晋江东溪流域农业非点源污染模拟分析
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摘要
水质污染是全球关注的热点环境问题。河流水质的保护和改善,与流域水循环过程密切相关。流域分布式模型从流域的尺度出发,将降水—产流—产沙—污染过程作为一个整体,研究人类活动影响下的流域径流、泥沙和污染物输移过程,从而为制定水环境的治理与保护措施奠定基础。
经济活动较为活跃的泉州市,其社会经济发展对水资源量和质的需求与水资源现状矛盾较大。因此,选择泉州市重要的水源地——山美水库所在的晋江东溪流域,深入探讨流域的径流、土壤侵蚀和营养物质输移过程,从而采取针对性措施保护河流及山美水库水质。本研究利用流域分布式SWAT模型,以晋江东溪流域洪濑水文站控制流域为研究区,结合GIS和RS等技术,在收集流域基础资料的基础上建立空间和属性数据库,对流域1972—1979年的径流、泥沙和农业非点源污染负荷进行模拟计算,并选取相对误差、相关系数和效率系数三个指标用于模型的适用性评价;在对流域径流、土壤侵蚀和农业污染特征分析的基础上,从影响农业污染的土壤侵蚀和农业生产两大过程入手,定量评价水土保持生物措施和农业化肥施用对流域径流、泥沙和营养物质排放的影响。结果表明,SWAT模型能较好地用于大型水库影响下的东溪流域产流产沙模拟;山美水库库区流域内年径流分布自西、西北向东南递减,入库的泥沙和农业污染负荷主要来自桃溪支流,且耕地是该流域土壤侵蚀和农业非点源污染的主要来源;退耕还林还草能有效地减少入库泥沙和污染负荷,减少化肥施用量是流域控制农业非点源污染的有效措施。
Water pollution is the focus of global environmental problems. Protection of water quality in the area like watershed is closely related to the hydrological process. The distributed hydrological model can be used to predict the impact of human activities on water, sediment and agricultural chemical yields at the watershed level. As an important water source of QuanZhou city, the study on the nonpoint source pollution in the Shanmei Reservoir area is of significance and critical.
The SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) model was applied in Dongxi watershed of Jinjiang basin where the reservoir of Shanmei had been built in 1972. Based on data collection, water, sediment and agricultural nonpoint pollution loadings in the watershed where was delineated to 27 subbasins and 349 hydrologic response units, were simulated. The calibration and validation for stream flow and sediment were performed from 1972 to 1979 at Honglai gaging station. The simulation results were estimated by RE, Ens and R~2, which were used to evaluated the applicability of the model.
Based on the simulation results, the spatial distribution of runoff was analyzed. It showed that the distribution of annual runoff was diminishing from the west, northwest to the southeast in the upper watershed of the reservoir basin. The spatial analysis of soil erosion and agricultural nonpoint pollution indicated that sediment and pollution loadings were more serious in cultivated land among the different land use and Taoxi tributary played a more important role than Hu-yang on sediment and pollution loadings into the reservoir. According to two important processes of affecting pollutants discharge from agricultural nonpoint source pollution, which were soil erosion and agricultural production, the control methods for the pollution were presented. Finally, the impacts of management measures on hydrological effects were simulated in the model application. The results demonstrated that reduction of fertilizer utilization and vegetation restoration can effectively control the yield of sediment and agricultural pollution loadings in thestudy area.
经济活动较为活跃的泉州市,其社会经济发展对水资源量和质的需求与水资源现状矛盾较大。因此,选择泉州市重要的水源地——山美水库所在的晋江东溪流域,深入探讨流域的径流、土壤侵蚀和营养物质输移过程,从而采取针对性措施保护河流及山美水库水质。本研究利用流域分布式SWAT模型,以晋江东溪流域洪濑水文站控制流域为研究区,结合GIS和RS等技术,在收集流域基础资料的基础上建立空间和属性数据库,对流域1972—1979年的径流、泥沙和农业非点源污染负荷进行模拟计算,并选取相对误差、相关系数和效率系数三个指标用于模型的适用性评价;在对流域径流、土壤侵蚀和农业污染特征分析的基础上,从影响农业污染的土壤侵蚀和农业生产两大过程入手,定量评价水土保持生物措施和农业化肥施用对流域径流、泥沙和营养物质排放的影响。结果表明,SWAT模型能较好地用于大型水库影响下的东溪流域产流产沙模拟;山美水库库区流域内年径流分布自西、西北向东南递减,入库的泥沙和农业污染负荷主要来自桃溪支流,且耕地是该流域土壤侵蚀和农业非点源污染的主要来源;退耕还林还草能有效地减少入库泥沙和污染负荷,减少化肥施用量是流域控制农业非点源污染的有效措施。
Water pollution is the focus of global environmental problems. Protection of water quality in the area like watershed is closely related to the hydrological process. The distributed hydrological model can be used to predict the impact of human activities on water, sediment and agricultural chemical yields at the watershed level. As an important water source of QuanZhou city, the study on the nonpoint source pollution in the Shanmei Reservoir area is of significance and critical.
The SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) model was applied in Dongxi watershed of Jinjiang basin where the reservoir of Shanmei had been built in 1972. Based on data collection, water, sediment and agricultural nonpoint pollution loadings in the watershed where was delineated to 27 subbasins and 349 hydrologic response units, were simulated. The calibration and validation for stream flow and sediment were performed from 1972 to 1979 at Honglai gaging station. The simulation results were estimated by RE, Ens and R~2, which were used to evaluated the applicability of the model.
Based on the simulation results, the spatial distribution of runoff was analyzed. It showed that the distribution of annual runoff was diminishing from the west, northwest to the southeast in the upper watershed of the reservoir basin. The spatial analysis of soil erosion and agricultural nonpoint pollution indicated that sediment and pollution loadings were more serious in cultivated land among the different land use and Taoxi tributary played a more important role than Hu-yang on sediment and pollution loadings into the reservoir. According to two important processes of affecting pollutants discharge from agricultural nonpoint source pollution, which were soil erosion and agricultural production, the control methods for the pollution were presented. Finally, the impacts of management measures on hydrological effects were simulated in the model application. The results demonstrated that reduction of fertilizer utilization and vegetation restoration can effectively control the yield of sediment and agricultural pollution loadings in thestudy area.
引文
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