is quite unilaterally to evaluate the international trade from monetary term. A favorable balance of trade maybe brings the loss in ecological capital. It is necessary to evaluate the sustainability of trade from the point of view of ecological elements.
As a leader of developing countries and with a vigorous development of international trade, what role does China play in global ecological elements flow? Does China endure the ecological exploit of other countries or get ecological benefits of trade from globalization? What is the relationship between trade structure and ecological elements flow? How to evaluate the sustainability of trade and construct a sustainable trade system from the view of ecological endowment? In accordance with these questions, we quantitatively analyzed various ecological elements flow--
material flow, embodied energy, virtual water and pollution footprint, discussed the location and role of China in international ecological elements trade and brought up some suggestions about the construction of sustainable trade in China. The main research results are as follows:
1. With the data from Almanac of China's Foreign Economic Relations and Trade, we analyzed the material flow in primary commodity trade of China from 1950 to 2001 according to trade regions and product types. The result shows that: 1) there is a great difference in measuring international trade with money flow and material flow. Material flow is more important in the research of sustainable trade. 2) Since 1980s, the net import of primary products in China showed an inverse U curve. It states clearly that from the point of view of trade structure, China has completed economical transformation and got into the period of resource expansion. China net imported ecological capital from other countries of the world. 3) The trade structures between China and six continents were different. China mainly imported primary products from Asia, Oceania, Latin America and Africa while exports to Asia and Europe. Most of the net imported primary commodities came from Oceania, Africa and Latin America.
2. With the trade data and industry output data from China Statistical Yearbook, energy consumption data from China Energy Statistical Yearbook and Input-Output Table of China (1997), embodied energy in goods trade of China from 1994-2001 was estimated. Some conclusions can be drawn from the study: 1) the trade structure of China in this period is beneficial for domestic energy conservation. The average energy intensity of imports was always higher than that of exports. As a trade surplus country, China actually net imported embodied energy in recent several years. 2) The net import volume of embodied energy was of the same order of magnitude as that of real energy and the energy supply effect of embodied energy trade to domestic demand should not be neglected. 3) The study of embodied energy trade is important for us to distinguish energy consumption in a country and by a country, which will provide an efficient method to judge a country's responsibility for global warming.
3. With the data from China Customs Statistics Yearbook and the common calculate method of virtual water, the volume of virtual water in China's grains trade from 1996 to 2002 was calculated, the results show that China imported considerable quantities of virtual water, saved domestic water resources, released the pressure to grains production areas of China and contributed to the increase of global water
efficiency. Although importing virtual water through grains trade can't completely resolve the water crisis of China which maybe cause food security, biological invasions, GM food safety and other social and economic issues, the concept of virtual water can give us a new point of view to understand grains trade and water transfer project.
4. From the concept of pollution footprint, we used industrial output and pollution data from China Statistical Yearbook and Input-Output Analysis to analyze the pollution intensity of industrial sectors and calculated the pollution costs and benefits of industrial products trade of China from 1994 to 2001. Some conclusions can be drawn from the study: 1) the pollution intensity of exports was lower than that of imports in industrial products trade of China, which is beneficial to domestic environmental protection. 2) China transferred pollution footprint overseas although with a trade plus in industrial products from 1999 to 2001. 3) The most significant sector which net exported pollution footprint was Chemical Industry and those of net imports were Textile Industry and Machinery Industry. The study is helpful for distinguishing the emission responsibility of a country and giving suggestions to environmental and trade policy decisions.
All above shows that China not only obtains economic benefits but also kinds of ecological benefits in recent foreign trade. China net imported primary products, embodied energy, virtual water and net exported pollution footprint, which is beneficial for promoting domestic sustainable development. Through trade, China not only released the pressure to domestic ecological environment but also increased global resource use efficiency. The study of ecological elements flow in international trade can help us distinguish environmental elements consumption in a country and by a country and judge a country's ecological responsibility. It can also play great roles in future environmental negotiations. The study not only provides a new method framework to evaluate international trade from the point of view of ecological economics but also has great reference value for government to rethink and adjust trade and environmental policy.
引文
[1] Adriaanse, A., Bringezu, S., Hammond, A., Moriguchi, Y, Rodenburg, E., Rogich, D. and Schutz, H. Resource Flows: The Material Basis of Industrial Economies [M]. World Resources Institute, NW Washington, DC, 1997.
[2] Allan, J.A. Fortunately there are substitutes for water otherwise our hydro-political futures would be impossible [C]. In: ODA.(ed). Priorities for Water Resources Allocation and Management, ODA, London, 1993:13-26.
[3] Allan, J.A. Overall perspectives on countries and regions [C]. In: Rogers, R and Lydon, P.(eds). Water in the Arab World: Perspectives and Prognoses, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1994: 65-100.
[4] Allan, J.A. Watersheds and problemsheds: Explaining the absence of armed conflict over water in the Middle East [J]. Middle East Review of International Affairs, 1998, 2(1): 1-4.
[5] Allan, J.A. A convenient solution [J]. The UNESCO Courier, 1999, 52(2): 29-31.
[6] Allan, J.A. Virtual water eliminates water wars? A case study from the Middle East [C]. In: Hoekstra, A.Y.(ed). Virtual Water Trade: Proceedings of the International Expert Meeting on Virtual Water Trade. Value of Water Research Report Series No.12, IHE, Delft, the Netherlands, 2003:137-145.
[7] Andersson, J.O. and Lindroth, M. Ecologically unsustainable trade [J]. Ecological Economics, 2001,37(1): 113-122.
[8] Antweiler, W. The pollution terms of trade [J]. Economic Systems Research, 1996, 8 (4): 361-365.
[9] Archibugi, D. and Michie, J. The globalisation of technology: A new taxonomy [J]. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 1995,19: 121-140.
[10]Arrow, K., Bolin, B., Costanza, R., Dasgupta, P., Folke, C, Holling, C.S., Jansson, B.O., Maler, K.G., Perrings, C. and Pimentel, D. Economic growth, carrying capacity, and the environment [J]. Ecological Economics, 1995,15(2): 91-95.
[11]Barbier, E.B. Introduction to the Environmental Kuznets Curve Special Issue [J]. Environment andDevelopment Economics, 1997, 2: 369-381.
[12]Battjes, J.J., Noorman, K.J. and Biesiot, W. Assessing the energy intensities of imports [J]. Energy Economics, 1998, 20: 67-83.
[13]Brown, L.R. Who Will Feed China: Wake-Up Call for a Small Planet [M]. W.W. Norton, New York, 1995.
[14] Brown, L.R. and Halweil, B. China's water shortage could shake world food security [J]. World Watch, 1998,11(4): 10-21.
[15]Bullard, C. and Herendeen, R. The energy costs of goods and services [J]. Energy Policy, 1975,3(4): 268-277.
[16]Chapagain, A.K. and Hoekstra, A.Y. Virtual water trade: A quantification of virtual water flows between nations in relation to international trade of livestock and livestock products [C]. In: Hoekstra, A.Y.(ed). Virtual Water Trade: Proceedings of the International Expert Meeting on Virtual Water Trade. Value of Water Research Report Series No.12, IHE, Delft, the Netherlands, 2003: 25-47.
[17] Chapman, P.F. Energy costs: A review of methods [J]. Energy Policy, 1974, 2(2): 91-103.
[18] Chen, Z.Y., Li, B., Zhong, Y. and Chen, J.K. Local competitive effects of introduced Spartina alterniflora on Scirpus mariqueter at Dongtan of Chongming Island, the Yangtze River estuary and their potential ecological consequences [J]. Hydrobiologia, 2004,528 (1-3): 99-106.
[19]Cole, M.A. Trade Liberalisation, Economic Growth and the Environment [M]. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, 2000.
[20]Copeland, B.R. and Taylor, M.S. North-South trade and the environment [J]. Quarterly Journal of Economic, 1994,109 (3): 755-787.
[21]Copeland, B.R. and Taylor, M.S. Trade and transboundary pollution [J]. American Economic Review, 1995, 85: 716-737.
[22] Copeland, B.R. and Taylor, M.S. Trade and the Environment: Theory and Evidence [M].Princeton University Press, Princeton, 2003.
[23] Costanza, R. Embodied energy and economic valuation [J]. Science, 1980, 210: 1219-1224.
[24]Costanza, R. The dynamics of the ecological footprint concept [J]. Ecological Economics, 2000,32: 341-345.
[25]Daly, H. Problems with free trade: Neoclassical and steady-state perspectives [C]. In: Zaelke, D., Orbuch, P. and Housman, R.F. (eds). Trade.and Environment: Law, Economics and Policy. Island Press, Washington, DC, 1993: 147-157.
[26]Dincer, I. and Rosen, M.A. Energy, environment and sustainable development [J]. Applied Energy, 1999, 64 (1-4): 427-440.
[27]Dinda, S. Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis: A survey [J]. Ecological Economics, 2004, 49: 431- 455.
[28] Drucker, P.F. The changed world economy[J], Foreign Affairs, 1986: 64(4): 768-791.
[29] Earle, A. and Turton, A. The virtual water trade amongst countries of the SADC [C]. In: Hoekstra, A.Y.(ed). Virtual Water Trade: Proceedings of the International Expert Meeting on Virtual Water Trade.Value of Water Research Report Series No.12, IHE, Delft, the Netherlands, 2003: 183-200.
[30] EIA. International Energy Outlook 2003 [EB/OL]. http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/ieo/, 2003.
[31] Eskeland, G..S. and Harrison, A.E. Moving to greener pastures? Multinationals and the pollution haven hypothesis[J]. Journal of Development Economics, 2003, 70(1): 1-23.
[32] Everett, R.A. Patterns and pathways of biological invasion [J]. Trend in Ecology and Evolution, 2000, 15: 177-178.
[33] Faucheux, S. and O'Connor, M. Valuation for Sustainable Development: Methods and Policy Indicators[M]. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, 1998.
[34] Fischer-Kowalski, M. and Huttler, W. Society's metabolism: The intellectual history of materials flow analysis, part Ⅱ, 1970-1998 [J]. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 1999, 2(4): 107-136.
[35] Gale, E China's Food and Agriculture: Issues for the 21st Century [R]. Agriculture Information Bulletin No 775, Economic Research Service/USDA. Washington, D.C, 2002.
[36] Giljum, S. and Hubacek, K. International Trade, Material Flows and Land Use: Developing a Physical Trade Balance for the European Union [R]. Interims Report No. 01-059, IIASA, Laxenburg, 2001.
[37] Grossman, G.M and Krueger, A.B. Environmental Impacts of North American Free Trade Agreement [R]. CEPR Discussion Paper No.644, Center for Economic Policy Research, London, 1992.
[38] Grossman, G.M. and Helpman, E. Innovation and Growth in the Global Economy [M]. MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1991.
[39] Hayami, H. and Kiji T. An input-output analysis on Japan-China environmental problem: Compilation of the input-output table for the analysis of energy and air pollutants[J]. Journal of Applied Input-Output Analysis, 1997, 4, 23-47.
[40] Hoekstra, A.Y. Virtual water: An introduction [C]. In: Hoekstra, A.Y.(ed). Virtual Water Trade: Proceedings of the International Expert Meeting on Virtual Water Trade. Value of Water Research Report Series No. 12, IHE, Delft, the Netherlands, 2003:13-23.
[41]Hoekstra, A.Y. and Hung, P.Q. Virtual Water trade: A Quantification of Virtual Water Flows between Nations in Relation to International Crop Trade [R]. Value of Water Research Report Series No.11, IHE, Delft, the Netherlands, 2002.
[42]Hubacek, K. and Giljum, S. Applying physical input/output analysis to estimate land appropriation (ecological footprints) of international trade activities [J]. Ecological Economics, 2003, 44:137-151.
[43] Hunter, D., Salzman, J. and Zaelke, D. International Environmental Law and Policy [M]. The Foundation Press, New York, 1998.
[44]Jaffe, A. B., Peterson, S. R., Portney, P. R. and Stavins, R. N. Environmental regulation and the competitiveness of US manufacturing: What does the evidence tell us? [J]. Journal of Economic Literature, 1995, 33: 132-163.
[45] Jin, L.S and Young, W. Water use in agriculture in China: Importance, challenges, and implications for policy [J]. Water Policy, 2001, 3(3): 215-228.
[46]Johnstone, N. Trade liberalisation, economic specialization and the environment [J]. Ecological Economics, 1995,14:165-173.
[47]Kohn, R.E. Environmental standards as barriers to trade [J]. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, 2003, 37: 203-214.
[48] Kondo, Y. and Moriguchi, Y. CO_2 emissions in Japan: Influences of imports and exports [J]. Applied Energy, 1998, 59(2-3): 163-174.
[49]Kuznets, S. Economics growth and income equality [J]. American Economic Review, 1955, 45(1): 1-28.
[50]Lavel, G. Global change through invasion [J]. Nature, 1997, 388: 627-828.
[51] Lee, H. and Roland-Host, D. International Trade and the Transfer of Environmental Costs and Benefits [R]. Technical Papers 91, OECD Development Centre, Paris, 1993.
[52]Leontief, W. Quantitative input-output relations in the economic system [J]. Review of Economic Statistics, 1936,18: 105-125
[53]Liddle, B. Free trade and the environment-development system [J]. Ecological Economics, 2001,39: 21-26
[54] Lucas, R., Wheeler, P. and Hettige, H. Economic development, environmental regulation and international migration of toxic pollution 1960-1988 [C]. In: Low, P. (ed) International Trade and the Environment. World Bank Discussion paper 159. The World Bank, Washington, D C, 1992: 67-86.
[55] Machado, G., Schaeffer, R. and Worrell, E. Energy and carbon embodied in the international trade of Brazil: An input-output approach[J]. Ecological Economics, 2001, 39: 409-424.
[56] Madelay, J. Trade and the Poor: The Impact of International Trade on Developing Countries[R]. Intermediate Technology Publications, London, 1992.
[57] Matsuoka, S. International trade of the primary commodities and the environment problems[J]. Asia-Africa Studies, 1993, 33: 35-84.
[58] Matthews, E., Amann, C., Bringezu, S., Fischer-Kowalski, M., Huettler, W., Kleijn, R., Moriguchi, Y., Ottke, C., Rodenburg, E., Rogich, D., Shandl, H., Schuetz, H., van der Voet, E. and Weisz, H. The Weight of Nations: Material Outflows from Industrial Economies[R]. World Resources Institute, Washington, DC, 2000.
[59] Meade, J.E. External economies and diseconomies in a competitive situation [J]. Economic Journal, 1952, 62: 54-67.
[60] Meissner, R. Regional food security and virtual water: Some natural, political and economic implications [C]. In: Hoekstra, A.Y.(ed). Virtual Water Trade: Proceedings of the International Expert Meeting on Virtual Water Trade. Value of Water Research Report Series No.12, IHE, Delft, the Netherlands, 2003: 201-219.
[61] Michaelis, P., Jackson, T. and Clift, R. Exergy analysis of the life cycle of steel [J]. Energy, 1998, 23(3): 213-220.
[62] Munksgaard, J. and Pedersen, K.A. CO_2 accounts for open economies: Producer or consumer responsibility? [J]. Energy Policy, 2001, 29: 327-334.
[63] Muradian, R., O'Connor, M. and Martinez-Alier, J. Embodied pollution in trade: Estimating the 'environmental load displacement' of industrialised countries [J]. Ecological Economics, 2002, 41(1): 51-67.
[64] O'Riordan, T. Ecotaxation[M]. Earthscan, London, 1997.
[65] OECD. The Environmental Effects of Trade[R]. OECD, Paris, 1994.
[66] OECD. Freight and the Environment: Effects of Trade Liberalization and Transport Sector Reforms[R]. General Distribution Document. OCDE/GD, Paris, 1997.
[67] Oki, T., Sato, M., Kawamura, A., Miyake, M., Kanae, S. and Musiake, K. Virtual water trade to Japan and in the world [C]. In: Hoekstra, A.Y.(ed). Virtual Water Trade: Proceedings of the International Expert Meeting on Virtual Water Trade. Value of Water Research Report Series No.12, IHE, Delft, the Netherlands, 2003: 221-235.
[68]Panayotou, T. Empirical tests and policy analysis of environmental degradation at different stages of economic development [R]. World employment programme research working paper WP238. Technology and Employment Programme, International Labor Office, Geneva, 1993.
[69] Panayotou, T. Globalization and Environment [R]. CID Working Paper No 53, 2000.
[70]Pearce, D.W. and Warford, J.J. World without End: Economics, Environment and Sustainable Development [M]. Oxford University Press, New York, 1993.
[71]Proops, J.L.R., Atkinson, G.., Schlotheim, B.F.V. and Simon, S. International trade and the sustainability footprint: A practical criterion for its assessment [J]. Ecological Economics, 1999,28: 75-97.
[72]Rees, W.E. Ecological footprint and appropriated carrying capacity: What urban economics leaves out [J]. Environment and Urbanization, 1992, 4(2): 121-130.
[73]Rees, W.E. Consuming the earth: The biophysics of sustainability [J]. Ecological Economics, 1999, 29: 23-27.
[74]Rees, W.E. and Wackernagel, M. Monetary analysis: Turning a blind eye on sustainability [J]. Ecological Economics, 1999, 29: 47-52.
[75] Renault, D. Value of virtual water in food: Principles and virtues [C]. In: Hoekstra, A.Y.(ed). Virtual Water Trade: Proceedings of the International Expert Meeting on Virtual Water Trade. Value of Water Research Report Series No.12, IHE, Delft, the Netherlands, 2003: 77-91.
[76] Rock, M.T. Pollution intensity of GDP and trade policy: Can the World Bank be wrong? [J]. World Development, 1996, 24(3): 471-479.
[77]Rockstrom, J. and Gordon, L. Assessment of green water flows to sustain major biomes of the world: Implications for future eco-hydrological landscape management [J]. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth (B), 2001, 26: 843-851.
[78] Roger, W.E., Fred, W.R., Robert, N.K., Stevan, Z.K., Alex, M., Lenis, A.N. and Charles, A. Glyphosate-resistant soybean cultivar response to glyphosate [J]. Agronomy Journal, 2001, 93: 404-407.
[79]Ropke, I. Trade, development and sustainability-A critical assessment of the 'free trade dogma' [J]. Ecological Economics, 1994, 9:13-22.
[80]Ropke, I. Prices are not worth much [J]. Ecological Economics, 1999, 29: 45-46.
[81]Sanchez-Choliz, J and Duarte R. CO_2 emissions embodied in international trade: Evidence for Spain [J]. Energy Policy, 2004, 32: 1999-2005.
[82]Sandmo, A. Optimal taxation in the presence of externalities [J]. Swedish Journal of Economics, 1975, 77: 86-98.
[83] Schaeffer, R., SA A.L.D. The embodiment of carbon associated with Brazilian imports and exports [J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 1996, 37: 955-960.
[84] Schmidt-Bleek, F. MIPS-A universal ecological measure [J]. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 1992, 2: 407-412.
[85]Selden, T. and Song, D. Environmental quality and development: Is there a Kuznets curve for air pollution emissions? [J]. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 1994, 27: 147-162.
[86]Shafik, N. and Bandyopadhyay, B. Economic Growth and Environmental Quality: Time Series and Cross-Country Evidence [R]. Policy research working paper, WPS 904. The World Bank, Washington, DC, 1992.
[87] Stern, D. The Environmental Kuznets Curve: A review [C]. In: Cleveland, C, Stern, D. and Costanza, R. (Eds). The Economics of Nature and the Nature of Economics. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, 2001:193-217.
[88]Tucker, M. Trading carbon tradable offsets under Kyoto's clean development mechanism: The economic advantages to buyers and sellers of using call options [J]. Ecological Economics, 2001,37:173-182.
[89] UNEP. Global Products Chains: Northern Consumers, Southern Producers and Sustainability [R]. Environment and Trade Series No.15, UNEP, Geneva, 1998.
[90]UNESCAP. Economic and Social Survey of Asia and the Pacific 1987 [R], United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, New York, 1988.
[91]Van Beers, C. and van den Bergh J.C.J.M. An overview of methodological approaches in the analysis of trade and environment [J]. Journal of World Trade, 1996, 30(1): 143-167.
[92]van den Bergh, J.C.J.M and Verbruggen, H. Spatial sustainability, trade and indicators: An evaluation of the 'ecological footprint' [J]. Ecological Economics, 1999, 29: 61-72.
[93] van Veen-Groot, D.B. and Nijkamp, P. Globalisation, transport and the environment: New perspectives for ecological economics [J]. Ecological Economics, 1999, 31: 331-346.
[94] Wackernagel, M., Onisto, L., Bello, P., Callejas Linares, A., Susana Lopez Falfan, I., Mendez Garcia, J. Isabel Suarez Guerrero, A. and Guadalupe Suarez Guerrero, M. National natural capital accounting with the ecological footprint concept [J]. Ecological Economics, 1999, 29: 375-390.
[95] Wackemagel, M., Schulz, N.B., Deumling, D., Linares C., Jenkins, M., Kapos, V., Monfreda, C., Loh, J., Myers, N., Norgaard, R. and Randers, J. Tracking the ecological overshoot of the human economy [J]. PNAS, 2002, 99(14): 9266-9271.
[96] Wichelns, D. The role of 'virtual water' in efforts to achieve food security and other national goals, with an example from Egypt [J]. Agricultural Water Management, 2001, 49: 131-151.
[97] World Bank. World Development Indicators 1998 [R]. World Bank, Washington, DC, 1998.
[98] World Commission on Environment and Development. Our Common Future [M]. Oxford University Press, New York, 1987.
[99] Wyckoff, A. and Roop, J. The embodiment of carbon in imports of manufactured products [J]. Energy Policy, 1994, 22(3): 187-194.
[100] Yang, H., Reichert, P., Abbaspour, K.C. and Zehnder, A.J.B. A water resources threshold and its implications for food security [C]. In: Hoekstra, A.Y.(ed). Virtual Water Trade: Proceedings of the International Expert Meeting on Virtual Water Trade.Value of Water Research Report Series No.12, IHE, Delft, the Netherlands, 2003: 111-117.
[101] Yohanis, Y.G. and Norton, B. Life-cycle operational and embodied energy for a generic single-storey office building in the UK [J]. Energy, 2002, 27(1): 77-92.
[102] 卞有生．生态农业废弃物的处理与再生利用[M]．北京：化学工业出版社，2000．
[103] 蔡守秋．论环境外交的发展趋势和特点[J]．上海环境科学，1999，18(6)：243-245．
[104] 曹利军，李晓明，韩文辉．污染转移：比较优势说误区[J]．中国人口、资源与环境，2003，13(4)：111-113．
[105] 曹志强．东北地区“九五”和2010年粮食增产潜力及对策分析[J]．农业现代化研究，1998，19(1)：5-8．
[106] 车晋滇，郭喜红．北美一枝黄花[J]．杂草科学，1999，(1)：17．
[107] 陈红伟．再论出口退税——从理论到实践[J]．涉外税务，2004，(8)：18-22．
[108] 陈佳贵．中国能源的开发利用与环境保护[J]．国际技术贸易市场信息，2001，(2)：194-198．
[109] 陈清泰．中国的能源战略和政策[J]．国际石油经济，2003，11(12)：18-21．
[110] 陈建国．贸易与环境：经济，法律，政策[M]．天津：天津人民出版社，2001．
[111] 陈效逑，乔立佳．中国经济——环境系统的物质流分析[J]．自然资源学报，2000，15(1)：17-23．
[112] 陈愈，吴建伟．对我国招商引资中污染产业转移问题应予关注[J]．商业研究，2003，(19)：1-3．
[113] 程国栋．虚拟水——中国水资源安全战略的新思路[J]．中国科学院院刊，2003，18(4)：260-265．
[114] 储国强，刘军，熊聪茹．警惕我国成为世界高耗能产业转移中心[N]．经济日报，2004-12-9．
[115] 丁建清，解焱．中国外来种入侵机制及对策[C]．汪松，谢彼德，解焱．保护中国的生物多样性(二)．北京：中国环境科学出版社，1996：107-128．
[116] 丁建清，王韧．外来种对中国生物多样性的影响[C]．中国生物多样性国情研究报告编写组．中国生物多样性国情研究报告．北京：中国环境科学出版社，1998：58-61．
[117] 东方尔．“动物疫病”为何逼近人类?[N]．南方日报，2004-2-12．
[118] 高嵩，高小平．浅谈环境成本内部化与国际贸易比较[J]．经济师，2001，(9)：58-59．
[119] 龚震．积极开采电子垃圾中的矿产资源[N]．科学时报，2004-7-1．
[120] 郭力芳，李燕．宁夏紧缩银煤等“出口口袋”[N]．宁夏日报，2004-12-13．
[121] 国家计委，国家科委．中国21世纪议程[M]．北京：中国环境科学出版社，1994．
[122] 国家统计局．中国统计年鉴[EB／OL]．http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/index.htm．
[123] 国家统计局．中国能源统计年鉴(1997-1999)[M]．北京：中国统计出版社，2001．
[124] 国家统计局．中国能源统计年鉴(2000-2002)[M]．北京：中国统计出版社，2004．
[125] 国经．资源开发——中国实施走出去大战略[J]．外经导报，2004，(1)：18-20．
[126] 国土资源部．2002年中国国土资源公报[EB／OL]． http://news.xinhuanet.com/zhengfu/2003-12/01/content_1207076.htm, 2003.
[127] 侯立军．中国粮食经营如何面对经济全球化[J]．经济理论与经济管理，2000，(5)：17-19。
[128] 胡聃，许开鹏，杨建新，刘天星．经济发展对环境质量的影响——环境库兹涅茨曲线国内外研究进展[J]．生态学报，2004，24(6)：1259-1266．
[129] 胡笑红，任丽．就中国有关专家建议转基因水稻市场化，绿色和平组织公开质疑[N]．京华时报，2004-12-2．
[130] 胡振华，杨晓明．环境成本内在化——对国际绿色贸易的成本分析[J]．国际经贸探索，2001，(4)：23-27．
[131] 黄忠良，曹洪麟，梁晓东，叶万辉，冯惠玲，蔡楚．不同生境和森林内薇甘菊的生存与危害状况[J]．热带亚热带植物学报，2000，8(2)：131-138．
[132] 靳乐山．环境污染的国际转移与城乡转移[J]．中国环境科学，1997，17(4)：335-339．
[133] 柯兵，柳文华，段光明，严岩，邓红兵，赵景柱．虚拟水在解决农业生产和粮食安全问题中的作用研究[J]．环境科学，2004，25(2)：32-36．
[134] 李秉毅．可持续发展的基础理论与发展[J]．城市发展研究，1998，(4)：11-14．
[135] 李博，陈家宽．生物入侵生态学：成就与挑战[J]．世界科技研究与发展，2002，24(2)：26-36．
[136] 李慧明，卜欣欣．绿色国际贸易与绿色国际贸易壁垒[J]．南开学报(哲学社会科学版)，2000，(4)：36-41．
[137] 李吉明．我国农产品出口受阻绿色壁垒的原因及对策[J]．国际贸易问题，2003，(10)：10-14．
[138] 李柯勇．林业局：2002年全国收缴国家重点保护野生动物56000余只[EB／OL]．新华网，http://news.xinhuanet.com/zhengfu/2003-04/11/content_826698.htm，2003．
[139] 李立．试用投入产出法分析中国的能源消费和环境问题[J]．统计研究，1994，(5)：56-61．
[140] 李绍平，王甲山．我国生态税费问题分析及对策[J]．税务与经济，2004，(3)：54-57．
[141] 李向前，胡涛，毛显强．贸易政策环境影响评价的国际研究进展[J]．环境科学动态，2003，(2)：39-41．
[142] 李晓明，曹利军，韩文辉．污染转移分析及对策[J]．重庆环境科学，2003，25(4)：3-6．
[143] 李欣欣．中国应参与国际价格对话[J]．瞭望新闻周刊，2004，(25)：12-14．
[144] 李燕茹，赵玉敏．从开发转向管理：中国渔业贸易自由化进程中的环境风险[J]．国际贸易，2002，(5)：25-28．
[145] 李挚萍．《京都议定书》与温室气体国际减排交易制度[J]．环境保护，2004，(2)：58-60．
[146] 梁玉波，王斌．中国外来海洋生物及其影响[J]．生物多样性，2001，9(4)：458-465．
[147] 廖永松，黄季煜．21世纪我国粮食安全保障与灌溉需水预测[J]．中国水利，2004，(1)：36-38．
[148] 刘浦泉．废旧电子产品污染环境，分类回收刻不容缓[EB／OL]．新华网，http://www.people.com.cn/GB/huanbao/56/20020425/717590.html, 2002.
[149] 刘起运，彭春燕．90年代以来我国结构转变中的产业关联变动——从能源消耗角度所作的分析[J]．冶金经济与管理，2002，(6)：12-14．
[150] 刘淑琪．我国引进外资过程中的污染转移问题研究[J]．山东财政学院学报，2001，(1)：46-49，87．
[151] 龙爱华，徐中民，张志强．西北四省(区)2000年的水资源足迹[J]．冰川冻土，2003，25(6)：692-700．
[152] 隆国强．如何看待我国的外贸依存度[J]．国际贸易问题，2000，(11)：24-27．
[153] 陆文聪，郭小钗．农业贸易自由化对我国环境的影响与对策[J]．中国农村经济，2002，(1)：46-51．
[154] 罗宏，王金南，葛察忠．中国东西部工业污染和经济发展的分析比较[J]．上海环境科学，2001，20(7)：341-343．
[155] 马静，汪党献，Hoekstra，A．Y虚拟水贸易与跨流域调水[J]．中国水利，2004，(13)：37-39．
[156] 梅旭荣，罗远培．缺水与我国粮食生产：问题、潜力与对策[J]．科技导报，2000，(6)：31-34．
[157] 彭海珍，任荣明．环境成本转移与西部可持续发展[J]．科学管理研究，2004，22(2)：9-14．
[158] 彭华，许再富．濒危野生植物在中草药中的应用[C]．中国环境与发展国际合作委员会．保护中国的生物多样性．北京：中国环境科学出版社，1996：218-234．
[159] 彭俐俐．20世纪环境警示录[M]．北京：华夏出版社，2001．
[160] 强胜，曹学章．中国异域杂草的考察与分析[J]．植物资源与环境学报， 2000，9(4)：34-38．
[161] 秦大河．进入21世纪的气候变化科学——气候变化的事实、影响与对策[J]．科技导报，2004，(7)：4-7．
[162] 曲如晓，李群．论服务贸易自由化与环境保护[J]．南京财经大学学报，2004，(4)：49-53．
[163] 曲如晓．环境外部性与国际贸易福利效应[J]．国际贸易探索，2002，(1)：10-14．
[164] 伞峰，祝宝良．近期国际市场初级产品价格波动以及对我国的影响[J]．中国物价，2004，(9)：26-31．
[165] 司金銮．国际可持续贸易趋向与中国发展策略研究[J]．江淮论坛，2001，(5)：49-54．
[166] 孙学勤．征收生态税：进出口贸易增长与生态危机条件下的选择[J]．国际经贸探索，2003，19(5)：12-14．
[167] 谭万忠．空心莲子草对几种作物的损失测定[J]．杂草学报，1994，8(1)：28-31．
[168] 屠庆忠，田维明．出口退税的作用机制及优化研究[J]．中国农业经济评论，2004，2(2)：133-163．
[169] 万方浩，郭建英，王德辉．中国外来入侵生物的危害与管理对策[J]．生物多样性，2002，10(1)：119-125．
[170] 汪德平．浅谈中国粮食流动格局的新变化[J]．粮食问题研究，2004，(3)：28-31．
[171] 王海斌．未来中国：石油安全及其战略走向[J]．中学地理教学参考，2004，(7)：112-114．
[172] 王福祥．美洲斑潜蝇的发生及综合防治[J]．农业科技通讯，1997，(2)：34．
[173] 王海建．能源经济投入占用产出系数变动分析[J]．中国能源，1998，(5)：9-12，16．
[174] 王海建．经济结构变动与能源需求的投入产出分析[J]．统计研究，1999，(6)：30-34．
[175] 王海建．中国能源消费与温室气体排放预测分析[J]．上海环境科学，1999，18(2)：67-69．
[176] 王翰林．环境问题：入世后的外贸焦点——访国家环保总局副局长王玉庆[N]．科技日报，2001-11-12．
[177] 王金南，曹东．可持续发展战略与环境成本内部化[J]．环境科学研究，1997，10(1)：37-42．
[178] 王金南．论环境成本内部化与政策选择[J]．中国人口资源与环境，1997，7(1)：63-68．
[179] 王小兰．绿色壁垒对我国农产品出口的影响及对策[J]．农村经济，2004，(6)：8-10．
[180] 王新华．中部四省虚拟水贸易的初步研究[J]．华南农业大学学报(社会科学版)，2004，(3)：33-38．
[181] 王玉潜．能源消耗强度变动的因素分析方法及其应用．数量经济技术经济研究，2003，(8)：151-154．
[182] 魏浩，宋耀．构建适度外贸依存度[J]．中国经贸，2004，(6)：34-35．
[183] 伍朝辉．环境成本内在化及其对我国对外贸易的影响[J]．经济师，2002，(11)：21-22．
[184] 武振．绿色壁垒对我国外贸出口的影响及对策[J]．当代经济研究，2004，(5)：29-32．
[185] 吴克强．初谈滇池流域的生态平衡[J]．国内湖泊(水库)协作网通讯，1993．1：47-49．
[186] 夏友富，陈正华．转基因大豆对我国生物安全的影响及其对策研究[C]．王德辉，方晨．保护生物多样性，加强自然保护区管理．北京：中国环境出版社，2003：67-88．
[187] 夏友富，赵凯。论控制有害废物越境转移与我国的对外开放[J]．财贸经济，1994，(9)：52-55．
[188] 夏友富．控制外国危险废物大量向我国转移的对策研究[J]．国际贸易问题，1997，(5)：26-34．
[189] 夏友富．外商投资中国污染密集产业现状、后果及其对策研究[J]．管理世界，1999，(3)：109-123．
[190] 夏友富．外来物种越境转移、WTO与中国的对策研究[C]．王德辉，McNeely防治外来入侵物种．北京：中国环境出版社，2001：200-207．
[191] 肖黎明．藏羚羊保护前景不容乐观[N]．法制日报，2000-11-1．
[192] 谢卓然，宗刚．环境成本内部化与我国对外贸易环境竞争力[J]．经济与管理，2003，(4)：8-10．
[193] 徐万国，马莉．最后通牒：欧盟博弈中国焦炭倒计时[N]．21世纪经济报道，2004-5-13．
[194] 杨青．两年内态度陡转令人纳闷，欧盟为何抢购中国焦炭[N]．北京青年报，2004-5-30．
[195] 俞剑平．初级产品出口与绿色贸易政策择优[J]．世界经济，2002，(9)： 41-45．
[196] 曾凡银，郭羽诞．绿色壁垒与污染产业转移成因及对策研究[J]．财经研究，2004，30(4)：101-107。
[197] 张国华，曹文宣，陈宜瑜．湖泊放养渔业对我国湖泊生态系统的影响[J]．水生生物学报，1997，21(3)：271-280．
[198] 张小明，志文．人类疾病也在“全球化”[N]．光明日报，2001．7-6．
[199] 张新军．京都议定书即将生效，中国如何应对国际环保条约[N]．南方周末，2004-12-3．
[200] 张源．出口退税新机制的主要内容及其影响[J]．财会通讯，2004，(8)：43．
[201] 张月玲，周力，王炳琴．论建立我国的生态税[J]．中国煤炭经济师范学院学报，1999，(3)：56-58．
[202] 赵秀丽，吴鸣．出口退税率下调带来的影响[J]．经济论坛，2004，(15)：114．
[203] 中国对外经济贸易年鉴编辑委员会．中国对外经济贸易年鉴[M]．北京：中国对外经济贸易出版社．1980-2002年．
[204] 中国人民银行．二○○四年第一季度中国货币政策执行报告[EB／OL]．http://finance.sina.com.cn/g/20040512/0920755937.shtml, 2004.
[205] 中华人民共和国海关总署．中国海关统计年鉴[M]．北京：中国海关出版社．1997-2003年．
[206] 中华人民共和国商务部规划财务司，国际贸易经济合作研究院．中国对外贸易形势报告(2004年秋季)[EB／OL]．http://gcs.mofcom.gov.cn/article/200411／20041100305835_1.xml，2004．
[207] 周大地，朱兴珊．我国石油供应形势和资源及安全战略[J]．国际石油经济，2002，10(10)：22-26．
[208] 周启梁．生物入侵，谁的黄昏[J]．知识经济，2003，(2)：28-31．
[209] 钟华平，耿雷华．虚拟水与水安全[J]．中国水利杂志，2004，(5)：22-23，5．
[210] 朱相云，杜玉芬．中国豆科植物外来种研究[J]．植物研究，2002，22(2)：139-150．
[211] 祝小兵．浅论建立我国石油安全战略体系[J]．世界经济研究，2004，(3)：17-21．
[212] 资树荣．简议可持续贸易[J]．商业研究，2001，(7)：81-83．
[2] Allan, J.A. Fortunately there are substitutes for water otherwise our hydro-political futures would be impossible [C]. In: ODA.(ed). Priorities for Water Resources Allocation and Management, ODA, London, 1993:13-26.
[3] Allan, J.A. Overall perspectives on countries and regions [C]. In: Rogers, R and Lydon, P.(eds). Water in the Arab World: Perspectives and Prognoses, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1994: 65-100.
[4] Allan, J.A. Watersheds and problemsheds: Explaining the absence of armed conflict over water in the Middle East [J]. Middle East Review of International Affairs, 1998, 2(1): 1-4.
[5] Allan, J.A. A convenient solution [J]. The UNESCO Courier, 1999, 52(2): 29-31.
[6] Allan, J.A. Virtual water eliminates water wars? A case study from the Middle East [C]. In: Hoekstra, A.Y.(ed). Virtual Water Trade: Proceedings of the International Expert Meeting on Virtual Water Trade. Value of Water Research Report Series No.12, IHE, Delft, the Netherlands, 2003:137-145.
[7] Andersson, J.O. and Lindroth, M. Ecologically unsustainable trade [J]. Ecological Economics, 2001,37(1): 113-122.
[8] Antweiler, W. The pollution terms of trade [J]. Economic Systems Research, 1996, 8 (4): 361-365.
[9] Archibugi, D. and Michie, J. The globalisation of technology: A new taxonomy [J]. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 1995,19: 121-140.
[10]Arrow, K., Bolin, B., Costanza, R., Dasgupta, P., Folke, C, Holling, C.S., Jansson, B.O., Maler, K.G., Perrings, C. and Pimentel, D. Economic growth, carrying capacity, and the environment [J]. Ecological Economics, 1995,15(2): 91-95.
[11]Barbier, E.B. Introduction to the Environmental Kuznets Curve Special Issue [J]. Environment andDevelopment Economics, 1997, 2: 369-381.
[12]Battjes, J.J., Noorman, K.J. and Biesiot, W. Assessing the energy intensities of imports [J]. Energy Economics, 1998, 20: 67-83.
[13]Brown, L.R. Who Will Feed China: Wake-Up Call for a Small Planet [M]. W.W. Norton, New York, 1995.
[14] Brown, L.R. and Halweil, B. China's water shortage could shake world food security [J]. World Watch, 1998,11(4): 10-21.
[15]Bullard, C. and Herendeen, R. The energy costs of goods and services [J]. Energy Policy, 1975,3(4): 268-277.
[16]Chapagain, A.K. and Hoekstra, A.Y. Virtual water trade: A quantification of virtual water flows between nations in relation to international trade of livestock and livestock products [C]. In: Hoekstra, A.Y.(ed). Virtual Water Trade: Proceedings of the International Expert Meeting on Virtual Water Trade. Value of Water Research Report Series No.12, IHE, Delft, the Netherlands, 2003: 25-47.
[17] Chapman, P.F. Energy costs: A review of methods [J]. Energy Policy, 1974, 2(2): 91-103.
[18] Chen, Z.Y., Li, B., Zhong, Y. and Chen, J.K. Local competitive effects of introduced Spartina alterniflora on Scirpus mariqueter at Dongtan of Chongming Island, the Yangtze River estuary and their potential ecological consequences [J]. Hydrobiologia, 2004,528 (1-3): 99-106.
[19]Cole, M.A. Trade Liberalisation, Economic Growth and the Environment [M]. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, 2000.
[20]Copeland, B.R. and Taylor, M.S. North-South trade and the environment [J]. Quarterly Journal of Economic, 1994,109 (3): 755-787.
[21]Copeland, B.R. and Taylor, M.S. Trade and transboundary pollution [J]. American Economic Review, 1995, 85: 716-737.
[22] Copeland, B.R. and Taylor, M.S. Trade and the Environment: Theory and Evidence [M].Princeton University Press, Princeton, 2003.
[23] Costanza, R. Embodied energy and economic valuation [J]. Science, 1980, 210: 1219-1224.
[24]Costanza, R. The dynamics of the ecological footprint concept [J]. Ecological Economics, 2000,32: 341-345.
[25]Daly, H. Problems with free trade: Neoclassical and steady-state perspectives [C]. In: Zaelke, D., Orbuch, P. and Housman, R.F. (eds). Trade.and Environment: Law, Economics and Policy. Island Press, Washington, DC, 1993: 147-157.
[26]Dincer, I. and Rosen, M.A. Energy, environment and sustainable development [J]. Applied Energy, 1999, 64 (1-4): 427-440.
[27]Dinda, S. Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis: A survey [J]. Ecological Economics, 2004, 49: 431- 455.
[28] Drucker, P.F. The changed world economy[J], Foreign Affairs, 1986: 64(4): 768-791.
[29] Earle, A. and Turton, A. The virtual water trade amongst countries of the SADC [C]. In: Hoekstra, A.Y.(ed). Virtual Water Trade: Proceedings of the International Expert Meeting on Virtual Water Trade.Value of Water Research Report Series No.12, IHE, Delft, the Netherlands, 2003: 183-200.
[30] EIA. International Energy Outlook 2003 [EB/OL]. http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/ieo/, 2003.
[31] Eskeland, G..S. and Harrison, A.E. Moving to greener pastures? Multinationals and the pollution haven hypothesis[J]. Journal of Development Economics, 2003, 70(1): 1-23.
[32] Everett, R.A. Patterns and pathways of biological invasion [J]. Trend in Ecology and Evolution, 2000, 15: 177-178.
[33] Faucheux, S. and O'Connor, M. Valuation for Sustainable Development: Methods and Policy Indicators[M]. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, 1998.
[34] Fischer-Kowalski, M. and Huttler, W. Society's metabolism: The intellectual history of materials flow analysis, part Ⅱ, 1970-1998 [J]. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 1999, 2(4): 107-136.
[35] Gale, E China's Food and Agriculture: Issues for the 21st Century [R]. Agriculture Information Bulletin No 775, Economic Research Service/USDA. Washington, D.C, 2002.
[36] Giljum, S. and Hubacek, K. International Trade, Material Flows and Land Use: Developing a Physical Trade Balance for the European Union [R]. Interims Report No. 01-059, IIASA, Laxenburg, 2001.
[37] Grossman, G.M and Krueger, A.B. Environmental Impacts of North American Free Trade Agreement [R]. CEPR Discussion Paper No.644, Center for Economic Policy Research, London, 1992.
[38] Grossman, G.M. and Helpman, E. Innovation and Growth in the Global Economy [M]. MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1991.
[39] Hayami, H. and Kiji T. An input-output analysis on Japan-China environmental problem: Compilation of the input-output table for the analysis of energy and air pollutants[J]. Journal of Applied Input-Output Analysis, 1997, 4, 23-47.
[40] Hoekstra, A.Y. Virtual water: An introduction [C]. In: Hoekstra, A.Y.(ed). Virtual Water Trade: Proceedings of the International Expert Meeting on Virtual Water Trade. Value of Water Research Report Series No. 12, IHE, Delft, the Netherlands, 2003:13-23.
[41]Hoekstra, A.Y. and Hung, P.Q. Virtual Water trade: A Quantification of Virtual Water Flows between Nations in Relation to International Crop Trade [R]. Value of Water Research Report Series No.11, IHE, Delft, the Netherlands, 2002.
[42]Hubacek, K. and Giljum, S. Applying physical input/output analysis to estimate land appropriation (ecological footprints) of international trade activities [J]. Ecological Economics, 2003, 44:137-151.
[43] Hunter, D., Salzman, J. and Zaelke, D. International Environmental Law and Policy [M]. The Foundation Press, New York, 1998.
[44]Jaffe, A. B., Peterson, S. R., Portney, P. R. and Stavins, R. N. Environmental regulation and the competitiveness of US manufacturing: What does the evidence tell us? [J]. Journal of Economic Literature, 1995, 33: 132-163.
[45] Jin, L.S and Young, W. Water use in agriculture in China: Importance, challenges, and implications for policy [J]. Water Policy, 2001, 3(3): 215-228.
[46]Johnstone, N. Trade liberalisation, economic specialization and the environment [J]. Ecological Economics, 1995,14:165-173.
[47]Kohn, R.E. Environmental standards as barriers to trade [J]. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, 2003, 37: 203-214.
[48] Kondo, Y. and Moriguchi, Y. CO_2 emissions in Japan: Influences of imports and exports [J]. Applied Energy, 1998, 59(2-3): 163-174.
[49]Kuznets, S. Economics growth and income equality [J]. American Economic Review, 1955, 45(1): 1-28.
[50]Lavel, G. Global change through invasion [J]. Nature, 1997, 388: 627-828.
[51] Lee, H. and Roland-Host, D. International Trade and the Transfer of Environmental Costs and Benefits [R]. Technical Papers 91, OECD Development Centre, Paris, 1993.
[52]Leontief, W. Quantitative input-output relations in the economic system [J]. Review of Economic Statistics, 1936,18: 105-125
[53]Liddle, B. Free trade and the environment-development system [J]. Ecological Economics, 2001,39: 21-26
[54] Lucas, R., Wheeler, P. and Hettige, H. Economic development, environmental regulation and international migration of toxic pollution 1960-1988 [C]. In: Low, P. (ed) International Trade and the Environment. World Bank Discussion paper 159. The World Bank, Washington, D C, 1992: 67-86.
[55] Machado, G., Schaeffer, R. and Worrell, E. Energy and carbon embodied in the international trade of Brazil: An input-output approach[J]. Ecological Economics, 2001, 39: 409-424.
[56] Madelay, J. Trade and the Poor: The Impact of International Trade on Developing Countries[R]. Intermediate Technology Publications, London, 1992.
[57] Matsuoka, S. International trade of the primary commodities and the environment problems[J]. Asia-Africa Studies, 1993, 33: 35-84.
[58] Matthews, E., Amann, C., Bringezu, S., Fischer-Kowalski, M., Huettler, W., Kleijn, R., Moriguchi, Y., Ottke, C., Rodenburg, E., Rogich, D., Shandl, H., Schuetz, H., van der Voet, E. and Weisz, H. The Weight of Nations: Material Outflows from Industrial Economies[R]. World Resources Institute, Washington, DC, 2000.
[59] Meade, J.E. External economies and diseconomies in a competitive situation [J]. Economic Journal, 1952, 62: 54-67.
[60] Meissner, R. Regional food security and virtual water: Some natural, political and economic implications [C]. In: Hoekstra, A.Y.(ed). Virtual Water Trade: Proceedings of the International Expert Meeting on Virtual Water Trade. Value of Water Research Report Series No.12, IHE, Delft, the Netherlands, 2003: 201-219.
[61] Michaelis, P., Jackson, T. and Clift, R. Exergy analysis of the life cycle of steel [J]. Energy, 1998, 23(3): 213-220.
[62] Munksgaard, J. and Pedersen, K.A. CO_2 accounts for open economies: Producer or consumer responsibility? [J]. Energy Policy, 2001, 29: 327-334.
[63] Muradian, R., O'Connor, M. and Martinez-Alier, J. Embodied pollution in trade: Estimating the 'environmental load displacement' of industrialised countries [J]. Ecological Economics, 2002, 41(1): 51-67.
[64] O'Riordan, T. Ecotaxation[M]. Earthscan, London, 1997.
[65] OECD. The Environmental Effects of Trade[R]. OECD, Paris, 1994.
[66] OECD. Freight and the Environment: Effects of Trade Liberalization and Transport Sector Reforms[R]. General Distribution Document. OCDE/GD, Paris, 1997.
[67] Oki, T., Sato, M., Kawamura, A., Miyake, M., Kanae, S. and Musiake, K. Virtual water trade to Japan and in the world [C]. In: Hoekstra, A.Y.(ed). Virtual Water Trade: Proceedings of the International Expert Meeting on Virtual Water Trade. Value of Water Research Report Series No.12, IHE, Delft, the Netherlands, 2003: 221-235.
[68]Panayotou, T. Empirical tests and policy analysis of environmental degradation at different stages of economic development [R]. World employment programme research working paper WP238. Technology and Employment Programme, International Labor Office, Geneva, 1993.
[69] Panayotou, T. Globalization and Environment [R]. CID Working Paper No 53, 2000.
[70]Pearce, D.W. and Warford, J.J. World without End: Economics, Environment and Sustainable Development [M]. Oxford University Press, New York, 1993.
[71]Proops, J.L.R., Atkinson, G.., Schlotheim, B.F.V. and Simon, S. International trade and the sustainability footprint: A practical criterion for its assessment [J]. Ecological Economics, 1999,28: 75-97.
[72]Rees, W.E. Ecological footprint and appropriated carrying capacity: What urban economics leaves out [J]. Environment and Urbanization, 1992, 4(2): 121-130.
[73]Rees, W.E. Consuming the earth: The biophysics of sustainability [J]. Ecological Economics, 1999, 29: 23-27.
[74]Rees, W.E. and Wackernagel, M. Monetary analysis: Turning a blind eye on sustainability [J]. Ecological Economics, 1999, 29: 47-52.
[75] Renault, D. Value of virtual water in food: Principles and virtues [C]. In: Hoekstra, A.Y.(ed). Virtual Water Trade: Proceedings of the International Expert Meeting on Virtual Water Trade. Value of Water Research Report Series No.12, IHE, Delft, the Netherlands, 2003: 77-91.
[76] Rock, M.T. Pollution intensity of GDP and trade policy: Can the World Bank be wrong? [J]. World Development, 1996, 24(3): 471-479.
[77]Rockstrom, J. and Gordon, L. Assessment of green water flows to sustain major biomes of the world: Implications for future eco-hydrological landscape management [J]. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth (B), 2001, 26: 843-851.
[78] Roger, W.E., Fred, W.R., Robert, N.K., Stevan, Z.K., Alex, M., Lenis, A.N. and Charles, A. Glyphosate-resistant soybean cultivar response to glyphosate [J]. Agronomy Journal, 2001, 93: 404-407.
[79]Ropke, I. Trade, development and sustainability-A critical assessment of the 'free trade dogma' [J]. Ecological Economics, 1994, 9:13-22.
[80]Ropke, I. Prices are not worth much [J]. Ecological Economics, 1999, 29: 45-46.
[81]Sanchez-Choliz, J and Duarte R. CO_2 emissions embodied in international trade: Evidence for Spain [J]. Energy Policy, 2004, 32: 1999-2005.
[82]Sandmo, A. Optimal taxation in the presence of externalities [J]. Swedish Journal of Economics, 1975, 77: 86-98.
[83] Schaeffer, R., SA A.L.D. The embodiment of carbon associated with Brazilian imports and exports [J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 1996, 37: 955-960.
[84] Schmidt-Bleek, F. MIPS-A universal ecological measure [J]. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 1992, 2: 407-412.
[85]Selden, T. and Song, D. Environmental quality and development: Is there a Kuznets curve for air pollution emissions? [J]. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 1994, 27: 147-162.
[86]Shafik, N. and Bandyopadhyay, B. Economic Growth and Environmental Quality: Time Series and Cross-Country Evidence [R]. Policy research working paper, WPS 904. The World Bank, Washington, DC, 1992.
[87] Stern, D. The Environmental Kuznets Curve: A review [C]. In: Cleveland, C, Stern, D. and Costanza, R. (Eds). The Economics of Nature and the Nature of Economics. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, 2001:193-217.
[88]Tucker, M. Trading carbon tradable offsets under Kyoto's clean development mechanism: The economic advantages to buyers and sellers of using call options [J]. Ecological Economics, 2001,37:173-182.
[89] UNEP. Global Products Chains: Northern Consumers, Southern Producers and Sustainability [R]. Environment and Trade Series No.15, UNEP, Geneva, 1998.
[90]UNESCAP. Economic and Social Survey of Asia and the Pacific 1987 [R], United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, New York, 1988.
[91]Van Beers, C. and van den Bergh J.C.J.M. An overview of methodological approaches in the analysis of trade and environment [J]. Journal of World Trade, 1996, 30(1): 143-167.
[92]van den Bergh, J.C.J.M and Verbruggen, H. Spatial sustainability, trade and indicators: An evaluation of the 'ecological footprint' [J]. Ecological Economics, 1999, 29: 61-72.
[93] van Veen-Groot, D.B. and Nijkamp, P. Globalisation, transport and the environment: New perspectives for ecological economics [J]. Ecological Economics, 1999, 31: 331-346.
[94] Wackernagel, M., Onisto, L., Bello, P., Callejas Linares, A., Susana Lopez Falfan, I., Mendez Garcia, J. Isabel Suarez Guerrero, A. and Guadalupe Suarez Guerrero, M. National natural capital accounting with the ecological footprint concept [J]. Ecological Economics, 1999, 29: 375-390.
[95] Wackemagel, M., Schulz, N.B., Deumling, D., Linares C., Jenkins, M., Kapos, V., Monfreda, C., Loh, J., Myers, N., Norgaard, R. and Randers, J. Tracking the ecological overshoot of the human economy [J]. PNAS, 2002, 99(14): 9266-9271.
[96] Wichelns, D. The role of 'virtual water' in efforts to achieve food security and other national goals, with an example from Egypt [J]. Agricultural Water Management, 2001, 49: 131-151.
[97] World Bank. World Development Indicators 1998 [R]. World Bank, Washington, DC, 1998.
[98] World Commission on Environment and Development. Our Common Future [M]. Oxford University Press, New York, 1987.
[99] Wyckoff, A. and Roop, J. The embodiment of carbon in imports of manufactured products [J]. Energy Policy, 1994, 22(3): 187-194.
[100] Yang, H., Reichert, P., Abbaspour, K.C. and Zehnder, A.J.B. A water resources threshold and its implications for food security [C]. In: Hoekstra, A.Y.(ed). Virtual Water Trade: Proceedings of the International Expert Meeting on Virtual Water Trade.Value of Water Research Report Series No.12, IHE, Delft, the Netherlands, 2003: 111-117.
[101] Yohanis, Y.G. and Norton, B. Life-cycle operational and embodied energy for a generic single-storey office building in the UK [J]. Energy, 2002, 27(1): 77-92.
[102] 卞有生．生态农业废弃物的处理与再生利用[M]．北京：化学工业出版社，2000．
[103] 蔡守秋．论环境外交的发展趋势和特点[J]．上海环境科学，1999，18(6)：243-245．
[104] 曹利军，李晓明，韩文辉．污染转移：比较优势说误区[J]．中国人口、资源与环境，2003，13(4)：111-113．
[105] 曹志强．东北地区“九五”和2010年粮食增产潜力及对策分析[J]．农业现代化研究，1998，19(1)：5-8．
[106] 车晋滇，郭喜红．北美一枝黄花[J]．杂草科学，1999，(1)：17．
[107] 陈红伟．再论出口退税——从理论到实践[J]．涉外税务，2004，(8)：18-22．
[108] 陈佳贵．中国能源的开发利用与环境保护[J]．国际技术贸易市场信息，2001，(2)：194-198．
[109] 陈清泰．中国的能源战略和政策[J]．国际石油经济，2003，11(12)：18-21．
[110] 陈建国．贸易与环境：经济，法律，政策[M]．天津：天津人民出版社，2001．
[111] 陈效逑，乔立佳．中国经济——环境系统的物质流分析[J]．自然资源学报，2000，15(1)：17-23．
[112] 陈愈，吴建伟．对我国招商引资中污染产业转移问题应予关注[J]．商业研究，2003，(19)：1-3．
[113] 程国栋．虚拟水——中国水资源安全战略的新思路[J]．中国科学院院刊，2003，18(4)：260-265．
[114] 储国强，刘军，熊聪茹．警惕我国成为世界高耗能产业转移中心[N]．经济日报，2004-12-9．
[115] 丁建清，解焱．中国外来种入侵机制及对策[C]．汪松，谢彼德，解焱．保护中国的生物多样性(二)．北京：中国环境科学出版社，1996：107-128．
[116] 丁建清，王韧．外来种对中国生物多样性的影响[C]．中国生物多样性国情研究报告编写组．中国生物多样性国情研究报告．北京：中国环境科学出版社，1998：58-61．
[117] 东方尔．“动物疫病”为何逼近人类?[N]．南方日报，2004-2-12．
[118] 高嵩，高小平．浅谈环境成本内部化与国际贸易比较[J]．经济师，2001，(9)：58-59．
[119] 龚震．积极开采电子垃圾中的矿产资源[N]．科学时报，2004-7-1．
[120] 郭力芳，李燕．宁夏紧缩银煤等“出口口袋”[N]．宁夏日报，2004-12-13．
[121] 国家计委，国家科委．中国21世纪议程[M]．北京：中国环境科学出版社，1994．
[122] 国家统计局．中国统计年鉴[EB／OL]．http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/index.htm．
[123] 国家统计局．中国能源统计年鉴(1997-1999)[M]．北京：中国统计出版社，2001．
[124] 国家统计局．中国能源统计年鉴(2000-2002)[M]．北京：中国统计出版社，2004．
[125] 国经．资源开发——中国实施走出去大战略[J]．外经导报，2004，(1)：18-20．
[126] 国土资源部．2002年中国国土资源公报[EB／OL]． http://news.xinhuanet.com/zhengfu/2003-12/01/content_1207076.htm, 2003.
[127] 侯立军．中国粮食经营如何面对经济全球化[J]．经济理论与经济管理，2000，(5)：17-19。
[128] 胡聃，许开鹏，杨建新，刘天星．经济发展对环境质量的影响——环境库兹涅茨曲线国内外研究进展[J]．生态学报，2004，24(6)：1259-1266．
[129] 胡笑红，任丽．就中国有关专家建议转基因水稻市场化，绿色和平组织公开质疑[N]．京华时报，2004-12-2．
[130] 胡振华，杨晓明．环境成本内在化——对国际绿色贸易的成本分析[J]．国际经贸探索，2001，(4)：23-27．
[131] 黄忠良，曹洪麟，梁晓东，叶万辉，冯惠玲，蔡楚．不同生境和森林内薇甘菊的生存与危害状况[J]．热带亚热带植物学报，2000，8(2)：131-138．
[132] 靳乐山．环境污染的国际转移与城乡转移[J]．中国环境科学，1997，17(4)：335-339．
[133] 柯兵，柳文华，段光明，严岩，邓红兵，赵景柱．虚拟水在解决农业生产和粮食安全问题中的作用研究[J]．环境科学，2004，25(2)：32-36．
[134] 李秉毅．可持续发展的基础理论与发展[J]．城市发展研究，1998，(4)：11-14．
[135] 李博，陈家宽．生物入侵生态学：成就与挑战[J]．世界科技研究与发展，2002，24(2)：26-36．
[136] 李慧明，卜欣欣．绿色国际贸易与绿色国际贸易壁垒[J]．南开学报(哲学社会科学版)，2000，(4)：36-41．
[137] 李吉明．我国农产品出口受阻绿色壁垒的原因及对策[J]．国际贸易问题，2003，(10)：10-14．
[138] 李柯勇．林业局：2002年全国收缴国家重点保护野生动物56000余只[EB／OL]．新华网，http://news.xinhuanet.com/zhengfu/2003-04/11/content_826698.htm，2003．
[139] 李立．试用投入产出法分析中国的能源消费和环境问题[J]．统计研究，1994，(5)：56-61．
[140] 李绍平，王甲山．我国生态税费问题分析及对策[J]．税务与经济，2004，(3)：54-57．
[141] 李向前，胡涛，毛显强．贸易政策环境影响评价的国际研究进展[J]．环境科学动态，2003，(2)：39-41．
[142] 李晓明，曹利军，韩文辉．污染转移分析及对策[J]．重庆环境科学，2003，25(4)：3-6．
[143] 李欣欣．中国应参与国际价格对话[J]．瞭望新闻周刊，2004，(25)：12-14．
[144] 李燕茹，赵玉敏．从开发转向管理：中国渔业贸易自由化进程中的环境风险[J]．国际贸易，2002，(5)：25-28．
[145] 李挚萍．《京都议定书》与温室气体国际减排交易制度[J]．环境保护，2004，(2)：58-60．
[146] 梁玉波，王斌．中国外来海洋生物及其影响[J]．生物多样性，2001，9(4)：458-465．
[147] 廖永松，黄季煜．21世纪我国粮食安全保障与灌溉需水预测[J]．中国水利，2004，(1)：36-38．
[148] 刘浦泉．废旧电子产品污染环境，分类回收刻不容缓[EB／OL]．新华网，http://www.people.com.cn/GB/huanbao/56/20020425/717590.html, 2002.
[149] 刘起运，彭春燕．90年代以来我国结构转变中的产业关联变动——从能源消耗角度所作的分析[J]．冶金经济与管理，2002，(6)：12-14．
[150] 刘淑琪．我国引进外资过程中的污染转移问题研究[J]．山东财政学院学报，2001，(1)：46-49，87．
[151] 龙爱华，徐中民，张志强．西北四省(区)2000年的水资源足迹[J]．冰川冻土，2003，25(6)：692-700．
[152] 隆国强．如何看待我国的外贸依存度[J]．国际贸易问题，2000，(11)：24-27．
[153] 陆文聪，郭小钗．农业贸易自由化对我国环境的影响与对策[J]．中国农村经济，2002，(1)：46-51．
[154] 罗宏，王金南，葛察忠．中国东西部工业污染和经济发展的分析比较[J]．上海环境科学，2001，20(7)：341-343．
[155] 马静，汪党献，Hoekstra，A．Y虚拟水贸易与跨流域调水[J]．中国水利，2004，(13)：37-39．
[156] 梅旭荣，罗远培．缺水与我国粮食生产：问题、潜力与对策[J]．科技导报，2000，(6)：31-34．
[157] 彭海珍，任荣明．环境成本转移与西部可持续发展[J]．科学管理研究，2004，22(2)：9-14．
[158] 彭华，许再富．濒危野生植物在中草药中的应用[C]．中国环境与发展国际合作委员会．保护中国的生物多样性．北京：中国环境科学出版社，1996：218-234．
[159] 彭俐俐．20世纪环境警示录[M]．北京：华夏出版社，2001．
[160] 强胜，曹学章．中国异域杂草的考察与分析[J]．植物资源与环境学报， 2000，9(4)：34-38．
[161] 秦大河．进入21世纪的气候变化科学——气候变化的事实、影响与对策[J]．科技导报，2004，(7)：4-7．
[162] 曲如晓，李群．论服务贸易自由化与环境保护[J]．南京财经大学学报，2004，(4)：49-53．
[163] 曲如晓．环境外部性与国际贸易福利效应[J]．国际贸易探索，2002，(1)：10-14．
[164] 伞峰，祝宝良．近期国际市场初级产品价格波动以及对我国的影响[J]．中国物价，2004，(9)：26-31．
[165] 司金銮．国际可持续贸易趋向与中国发展策略研究[J]．江淮论坛，2001，(5)：49-54．
[166] 孙学勤．征收生态税：进出口贸易增长与生态危机条件下的选择[J]．国际经贸探索，2003，19(5)：12-14．
[167] 谭万忠．空心莲子草对几种作物的损失测定[J]．杂草学报，1994，8(1)：28-31．
[168] 屠庆忠，田维明．出口退税的作用机制及优化研究[J]．中国农业经济评论，2004，2(2)：133-163．
[169] 万方浩，郭建英，王德辉．中国外来入侵生物的危害与管理对策[J]．生物多样性，2002，10(1)：119-125．
[170] 汪德平．浅谈中国粮食流动格局的新变化[J]．粮食问题研究，2004，(3)：28-31．
[171] 王海斌．未来中国：石油安全及其战略走向[J]．中学地理教学参考，2004，(7)：112-114．
[172] 王福祥．美洲斑潜蝇的发生及综合防治[J]．农业科技通讯，1997，(2)：34．
[173] 王海建．能源经济投入占用产出系数变动分析[J]．中国能源，1998，(5)：9-12，16．
[174] 王海建．经济结构变动与能源需求的投入产出分析[J]．统计研究，1999，(6)：30-34．
[175] 王海建．中国能源消费与温室气体排放预测分析[J]．上海环境科学，1999，18(2)：67-69．
[176] 王翰林．环境问题：入世后的外贸焦点——访国家环保总局副局长王玉庆[N]．科技日报，2001-11-12．
[177] 王金南，曹东．可持续发展战略与环境成本内部化[J]．环境科学研究，1997，10(1)：37-42．
[178] 王金南．论环境成本内部化与政策选择[J]．中国人口资源与环境，1997，7(1)：63-68．
[179] 王小兰．绿色壁垒对我国农产品出口的影响及对策[J]．农村经济，2004，(6)：8-10．
[180] 王新华．中部四省虚拟水贸易的初步研究[J]．华南农业大学学报(社会科学版)，2004，(3)：33-38．
[181] 王玉潜．能源消耗强度变动的因素分析方法及其应用．数量经济技术经济研究，2003，(8)：151-154．
[182] 魏浩，宋耀．构建适度外贸依存度[J]．中国经贸，2004，(6)：34-35．
[183] 伍朝辉．环境成本内在化及其对我国对外贸易的影响[J]．经济师，2002，(11)：21-22．
[184] 武振．绿色壁垒对我国外贸出口的影响及对策[J]．当代经济研究，2004，(5)：29-32．
[185] 吴克强．初谈滇池流域的生态平衡[J]．国内湖泊(水库)协作网通讯，1993．1：47-49．
[186] 夏友富，陈正华．转基因大豆对我国生物安全的影响及其对策研究[C]．王德辉，方晨．保护生物多样性，加强自然保护区管理．北京：中国环境出版社，2003：67-88．
[187] 夏友富，赵凯。论控制有害废物越境转移与我国的对外开放[J]．财贸经济，1994，(9)：52-55．
[188] 夏友富．控制外国危险废物大量向我国转移的对策研究[J]．国际贸易问题，1997，(5)：26-34．
[189] 夏友富．外商投资中国污染密集产业现状、后果及其对策研究[J]．管理世界，1999，(3)：109-123．
[190] 夏友富．外来物种越境转移、WTO与中国的对策研究[C]．王德辉，McNeely防治外来入侵物种．北京：中国环境出版社，2001：200-207．
[191] 肖黎明．藏羚羊保护前景不容乐观[N]．法制日报，2000-11-1．
[192] 谢卓然，宗刚．环境成本内部化与我国对外贸易环境竞争力[J]．经济与管理，2003，(4)：8-10．
[193] 徐万国，马莉．最后通牒：欧盟博弈中国焦炭倒计时[N]．21世纪经济报道，2004-5-13．
[194] 杨青．两年内态度陡转令人纳闷，欧盟为何抢购中国焦炭[N]．北京青年报，2004-5-30．
[195] 俞剑平．初级产品出口与绿色贸易政策择优[J]．世界经济，2002，(9)： 41-45．
[196] 曾凡银，郭羽诞．绿色壁垒与污染产业转移成因及对策研究[J]．财经研究，2004，30(4)：101-107。
[197] 张国华，曹文宣，陈宜瑜．湖泊放养渔业对我国湖泊生态系统的影响[J]．水生生物学报，1997，21(3)：271-280．
[198] 张小明，志文．人类疾病也在“全球化”[N]．光明日报，2001．7-6．
[199] 张新军．京都议定书即将生效，中国如何应对国际环保条约[N]．南方周末，2004-12-3．
[200] 张源．出口退税新机制的主要内容及其影响[J]．财会通讯，2004，(8)：43．
[201] 张月玲，周力，王炳琴．论建立我国的生态税[J]．中国煤炭经济师范学院学报，1999，(3)：56-58．
[202] 赵秀丽，吴鸣．出口退税率下调带来的影响[J]．经济论坛，2004，(15)：114．
[203] 中国对外经济贸易年鉴编辑委员会．中国对外经济贸易年鉴[M]．北京：中国对外经济贸易出版社．1980-2002年．
[204] 中国人民银行．二○○四年第一季度中国货币政策执行报告[EB／OL]．http://finance.sina.com.cn/g/20040512/0920755937.shtml, 2004.
[205] 中华人民共和国海关总署．中国海关统计年鉴[M]．北京：中国海关出版社．1997-2003年．
[206] 中华人民共和国商务部规划财务司，国际贸易经济合作研究院．中国对外贸易形势报告(2004年秋季)[EB／OL]．http://gcs.mofcom.gov.cn/article/200411／20041100305835_1.xml，2004．
[207] 周大地，朱兴珊．我国石油供应形势和资源及安全战略[J]．国际石油经济，2002，10(10)：22-26．
[208] 周启梁．生物入侵，谁的黄昏[J]．知识经济，2003，(2)：28-31．
[209] 钟华平，耿雷华．虚拟水与水安全[J]．中国水利杂志，2004，(5)：22-23，5．
[210] 朱相云，杜玉芬．中国豆科植物外来种研究[J]．植物研究，2002，22(2)：139-150．
[211] 祝小兵．浅论建立我国石油安全战略体系[J]．世界经济研究，2004，(3)：17-21．
[212] 资树荣．简议可持续贸易[J]．商业研究，2001，(7)：81-83．