直驱型永磁同步风力发电变流器的控制研究
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摘要
作为世界上发展最快的可再生能源,风能受到了世界各国的关注。直驱型风电机组因其具有能量转换效率高、可靠性高、并网功率控制灵活等优点,成为了继双馈型风电机组之后风力发电技术领域的重要研究方向。本文对直驱永磁机组的建模、控制策略问题进行了研究,并通过仿真验证了理论研究的正确性。本文的主要内容如下：
首先,本文对永磁直驱风力发电系统进行了数学建模,其中包括风速模型、风力机模型、永磁同步发电机模型、以及变流器模型。并对其主回路器件参数进行了设计
其次,本文对网侧变流器和机侧变流器的控制策略进行了研究。在详细分析网侧变流器运行原理及数学模型的基础上,设计了基于电网电压定向的双闭环控制系统。重点研究了空间电压矢量SVPWM的调制方法,并建立了PSCAD仿真模块。对于机侧变流器,在详细分析了永磁同步机数学模型的基础上设计了d轴磁链定向矢量控制系统,并在变风速下设计了最佳叶尖速比控制来实现最大风能追踪。在PSCAD/EMTDC平台上搭建了相应的运行仿真系统,分别在恒风速下、变风速下进行了仿真实验。仿真结果表明,该系统具有直流电压稳定、网侧输出电流谐波小、有／无功功率独立调节、响应速度快等优点；验证了机侧采用最佳叶尖速比最大风能追踪策略正确性和可行性。
最后,本文分析了低电压穿越的必要性和实现方法,重点研究了直流侧耗能Crowbar电路的低电压穿越技术,并对其进行了仿真验证,证明了其有效性和正确性。
As the world's fastest growing renewable energy source, wind energy has drawn worldwide attention. Direct-driven wind generation system is considered to be an important research direction in wind generation technology area due to its superiorities of being gearless, no slip rings and brushes, flexible power control ability, etc. This thesis has studied on the modeling, control strategy of the direct-driven Permanent magnet synchronous Generator based wind turbine. Simulations demonstrate the correctness of the research results. Following are the major research work of this dissertation. The main content of this thesis are as follows:
Firstly, mathematical model of permanent-magnetic direct-drive wind power generation system is built, including wind speed, wind turbine, Permanent magnet synchronous Generator and converter. And the device parameters of main circuit of dual PWM converter are designed.
Secondly, research on control strategies of grid-side converter and generator-side. Based on the deep analysis of the operation principle and mathematic model of the grid-side converter, double closed loop control scheme based on a grid voltage oriented vector is designed. Based on analysis of modulation principle of SVPWM, PSCAD simulation module is built. For generator-grid converter, based on deep analysis of the mathematic model of PMSG, a d axis flux oriented vector control strategy is designed,the algorithm of the optimal tip-speed ratio is also designed to realize Maximum power tracking in Variable wind speed.Simulation platform of Direct-driven wind generation system was built in PSCAD/EMTDC. After that, the simulation was made on the platform respectively in constant wind speed and variable wind speed. The simulation results show that the grid-side converter can achieve keeping dc-link voltage in constant, low output harmonic current, utility operating, independent regulation of active and reactive power, etc, and show that the correctness and feasibility of the algorithm of the optimal tip-speed ratio.
Finally, Analyses the necessity and the methods of realization of LVRT. And mainly research on the power dissipative Crowbar circuit. The simulation of LVRT was made in PSCAD and its validity is confirmed.
首先,本文对永磁直驱风力发电系统进行了数学建模,其中包括风速模型、风力机模型、永磁同步发电机模型、以及变流器模型。并对其主回路器件参数进行了设计
其次,本文对网侧变流器和机侧变流器的控制策略进行了研究。在详细分析网侧变流器运行原理及数学模型的基础上,设计了基于电网电压定向的双闭环控制系统。重点研究了空间电压矢量SVPWM的调制方法,并建立了PSCAD仿真模块。对于机侧变流器,在详细分析了永磁同步机数学模型的基础上设计了d轴磁链定向矢量控制系统,并在变风速下设计了最佳叶尖速比控制来实现最大风能追踪。在PSCAD/EMTDC平台上搭建了相应的运行仿真系统,分别在恒风速下、变风速下进行了仿真实验。仿真结果表明,该系统具有直流电压稳定、网侧输出电流谐波小、有／无功功率独立调节、响应速度快等优点；验证了机侧采用最佳叶尖速比最大风能追踪策略正确性和可行性。
最后,本文分析了低电压穿越的必要性和实现方法,重点研究了直流侧耗能Crowbar电路的低电压穿越技术,并对其进行了仿真验证,证明了其有效性和正确性。
As the world's fastest growing renewable energy source, wind energy has drawn worldwide attention. Direct-driven wind generation system is considered to be an important research direction in wind generation technology area due to its superiorities of being gearless, no slip rings and brushes, flexible power control ability, etc. This thesis has studied on the modeling, control strategy of the direct-driven Permanent magnet synchronous Generator based wind turbine. Simulations demonstrate the correctness of the research results. Following are the major research work of this dissertation. The main content of this thesis are as follows:
Firstly, mathematical model of permanent-magnetic direct-drive wind power generation system is built, including wind speed, wind turbine, Permanent magnet synchronous Generator and converter. And the device parameters of main circuit of dual PWM converter are designed.
Secondly, research on control strategies of grid-side converter and generator-side. Based on the deep analysis of the operation principle and mathematic model of the grid-side converter, double closed loop control scheme based on a grid voltage oriented vector is designed. Based on analysis of modulation principle of SVPWM, PSCAD simulation module is built. For generator-grid converter, based on deep analysis of the mathematic model of PMSG, a d axis flux oriented vector control strategy is designed,the algorithm of the optimal tip-speed ratio is also designed to realize Maximum power tracking in Variable wind speed.Simulation platform of Direct-driven wind generation system was built in PSCAD/EMTDC. After that, the simulation was made on the platform respectively in constant wind speed and variable wind speed. The simulation results show that the grid-side converter can achieve keeping dc-link voltage in constant, low output harmonic current, utility operating, independent regulation of active and reactive power, etc, and show that the correctness and feasibility of the algorithm of the optimal tip-speed ratio.
Finally, Analyses the necessity and the methods of realization of LVRT. And mainly research on the power dissipative Crowbar circuit. The simulation of LVRT was made in PSCAD and its validity is confirmed.
引文
[1]GWEC. Global Wind Energy Outlook 2010[R].2010
[2]国家能源局.2008中国风电发展报告[R].2008
[3]李俊峰,高虎,马玲娟等.2008中国风电发展报告[M].北京：中国环境科学出版社,2008
[4]李俊峰,高虎.2007中国风电发展报告[M].北京：中国环境科学出版社,2007
[5]Anca D Hansen, F Lov, F Blaabjerg, et al. Review of contemporary wind turbine concepts and their market penetration. Wind Energy,2004, 28(3):247-263
[6]樊俊杰.直驱型风力发电机组发展现状[J].电气牵引,2008(1)：9-11
[7]H Polinder, P Van Der, F A Frank. Comparison of direct-drive and geared generator concepts for wind turbines. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion,2006,21(3):725-733
[8]马洪飞,徐殿国,苗立杰.几种变速恒频风力发电系统控制方案的对比分析[J].电工技术杂志,2010(10)：1-4
[9]郑康.交流励磁变速恒频风电系统研究[D].杭州：浙江大学,2004
[10]卞松江.变速恒频风力发电关键技术研究[D].杭州：浙江大学,2004
[11]赵仁德.变速恒频双馈风力发电机交流励磁电源研究[D].杭州：浙江大学,2005
[12]刘其辉.变速恒频双馈风力发电系统运行与控制研究[D].杭州：浙江大学,2005
[13]谢震,张兴等.双馈风力发电交直交变流器控制策略研究[J].太阳能学报,2007,28(8)：825-829
[14]李建林,周谦,刘剑等.直驱式变速恒频风力发电系统变流器拓扑结构对比分析[J].电源技术应用,2007,10(6)：12-15
[15]鲍洁秋.直驱变速恒频风电机组运行特性研究[D].沈阳：沈阳工业大学,2006
[16]陈瑶.直驱型风力发电系统全功率并网变流技术的研究[D].北京：北京交通大学,2008
[17]B K Bose. Modern power electronics and AC drives. Beijing:China Machine Press,2003
[18]J R Rodriguez, J W Dixon, J R Espinoza, et al. PWM regenerative rectifier: state of the art. IEEE Transaction on Industrial Electronics.2005,52 (1):5-22
[19]M P Kazmierkowski, L Malesani. Current control techniques for three-phase voltage-source PWM converters:a survey. IEEE Transaction on Industrial Electronics.1998,45(5):691-703
[20]张崇巍,张兴.PWM整流器及其控制值[M].北京：机械工业出版社,2003
[21]T M Rowan, R J Kerkman. A new synchronous current regulator and an analysis of current regulated PWM inverter. IEEE Transaction on Industrial Applications.1986, IA-22(4):678-690
[22]N R Zargari, G Joos. Performance investigation of a current-controlled voltage-regulated PWM rectifier in rotating and stationary frames. IEEE Transaction on Industrial Electronics.1995,42(4):396-401
[23]C T Rim, N S Choi, G C Cho,et al. A complete DC and AC analysis of three-phase controlled-current PWM rectifier using circuit D-Q transformation. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics,1994,9(4):390-396
[24]A Draou, Y sato, T Kataoka. A new state feedback based transient control of PWM AC to DC voltage type converters. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics,1995,10(6):716-724
[25]邓卫华,张波,邱东元.三相电压型PWM整流器状态反馈精确线性化解耦控制研究[J].中国电机工程学报,2005,25(7)：97-103
[26]R wu, S B Dewan, G R Slemon. Analysis of a PWM AC to DC voltage source converter under the predicted current control with a fixed switching frequency. IEEE Transaction on Industrial Applications,1991,27(4):756-764
[27]L Zhang, F Hardan. Vector controlled VSI-fed AC drive using a predictive space-vector current regulation scheme.20th International Conference on Industrial Electronics, Control and Instrumentation, Bologna, Italy,1994, 1:61-66
[28]W McMurray. Modulation of the chopping frequency in DC choppers and PWM inverters having current-hysteresis controllers. IEEE Transaction on Industrial Applications,1984,IA-20(4):763-768
[29]L Malesani, P Tenti. A novel hysteresis control method for current-controlled voltage-source PWm inverters with constant modulation frequency. IEEE transactions on Industry Applications,1990,26(1):88-92
[30]I Nagy. Novel adaptive tolerance band based PWM for field oriented control of induction machines.IEEE Transaction on Industrial Electronics,1994,41 (4):406-417
[31]C Cecati,A Dell'sAquila,M Liserre,et al. A Fuzzy-Logic-Based controller for Active Rectifier. IEEE Transaction on Industrial Applications,2003,39(1): 105-112
[32]S Saetieo, D A Torrey. Fuzzy logic control of a space-vector PWM current regulator for three-phase power converter. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics,1998,13(3):419-426
[33]尹明,李庚银,张建成等.直驱式永磁同步发电机组建模及其控制策略[J].电网技术,2007,31(15)：61-65
[34]田淳,胡育文.永磁同步电机直接转矩控制系统理论及控制方案的研究[J].电工技术学报,2002,17(1)：7-11
[35]徐峻峰,徐英雷,冯江华等.基于改进型积分器的永磁同步电机直接转矩控制[J].电工技术学报,2004,19(7)：77-94
[36]林伟杰.永磁同步电机两种磁场定向控制的比较[J].电力电子技术,2007,41(1)：26-28
[37]M Chinchilla, S Arnaltes, J C Burgos. Control of permanent-magnet generators applied to variable-speed wind-energy systems connected to the grid. IEEE transactions on Energy Conversion,2006,21(1):130-135
[38]李长红,陈明俊,吴小役.PMSM调速系统中最大转矩电流比控制方法的研究[J].中国电机工程学报,2005,25(21)：169-174
[39]S Morimoto, Y Tong, Y Takeda,et al. Loss minimization control of permanent magnet synchronous motor drives. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Application,1994,41 (5):511-517
[40]王得利.直驱式风力发电系统变流器拓扑及其控制策略研究[D].上海：上海大学,2008
[41]于文杰.水磁直驱风力发电系统最大风能追踪策略研究[D].吉林：东北电力大学,2008
[42]鲁闯,朱东柏,沈中元等.直驱风力发电系统MPPT控制方法的研究[J].电测与仪表,2008,45(8)：61-64
[43]张一工,肖湘宁.现代电力电子技术原理与应用[M].北京：科学出版社,1999
[44]陈伯时等.电力拖动自动控制系统[M].北京：机械工业出版社,2003
[45]王兆安,黄俊.电力电子技术(第四版)[M].北京：机械工业出版社,2006
[46]陈国呈.PWM变频调速技术[M].北京：机械工业出版社,1998
[47]刘和平等.TMS320LF2407DPS结构、原理及应用.北京：北京航空航天大学出版社,2002
[48]孙强,苗继春.风力发电机组低电压穿越能力分析[J].东北电力技术,2009,6：42-44
[49]Erdman W, Behnke M. Low Wind Speed Turbine Project Phase Ⅱ:the Application of Medium-voltage Whitaker (BEW) Engineering San Ramon [R]. California, USA:2005
[50]国家电网公司风电场接入电网技术规定(修订版).2009
[51]胡书举,李建林,许洪华.永磁直驱风电系统低电压穿越特性分析[J].电力系统自动化,2007,31(17)：73-77
[2]国家能源局.2008中国风电发展报告[R].2008
[3]李俊峰,高虎,马玲娟等.2008中国风电发展报告[M].北京：中国环境科学出版社,2008
[4]李俊峰,高虎.2007中国风电发展报告[M].北京：中国环境科学出版社,2007
[5]Anca D Hansen, F Lov, F Blaabjerg, et al. Review of contemporary wind turbine concepts and their market penetration. Wind Energy,2004, 28(3):247-263
[6]樊俊杰.直驱型风力发电机组发展现状[J].电气牵引,2008(1)：9-11
[7]H Polinder, P Van Der, F A Frank. Comparison of direct-drive and geared generator concepts for wind turbines. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion,2006,21(3):725-733
[8]马洪飞,徐殿国,苗立杰.几种变速恒频风力发电系统控制方案的对比分析[J].电工技术杂志,2010(10)：1-4
[9]郑康.交流励磁变速恒频风电系统研究[D].杭州：浙江大学,2004
[10]卞松江.变速恒频风力发电关键技术研究[D].杭州：浙江大学,2004
[11]赵仁德.变速恒频双馈风力发电机交流励磁电源研究[D].杭州：浙江大学,2005
[12]刘其辉.变速恒频双馈风力发电系统运行与控制研究[D].杭州：浙江大学,2005
[13]谢震,张兴等.双馈风力发电交直交变流器控制策略研究[J].太阳能学报,2007,28(8)：825-829
[14]李建林,周谦,刘剑等.直驱式变速恒频风力发电系统变流器拓扑结构对比分析[J].电源技术应用,2007,10(6)：12-15
[15]鲍洁秋.直驱变速恒频风电机组运行特性研究[D].沈阳：沈阳工业大学,2006
[16]陈瑶.直驱型风力发电系统全功率并网变流技术的研究[D].北京：北京交通大学,2008
[17]B K Bose. Modern power electronics and AC drives. Beijing:China Machine Press,2003
[18]J R Rodriguez, J W Dixon, J R Espinoza, et al. PWM regenerative rectifier: state of the art. IEEE Transaction on Industrial Electronics.2005,52 (1):5-22
[19]M P Kazmierkowski, L Malesani. Current control techniques for three-phase voltage-source PWM converters:a survey. IEEE Transaction on Industrial Electronics.1998,45(5):691-703
[20]张崇巍,张兴.PWM整流器及其控制值[M].北京：机械工业出版社,2003
[21]T M Rowan, R J Kerkman. A new synchronous current regulator and an analysis of current regulated PWM inverter. IEEE Transaction on Industrial Applications.1986, IA-22(4):678-690
[22]N R Zargari, G Joos. Performance investigation of a current-controlled voltage-regulated PWM rectifier in rotating and stationary frames. IEEE Transaction on Industrial Electronics.1995,42(4):396-401
[23]C T Rim, N S Choi, G C Cho,et al. A complete DC and AC analysis of three-phase controlled-current PWM rectifier using circuit D-Q transformation. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics,1994,9(4):390-396
[24]A Draou, Y sato, T Kataoka. A new state feedback based transient control of PWM AC to DC voltage type converters. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics,1995,10(6):716-724
[25]邓卫华,张波,邱东元.三相电压型PWM整流器状态反馈精确线性化解耦控制研究[J].中国电机工程学报,2005,25(7)：97-103
[26]R wu, S B Dewan, G R Slemon. Analysis of a PWM AC to DC voltage source converter under the predicted current control with a fixed switching frequency. IEEE Transaction on Industrial Applications,1991,27(4):756-764
[27]L Zhang, F Hardan. Vector controlled VSI-fed AC drive using a predictive space-vector current regulation scheme.20th International Conference on Industrial Electronics, Control and Instrumentation, Bologna, Italy,1994, 1:61-66
[28]W McMurray. Modulation of the chopping frequency in DC choppers and PWM inverters having current-hysteresis controllers. IEEE Transaction on Industrial Applications,1984,IA-20(4):763-768
[29]L Malesani, P Tenti. A novel hysteresis control method for current-controlled voltage-source PWm inverters with constant modulation frequency. IEEE transactions on Industry Applications,1990,26(1):88-92
[30]I Nagy. Novel adaptive tolerance band based PWM for field oriented control of induction machines.IEEE Transaction on Industrial Electronics,1994,41 (4):406-417
[31]C Cecati,A Dell'sAquila,M Liserre,et al. A Fuzzy-Logic-Based controller for Active Rectifier. IEEE Transaction on Industrial Applications,2003,39(1): 105-112
[32]S Saetieo, D A Torrey. Fuzzy logic control of a space-vector PWM current regulator for three-phase power converter. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics,1998,13(3):419-426
[33]尹明,李庚银,张建成等.直驱式永磁同步发电机组建模及其控制策略[J].电网技术,2007,31(15)：61-65
[34]田淳,胡育文.永磁同步电机直接转矩控制系统理论及控制方案的研究[J].电工技术学报,2002,17(1)：7-11
[35]徐峻峰,徐英雷,冯江华等.基于改进型积分器的永磁同步电机直接转矩控制[J].电工技术学报,2004,19(7)：77-94
[36]林伟杰.永磁同步电机两种磁场定向控制的比较[J].电力电子技术,2007,41(1)：26-28
[37]M Chinchilla, S Arnaltes, J C Burgos. Control of permanent-magnet generators applied to variable-speed wind-energy systems connected to the grid. IEEE transactions on Energy Conversion,2006,21(1):130-135
[38]李长红,陈明俊,吴小役.PMSM调速系统中最大转矩电流比控制方法的研究[J].中国电机工程学报,2005,25(21)：169-174
[39]S Morimoto, Y Tong, Y Takeda,et al. Loss minimization control of permanent magnet synchronous motor drives. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Application,1994,41 (5):511-517
[40]王得利.直驱式风力发电系统变流器拓扑及其控制策略研究[D].上海：上海大学,2008
[41]于文杰.水磁直驱风力发电系统最大风能追踪策略研究[D].吉林：东北电力大学,2008
[42]鲁闯,朱东柏,沈中元等.直驱风力发电系统MPPT控制方法的研究[J].电测与仪表,2008,45(8)：61-64
[43]张一工,肖湘宁.现代电力电子技术原理与应用[M].北京：科学出版社,1999
[44]陈伯时等.电力拖动自动控制系统[M].北京：机械工业出版社,2003
[45]王兆安,黄俊.电力电子技术(第四版)[M].北京：机械工业出版社,2006
[46]陈国呈.PWM变频调速技术[M].北京：机械工业出版社,1998
[47]刘和平等.TMS320LF2407DPS结构、原理及应用.北京：北京航空航天大学出版社,2002
[48]孙强,苗继春.风力发电机组低电压穿越能力分析[J].东北电力技术,2009,6：42-44
[49]Erdman W, Behnke M. Low Wind Speed Turbine Project Phase Ⅱ:the Application of Medium-voltage Whitaker (BEW) Engineering San Ramon [R]. California, USA:2005
[50]国家电网公司风电场接入电网技术规定(修订版).2009
[51]胡书举,李建林,许洪华.永磁直驱风电系统低电压穿越特性分析[J].电力系统自动化,2007,31(17)：73-77