生物过滤器处理挥发性有机物试验研究
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摘要
生物过滤法净化挥发性有机物(VOCs)是近年来在我国成为研究热点之一。与焚烧后洗涤等传统净化方法相比,生物净化法具有设备简单、投资少、运行费用低、无二次污染等优点,但净化处理周期相对较长。
本文以废物堆肥残渣为填料,在一座恒温(37℃)实验室内,分别以堆肥尾气、模拟混合气体(苯、甲苯和丙酮)、厌氧消化产气等作为处理对象,进行生物过滤器降解,试验研究了待处理气体入口浓度、出口浓度、填料特性对生物过滤器净化效率的影响,以便为生物过滤器的实际应用提供了参考。研究发现:
(1)通过对堆肥尾气利用进行定性与定量的分析GC-MS法,研究发现堆肥尾气中含有21种物质,其中氨气、硫化氢等12种物质的含量较大。氨气、硫化氢、甲硫醇、甲硫醚这4种气体的含量较高且时间持续较长之外,其余17种气体仅在第一周内出现,且含量较小。
(2)生物过滤器对堆肥尾气的处理结果较为理想,生物过滤器出口没有监测出臭味气体,可以认为去除率接近100%。
(3)三个月连续试验结果表明采用堆肥残渣与木块为填料的生物过滤器对厌氧消化气体中VOCs的去除效率较高且性能稳定。
VOCs purification of VOCs in waste gases by biological treatment is a new technology in China, though Europe has about 30 years experience in this field. Compared with the traditional purification process by washing or incineration of organically polluted flew gases, biofiltration of non-persitant and non-ecotoxicological VOCs has benefits, such as low investment- and operating costs, low secondary pollution, but there is a certain operation experience required to maintain a sustainable microbiological process.
For the biofilter simulation tests compost was filled into 80 1 cylinders, which were situated in a 370C climate chamber. The flow-rate of waste-gas was between 7.36 -14.73m3/hour/m2 biofiltersurface. To absorb and biodegradate the target air pollutants (i) off-gas from composting, (ii) from technical gases (benzene, toluene and acetone) mixed into ambient air and (iii) biogas from anaerobic digestion (301t CSTR fermenters) were applied. During the biofiltration test, the concentration difference of the incoming and outgoing gases was measured. The main findings are:
(1) Qualitative and quantitative analysis of the odours contained in off - gas from composting by MS-GC: Four types of gases in larger quantities (NH_3, H_2S, CH_3SH and (CH_3)_2S) and 17 kinds of gases (appearing only during the first week of composting in small quantities) were identified.
(2) Handling of compost odours by biofilters is seen effective as after the filtration no malodourus odours can be recognized and the VOC removal rate is near to 100%.
(3) The biofiltermaterial (I) has also a better removal efficiency for the anaerobic digestion odours and the removal of the methane is more stable.
本文以废物堆肥残渣为填料,在一座恒温(37℃)实验室内,分别以堆肥尾气、模拟混合气体(苯、甲苯和丙酮)、厌氧消化产气等作为处理对象,进行生物过滤器降解,试验研究了待处理气体入口浓度、出口浓度、填料特性对生物过滤器净化效率的影响,以便为生物过滤器的实际应用提供了参考。研究发现:
(1)通过对堆肥尾气利用进行定性与定量的分析GC-MS法,研究发现堆肥尾气中含有21种物质,其中氨气、硫化氢等12种物质的含量较大。氨气、硫化氢、甲硫醇、甲硫醚这4种气体的含量较高且时间持续较长之外,其余17种气体仅在第一周内出现,且含量较小。
(2)生物过滤器对堆肥尾气的处理结果较为理想,生物过滤器出口没有监测出臭味气体,可以认为去除率接近100%。
(3)三个月连续试验结果表明采用堆肥残渣与木块为填料的生物过滤器对厌氧消化气体中VOCs的去除效率较高且性能稳定。
VOCs purification of VOCs in waste gases by biological treatment is a new technology in China, though Europe has about 30 years experience in this field. Compared with the traditional purification process by washing or incineration of organically polluted flew gases, biofiltration of non-persitant and non-ecotoxicological VOCs has benefits, such as low investment- and operating costs, low secondary pollution, but there is a certain operation experience required to maintain a sustainable microbiological process.
For the biofilter simulation tests compost was filled into 80 1 cylinders, which were situated in a 370C climate chamber. The flow-rate of waste-gas was between 7.36 -14.73m3/hour/m2 biofiltersurface. To absorb and biodegradate the target air pollutants (i) off-gas from composting, (ii) from technical gases (benzene, toluene and acetone) mixed into ambient air and (iii) biogas from anaerobic digestion (301t CSTR fermenters) were applied. During the biofiltration test, the concentration difference of the incoming and outgoing gases was measured. The main findings are:
(1) Qualitative and quantitative analysis of the odours contained in off - gas from composting by MS-GC: Four types of gases in larger quantities (NH_3, H_2S, CH_3SH and (CH_3)_2S) and 17 kinds of gases (appearing only during the first week of composting in small quantities) were identified.
(2) Handling of compost odours by biofilters is seen effective as after the filtration no malodourus odours can be recognized and the VOC removal rate is near to 100%.
(3) The biofiltermaterial (I) has also a better removal efficiency for the anaerobic digestion odours and the removal of the methane is more stable.
引文
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[2]胡望均.常见有毒化学品环境事故应急处理技术与监测方法[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1993
[3]李建.涂料和胶粘剂中有毒物质及其检测技术[M]北京:中国计划出版社,2002
[4]陶有胜.“三苯”废气治理技术[J].环境保护,1999(8):20-21
[5].Я.М.鲁格什科著,张宏才译.大气中工业排放有害有机化合物手册[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1990
[6]日本化学会编,李芥春,宁振东,王子亮译.碳氢化合物污染及其对策[M].北京:科学出版社,1987
[7]高莲,谢永恒.控制挥发性有机化合物污染的技术[J].化工环保,1998,18(6):343-346
[8]李晓梅,生物化学法处理有机废气的概述[J].云南教育学院学报,1998,14(5):40-43
[9]日本化学汇编,李介春等译,碳氢化合物污染及其对策[M].科学出版社,1987.
[10]Bohn H,Chem.Eng.Prog.,1992,88(4):34
[11]郝吉明,马广大.大气污染控制工程(第二版)[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2002
[12]闰勇.有机废气中VOC的回收方法[J].化工环保,1997,17(6):332-335
[13]张文俊,李华芳,杨存金等.吸附、催化燃烧法治理有机废气的研究[J].北京轻工业学院学报,1997,15(6):91-98
[14]董志权,陈焕钦.工业废气污染与利用[M].北京:化学工业出版社,1989
[15]何滢滢,潘涌璋.吸附浓缩-催化燃烧法处理有机废气[J].环境工程,1997,15(4):834-836
[16]北川律夫,中原伸一.燃烧法-蓄热式脱臭气的环境管理(日),1995,31(2):35-42
[17]张文俊,邓九兰,韩国君.低浓度、大风量有机废气治理技术发展和现状[J].劳动保护科学,1999,(1):7-10
[18]李志松,蔡复礼.催化焚烧处理挥发性有机化合物技术进展[J].工业催化,1998,13(5):18-21
[20]VanOsdell D W ,Owen M K, Jafe L B , etal . VOC removalat low contaminant concentration using granularactivated carbon[J]. Journal of the Air& Waste Management, 1996,46(9): 883-890
[21]AIZPURU,A.,KHAMMAR,MALHAUTIER,L.,FANLO,J.L.,Biogiltration for the Treatment of Complex Mixtures of VOCInfluencee of the Packing Material[J]. Acta Biotechnol. 2003,2(2-3), 211-226
[22]R .Klaassen and A.E Jansen. The Membrane Contactor: Environmental Applications and possibilities[J]. Environmental Progress, 2001, 20(1):37-43
[23]徐志康,刘振梅,戴清文,基于溶解的扩散机理的聚合物膜分离烯烃/烷烃的研究进展[J].石油化工,2002,31(2):135-140
[24]周琪,生物过滤技术在大气污染控制中的应用[J].城市环境与城市生态,1998,11(1):17-21
[25]王鹏飞,王艺,宫曼丽,任南琪.生物滴滤塔处理“三苯”废弃的影响因素研究[J].哈尔滨工业大学学报,2003,35(1):73-75
[26]唐森本,王欢畅,葛碧洲等.环境有机污染化学[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,1996
[27]王连生.有机污染物化学[M].科学出版社 1991.11
[28]杨显万,孙佩石,黄若华.生物法净化低浓度挥发性有机废气的研究[J].中国工程科学,2001,3(9):64-68
[29]刘强,生物滴滤法净化挥发性有机废气(VOCS)的研究[D].西安建筑科技大学博士论文,2003.7
[30]夏北成.环境污染生物讲解[M].化学工业出版社,2002.3
[31]张鹤清,胡洪营,席劲英.六种挥发性有机化合物在甲苯驯化微生物中的好氧生物降解性能[J].环境科学,2003,24(6):83-89
[32]魏在山,孙佩石,黄若华,徐晓军.生物法处理低浓度有机废气的填料选择研究[J].重庆环境科学.2001,23(4):40-42
[33]尚巍,王启山,石磊,吴希文等.生物滤塔处理VOCs的挂膜启动方法研究[J].城市环境与城市生态,2002,15(2):41-43
[34] AIZPURU,A. ,KHAMMAR,N., MALHAUTIER, L. ,FANLO,J.L.. Biofiltration for the Treatment of Complex Mixture VOC Influence of the Packing Material[J]. Acta Bitechnol,2003, 23(2-3), 211-226
[35] Dal H. Lee , Anthony K. Lau, and Ken L.Pender, Development and Performance of an Alternative Biofilter Systerm[J], Air& Waste Manage Assoc. 2001, (5)78-85
[36]赵毅,李守信有害气体控制工程[M].化学工业出版社
[37]李立清等.恶臭污染及防治技术[J].化工环保.1995,(3.4)
[38]吴志超等.生物脱臭技术初探[J].重庆环境科学.1995,(3.4)
[39]马红等.固定化微生物处理含氮臭气的研究[J].中国环境科学 1995(3.4).
[40]孙佩石等.生物膜堆料塔净化有机废气研究[J].中国环境科学 1995(3.4).
[41]吴香尧.城市生活垃圾堆肥化处理的现状,问题及解决途径初探[J].成都理工学院学报,1997,26(3):211-216.
[42]Stentisord, Composting Control:Principalsand Practice The Science of composting, Paolosequi,Bert Lemmesand Tiziano Papi 11996,49-59.
[43]赵由才主编 城市生活垃圾卫生填埋场技术与管理手册 1 北京:化学工业出版社,1999,1,125-139
[44]殷峻,方士,陈英旭。生物滤塔处理低浓度H_2S和NH_3混合气体;中国给水排水;2003,19,13
[45]芦苇,马一太.垃圾焚烧的发展趋势分析[J].太阳能学报,2002,23(6):799-804
[2]胡望均.常见有毒化学品环境事故应急处理技术与监测方法[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1993
[3]李建.涂料和胶粘剂中有毒物质及其检测技术[M]北京:中国计划出版社,2002
[4]陶有胜.“三苯”废气治理技术[J].环境保护,1999(8):20-21
[5].Я.М.鲁格什科著,张宏才译.大气中工业排放有害有机化合物手册[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1990
[6]日本化学会编,李芥春,宁振东,王子亮译.碳氢化合物污染及其对策[M].北京:科学出版社,1987
[7]高莲,谢永恒.控制挥发性有机化合物污染的技术[J].化工环保,1998,18(6):343-346
[8]李晓梅,生物化学法处理有机废气的概述[J].云南教育学院学报,1998,14(5):40-43
[9]日本化学汇编,李介春等译,碳氢化合物污染及其对策[M].科学出版社,1987.
[10]Bohn H,Chem.Eng.Prog.,1992,88(4):34
[11]郝吉明,马广大.大气污染控制工程(第二版)[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2002
[12]闰勇.有机废气中VOC的回收方法[J].化工环保,1997,17(6):332-335
[13]张文俊,李华芳,杨存金等.吸附、催化燃烧法治理有机废气的研究[J].北京轻工业学院学报,1997,15(6):91-98
[14]董志权,陈焕钦.工业废气污染与利用[M].北京:化学工业出版社,1989
[15]何滢滢,潘涌璋.吸附浓缩-催化燃烧法处理有机废气[J].环境工程,1997,15(4):834-836
[16]北川律夫,中原伸一.燃烧法-蓄热式脱臭气的环境管理(日),1995,31(2):35-42
[17]张文俊,邓九兰,韩国君.低浓度、大风量有机废气治理技术发展和现状[J].劳动保护科学,1999,(1):7-10
[18]李志松,蔡复礼.催化焚烧处理挥发性有机化合物技术进展[J].工业催化,1998,13(5):18-21
[20]VanOsdell D W ,Owen M K, Jafe L B , etal . VOC removalat low contaminant concentration using granularactivated carbon[J]. Journal of the Air& Waste Management, 1996,46(9): 883-890
[21]AIZPURU,A.,KHAMMAR,MALHAUTIER,L.,FANLO,J.L.,Biogiltration for the Treatment of Complex Mixtures of VOCInfluencee of the Packing Material[J]. Acta Biotechnol. 2003,2(2-3), 211-226
[22]R .Klaassen and A.E Jansen. The Membrane Contactor: Environmental Applications and possibilities[J]. Environmental Progress, 2001, 20(1):37-43
[23]徐志康,刘振梅,戴清文,基于溶解的扩散机理的聚合物膜分离烯烃/烷烃的研究进展[J].石油化工,2002,31(2):135-140
[24]周琪,生物过滤技术在大气污染控制中的应用[J].城市环境与城市生态,1998,11(1):17-21
[25]王鹏飞,王艺,宫曼丽,任南琪.生物滴滤塔处理“三苯”废弃的影响因素研究[J].哈尔滨工业大学学报,2003,35(1):73-75
[26]唐森本,王欢畅,葛碧洲等.环境有机污染化学[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,1996
[27]王连生.有机污染物化学[M].科学出版社 1991.11
[28]杨显万,孙佩石,黄若华.生物法净化低浓度挥发性有机废气的研究[J].中国工程科学,2001,3(9):64-68
[29]刘强,生物滴滤法净化挥发性有机废气(VOCS)的研究[D].西安建筑科技大学博士论文,2003.7
[30]夏北成.环境污染生物讲解[M].化学工业出版社,2002.3
[31]张鹤清,胡洪营,席劲英.六种挥发性有机化合物在甲苯驯化微生物中的好氧生物降解性能[J].环境科学,2003,24(6):83-89
[32]魏在山,孙佩石,黄若华,徐晓军.生物法处理低浓度有机废气的填料选择研究[J].重庆环境科学.2001,23(4):40-42
[33]尚巍,王启山,石磊,吴希文等.生物滤塔处理VOCs的挂膜启动方法研究[J].城市环境与城市生态,2002,15(2):41-43
[34] AIZPURU,A. ,KHAMMAR,N., MALHAUTIER, L. ,FANLO,J.L.. Biofiltration for the Treatment of Complex Mixture VOC Influence of the Packing Material[J]. Acta Bitechnol,2003, 23(2-3), 211-226
[35] Dal H. Lee , Anthony K. Lau, and Ken L.Pender, Development and Performance of an Alternative Biofilter Systerm[J], Air& Waste Manage Assoc. 2001, (5)78-85
[36]赵毅,李守信有害气体控制工程[M].化学工业出版社
[37]李立清等.恶臭污染及防治技术[J].化工环保.1995,(3.4)
[38]吴志超等.生物脱臭技术初探[J].重庆环境科学.1995,(3.4)
[39]马红等.固定化微生物处理含氮臭气的研究[J].中国环境科学 1995(3.4).
[40]孙佩石等.生物膜堆料塔净化有机废气研究[J].中国环境科学 1995(3.4).
[41]吴香尧.城市生活垃圾堆肥化处理的现状,问题及解决途径初探[J].成都理工学院学报,1997,26(3):211-216.
[42]Stentisord, Composting Control:Principalsand Practice The Science of composting, Paolosequi,Bert Lemmesand Tiziano Papi 11996,49-59.
[43]赵由才主编 城市生活垃圾卫生填埋场技术与管理手册 1 北京:化学工业出版社,1999,1,125-139
[44]殷峻,方士,陈英旭。生物滤塔处理低浓度H_2S和NH_3混合气体;中国给水排水;2003,19,13
[45]芦苇,马一太.垃圾焚烧的发展趋势分析[J].太阳能学报,2002,23(6):799-804