红粘土路基水分运移规律试验研究
|
摘要
红粘土是一种广泛存在于岩溶地区的一种高液限土,是石灰岩风化的产物,在我省湘南地区分布广泛。湖南在建的郴(州)-宁(远)高速公路沿线就有大量红粘土分布,由于红粘土特殊的工程性质,采用未做处理的红粘土填筑路基,通常存在天然含水率高、水稳定性差、压实度低、路基表面易于开裂等问题。废弃这种高液限红粘土换填其它好的路基填料需要新征弃土场与取土场,从而占用土地资源和影响自然环境,因此必须充分利用这种高液限红粘土填筑路基,同时又要研究这种路基由于含水量变化产生病害的机理,以便有针对性的采取工程措施避免这种病害的发生。
由于红粘土具有十分显著的干缩开裂特性,因此路基表面易于出现大量的裂缝,裂缝的存在形成了水份入侵与蒸发的良好通道,使水分运移速度加快,导致路基含水量随气候的变化而循环变化,并相应的影响红粘土路基的物理力学性质,为路基病害的产生埋下隐患。因此对红粘土路基水病害形成机理开展研究,对避免红粘土路基的病害形成具有重要作用。本文通过对红粘土地区路面开裂状况的调查,在施工现场典型地段进行了相关的选点、现场试验、取土、红粘土开裂土样模型制作等工作;在室内开展了红粘土物理力学试验、红粘土路基裂缝开展规律试验、红粘土路基渗透特性试验、红粘土路基水份运移规律试验;针对现有仪器、手段的不足,研制及开发出适用于测定不同情况下土体渗透性能的仪器及装置:原位精控渗透仪(现场测定渗透系数)、有压渗透仪(室内测定荷载条件下砂性土饱和渗透系数)、变水头压力渗透仪(室内测定荷载条件下粘性土饱和渗透系数)、非饱和土水分运移规律试验测定装置;采用Geo-Studio系列软件对郴(州)-宁(远)高速公路某典型断面建立实体模型,对降雨条件下,红粘土路基水分运移规律进行了数值模拟研究。从而为高速公路红粘土路基病害的处治技术提供有益的参考。
Red clay is a kind of high liquid limit soil widespreads in karst zone, which forms as a result of the weathering from limestone, and widely distributing in the southern region of our province. along the highway project ChenZhou–NingYuan Expressway, there is a great deal of red clay,because of the special engineering properties ,using the red clay without pretreatment for the subgrade filling caused a lot of engineering problems,such as high natural moisture content, poor water-stability, low compaction degree, embankment surface is vulnerable to cracking, etc. Changing the high liquid limit red clay for better soil need more place to deposit the waste and provide better soil,that will occupy land resources and influense our nature enviroment. Therefore, we have to make full use of this high liquid limit red clay to subgrade filling,and study the mechanism of the disease caused by moisture changing so that to prevent the disease by proper measures.
Red clay has a very significant cracking characteristics, so embankment surface is vulnerable to cracking, crack is good channel for water invasion and water evaporation, which speed up the moisture it moves and Lead to the circulation of moisture content changed with climate, consequently, it influences the physical nature of the red clay and makes the hidden trouble of the disease. So the research for the mechanism of water-disease of subgrade filling by red clay will play a vital role to avoid the disease. This article made a investigation for the cracking situation of the embankment surface in the red clay area, and made the representative jobs in the typical location during the excavation construction, such as selecting location , insitu tests, collecting earth,the establishment of cracking model of red clay;we carryed out some tests for the red clay in room:physical and mechnical properties tests,cracking test, permeability test,moisture migration regularity test; againsting the existing problem of insufficient apparatus and means, some new apparatus and devices were developed for determing the water permeability of the soil under different situations,such as:field water permeability measurement apparatus with precise control(water permeability measures in situ),water permeability measurement apparatus with compressive stress(water permeability measures in room for saturated sand ), water permeability measurement apparatus with varying head and compressive stress(water permeability measures in room for saturated clay ), moisture migration measurement devices for unsaturated soil.Finally,use Geo-Studio series software to set up model of a typical cross-section of the filled embankment in highway project of ChenZhou–NingYuan Expressway ,the numerical simulation of the moisture migration regularity under the condition of rainfall in embankment filled by red clay is carried out ,thus to provide useful reference for the treatment technology of the embankment disease.
由于红粘土具有十分显著的干缩开裂特性,因此路基表面易于出现大量的裂缝,裂缝的存在形成了水份入侵与蒸发的良好通道,使水分运移速度加快,导致路基含水量随气候的变化而循环变化,并相应的影响红粘土路基的物理力学性质,为路基病害的产生埋下隐患。因此对红粘土路基水病害形成机理开展研究,对避免红粘土路基的病害形成具有重要作用。本文通过对红粘土地区路面开裂状况的调查,在施工现场典型地段进行了相关的选点、现场试验、取土、红粘土开裂土样模型制作等工作;在室内开展了红粘土物理力学试验、红粘土路基裂缝开展规律试验、红粘土路基渗透特性试验、红粘土路基水份运移规律试验;针对现有仪器、手段的不足,研制及开发出适用于测定不同情况下土体渗透性能的仪器及装置:原位精控渗透仪(现场测定渗透系数)、有压渗透仪(室内测定荷载条件下砂性土饱和渗透系数)、变水头压力渗透仪(室内测定荷载条件下粘性土饱和渗透系数)、非饱和土水分运移规律试验测定装置;采用Geo-Studio系列软件对郴(州)-宁(远)高速公路某典型断面建立实体模型,对降雨条件下,红粘土路基水分运移规律进行了数值模拟研究。从而为高速公路红粘土路基病害的处治技术提供有益的参考。
Red clay is a kind of high liquid limit soil widespreads in karst zone, which forms as a result of the weathering from limestone, and widely distributing in the southern region of our province. along the highway project ChenZhou–NingYuan Expressway, there is a great deal of red clay,because of the special engineering properties ,using the red clay without pretreatment for the subgrade filling caused a lot of engineering problems,such as high natural moisture content, poor water-stability, low compaction degree, embankment surface is vulnerable to cracking, etc. Changing the high liquid limit red clay for better soil need more place to deposit the waste and provide better soil,that will occupy land resources and influense our nature enviroment. Therefore, we have to make full use of this high liquid limit red clay to subgrade filling,and study the mechanism of the disease caused by moisture changing so that to prevent the disease by proper measures.
Red clay has a very significant cracking characteristics, so embankment surface is vulnerable to cracking, crack is good channel for water invasion and water evaporation, which speed up the moisture it moves and Lead to the circulation of moisture content changed with climate, consequently, it influences the physical nature of the red clay and makes the hidden trouble of the disease. So the research for the mechanism of water-disease of subgrade filling by red clay will play a vital role to avoid the disease. This article made a investigation for the cracking situation of the embankment surface in the red clay area, and made the representative jobs in the typical location during the excavation construction, such as selecting location , insitu tests, collecting earth,the establishment of cracking model of red clay;we carryed out some tests for the red clay in room:physical and mechnical properties tests,cracking test, permeability test,moisture migration regularity test; againsting the existing problem of insufficient apparatus and means, some new apparatus and devices were developed for determing the water permeability of the soil under different situations,such as:field water permeability measurement apparatus with precise control(water permeability measures in situ),water permeability measurement apparatus with compressive stress(water permeability measures in room for saturated sand ), water permeability measurement apparatus with varying head and compressive stress(water permeability measures in room for saturated clay ), moisture migration measurement devices for unsaturated soil.Finally,use Geo-Studio series software to set up model of a typical cross-section of the filled embankment in highway project of ChenZhou–NingYuan Expressway ,the numerical simulation of the moisture migration regularity under the condition of rainfall in embankment filled by red clay is carried out ,thus to provide useful reference for the treatment technology of the embankment disease.
引文
[1]赵明龙,王建华,梁爱华.干湿循环对水泥改良土疲劳强度影响的试验研究[J].中国铁道科学, 2005, 26 (2):25~28.
[2]刘义虎,杨果林,黄向京.干湿循环作用下水对膨胀土路基破坏机理的试验研究[J].中外公路, 2005, 26 (3):30~35.
[3]曾秋鸾.论广西红粘土的胀缩性能[J].广西地质, 2000, 13 (3):75~77.
[4]唐朝生,施斌,刘春,等.黏性土在不同温度下干缩裂缝的发展规律及形态学定量分析[J].岩土工程学报, 2007, 29 (5):743~749.
[5]卢再华,陈正汉,蒲毅彬.膨胀土干湿循环胀缩裂隙演化的CT试验研究[J].岩土力学, 2002, 23 (4):417~422.
[6]易顺民,黎志恒,张延中.膨胀土裂隙结构的分形特征及其意义[J].岩土工程学报, 1999, 21 (3):294~298.
[7]唐朝生,施斌,刘春,等.影响黏性土表面干缩裂缝结构形态的因素及定量分析[J].水利学报, 2007,38 (10):1186~1193.
[8]杨和平,张锐,郑健龙.有荷条件下膨胀土的干湿循环胀缩变形及强度变化规律[J].岩土工程报,2006, 28 (11):1936~1941.
[9]沈珠江,邓刚.粘土干湿循环中裂缝演变过程的数值模拟[J].岩土力学, 2004, 25 (2):1~12.
[10]龚晓南.高等土力学[M].杭州:浙江大学出版社,1996;
[11] SL-2006水利水电工程注水试验规程[S].
[12]林政,陈仁朋,陈云敏等.一种现场测定地基固结系数与渗透系数的方法[J].岩土工程学报,2004,26(4):505~510;
[13]付茂林,熊正为,邹喜洋等.土壤渗透系数的理论分析[J] .湖南城市建设高等专科学校学报,2002, 11(3):19~20;
[14]徐洪,马云东.各向异性土体中渗透系数的讨论[J].矿山压力与顶板管理,2005,(1):104~105,108;
[15]马凌云,李春林,李巍尉等.粗粒土渗透特性试验系统的改进[J].西北水电,2009,(3):51~55;
[16]吕卫清,董志良,陈平山,莫海鸿.正常固结软土渗透系数与固结应力关系研究[J].岩土力学, 2009, 30(03) :769-773;
[17]林鹏,许镇鸿,徐鹏等.软土压缩过程中固结系数的研究[J].岩土力学,2003,24(1):lO6~112.
[18]余闯,刘松玉.考虑应力水平的软土固结系数计算与试验研究[J].岩土力学,2004,25(2):103~107.
[19]高凌霞;栾茂田;杨庆;汪东林;非饱和重塑黏土渗透性试验研究,[J]岩土力学, 2008,29(8):2267~2276.
[20] Huang S Y,Fredlund D G..Measurements of coefficient of permeability of unsaturated soil[A].Procs.1st.int conf. On unsat. Soils[c],The Netherlands:A A Balkema,1995,505-511.
[21]陈正汉,孙树国;方祥位;周海清;谢云.非饱和土与特殊土测试技术新进展,岩土工程学报,2006,28(2). :147~169
[22]徐永福,兰守奇,孙德安等.一种能测量应力状态对非饱和土渗透系数影响的新型试验装置[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2005,24(1):160-164.
[23]徐永福,叶翠明;赵书权,夏小和.压应力对非饱和土渗透系数的影响[J],上海交通大学学报,2004,38(6):982~986
[24]吴林高,贺章安.考虑含水层参数随应力变化的地下水渗流[J].同济大学学报,1995,23(3):281~287.
[25]罗元华,孙雄.不同应力状态下地层渗透系数的变化及其对流体运移影响的数值模拟研究[J].地球学报,1998,19(2):144~150.
[26]张福海,王保田,张文慧等.粗颗粒土渗透系数及土体渗透变形仪的研制[J].水利水电科技进展,2006,26(4):31~33.
[27]赵敏,谢定义,刘奉银.测定非饱和土渗水系数的新方法.第八界土力学与基础工程学术会议论文集,1999
[28]赵敏,徐雷,谢定义.单一非饱和土试样湿密状态变化时的渗透性试验研究[J].建筑技术开发.2003.30(9):17~18.
[29]谢康和,齐添,胡安峰等.基于GDS的黏土非线性渗透特性试验研究[J].岩土力学,2008.29(2):420~424.
[30]谢康和,庄迎春,李西斌.萧山饱和软黏土的渗透性试验研究[J].岩土工程学报,2005,27(5):591~594.
[31]蔡国军,刘松玉,童立元等.基于孔压静力触探的连云港海相黏土的固结和渗透特性研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2007,26(4):846~852.
[32]田波,侯云.排水性沥青混合料室内垂直渗透系数测定研究[J].公路,2008,(6):846~852.
[33]穆占领,田波,牛开民等.路用多孔材料室内垂直渗透系数装置的研究.[J]公路交通科技,2005,(10).
[34]师旭超,汪稔,胡元育等.渗透固结试验装置的研制[J].岩石力学与工程学报2004,23(22):3891～3895.
[35]曹文炳,李克文,刘若兰.研究粘土释水和渗透特性的多用途固结试验装置[J].水文地质工程地质,1986,(4):44～47.
[36]杜延龄,李春华,徐家海.研究饱和粘土渗透特性的试验装置[J].水利学报,1980,(4):71～75.
[37]殷建华.新双室三轴仪用于非饱和土体积变化的连续测量和三轴压缩试验[J].岩土工程学报,2002,24(5):552～555.
[38]赵维,陈晨.室内试验对孔隙水压力消散和渗透系数的研究[J].科学技术与工程,2002,7(8):1813～1818.
[39]叶正强,张森安.粘性土的渗透规律性研究·东南大学学报(自然科学版), 1999,(5): 189～196.
[40]吕文江,伍石生,戴经梁.透水基层材料渗透系数测试[J].长安大学学报(自然科学版),2002,23(2):22～24.
[41]胡江春,王红芳,何满潮.岩石的渗透特性实验研究[J].中原工学院学报,2006,17(3):1～3.
[42]张铭.低渗透岩石实验理论及装置[J].岩石力学与工程学报, 2003, 22(6): 919-925.
[43]潘别桐,吴旭君.岩石岩体渗透性研究现状和趋势[J].地质科技情报, 1989, 7(2): 61-67.
[44]刘建华等.基于非饱和土理论的公路排水设计方法[J].同济大学学报(自然科学版),2006,34(2):191~195.
[45]杨邦杰,隋红建.土壤水热运动模型及其应用[M].北京:中国科学技术出版社, 1997.
[46]雷志栋,杨诗秀等.土壤水动力学[M ].北京:清华大学出版社,1988.
[47] Thevanayagam S,Nesarajah S.Fractal model for flow through saturated soils [J]. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering,1998,1:53~66.
[48] Wagner B,Tarnawski V R,Wessolek G,et a1.Suitability of models for the estimation of soilhydraulic parameters[J].Geoderma,1998,86:229~239.
[49]邵明安,王全九,Robert Horton.推求土壤水分运动参数的简单人渗法I.理论分析[J].土壤学报,2000,37(1):1~8.
[50]邵明安,王全九,Robert Horton.推求土壤水分运动参数的简单人渗法Ⅱ.实验验证[J].土壤学报,2000,37(2):217~224.
[51] Hiromi Yamazawa.A one-dimensional dynamical soil-atmosphere tritiated water transport model[J]. Environmental Modeling& Software,2001,16:739~751.
[52] Sarrunori and Tsuboyama YParametric study on slope stability with numerical simulation in consideration of seepage process. In: Proc.6th, Icy. Symp. on Landslide. Bell (ed.)Balkema, Rotterdam 1991.539~544.
[53]朱文彬.降雨条件下土体滑坡的有限元数值分析[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2002,04.
[54]张培文等.饱和-非饱和非稳定渗流的数值模拟[J].岩土力学,2003. 24 (6):927~930.
[55]刘建军等.降雨条件下岩土饱和-非饱和渗流分析[J].岩土力学2004. 25(2):559~563.
[56] Biot M A. General theory of three-dimensinalconsolidation[J]. Journal of Applied Physics.1994,12(2):155~164.
[57] Fredlund D G.Second canadian geotechnical colloquium:appropriate conceptsand technology for unsaturated soils[J].Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 1979,16 (1) :121~139.
[58] Fredlund D G, Rahardjo. Soil Mechanics for Unsaturated Soil[M] . New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1993.
[59] Fredlund,D.G., Rahardjo.H.非饱和土土力学[M].陈仲颐、张在明等译.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1993.
[60]陈正汉,孙树国.非饱和土与特殊土测试技术新进展[J].岩土工程学报,2006,28(2):147~169.
[61] Grader, W R. Some steady state solutions of the unsaturated moisture flow equation with application to evaporation from a water table. Soil Sci.1958,85:228~232.
[62] Brooks, R. H. and Corey, A. T. Hydraulic properties of porous media. Colorado State Univ.Hydrol. Paper, No.3,1964.
[63] Van Genuchten, M. T.A closed form equation for prediction the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated soils. Soil Sci.Soc.Am., J.44, 1980:892~898.
[64] Fredlund D G&Xing A. Equations for the soil-water characteristic curve. Canadian Geotechnical Journa1,1994,31:521~546.
[65] Yang D Q ,Shen Z J .Generalized nonlinear constitutive theory of unsaturated soil[A],Proc 7th Int Conf on Expansive Soils[C], Dallas,1992.
[66]马娟娟,孙西欢,李占斌.入渗水头对土壤入渗参数的影响[J].灌溉排水学报. 2004.23(5):43~55.
[67]王全九等.水平一维土壤水分入渗特性分析[J].水利学报. 2000,6:34~38.
[68]李斌.填方路基水汽迁移规律试验研究及数值模拟[D].长沙理工大学硕士论文, 2008.
[69]霍玉霞、栾海、宋永焕.土的毛细性试验研究及分析[J].广东公路交通, 2006.97:138~143.
[70] Van Genuchten,M.Th.A closed~form equation for predicting the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated soils[J]. Soil Science Society of America Journal,1980,W:892~898.
[71]吴宏伟,陈守义,庞宇威.雨水入渗对非饱和土坡稳定性影响的参数研究[J].岩土力学,1999, 20(1):1~14.
[2]刘义虎,杨果林,黄向京.干湿循环作用下水对膨胀土路基破坏机理的试验研究[J].中外公路, 2005, 26 (3):30~35.
[3]曾秋鸾.论广西红粘土的胀缩性能[J].广西地质, 2000, 13 (3):75~77.
[4]唐朝生,施斌,刘春,等.黏性土在不同温度下干缩裂缝的发展规律及形态学定量分析[J].岩土工程学报, 2007, 29 (5):743~749.
[5]卢再华,陈正汉,蒲毅彬.膨胀土干湿循环胀缩裂隙演化的CT试验研究[J].岩土力学, 2002, 23 (4):417~422.
[6]易顺民,黎志恒,张延中.膨胀土裂隙结构的分形特征及其意义[J].岩土工程学报, 1999, 21 (3):294~298.
[7]唐朝生,施斌,刘春,等.影响黏性土表面干缩裂缝结构形态的因素及定量分析[J].水利学报, 2007,38 (10):1186~1193.
[8]杨和平,张锐,郑健龙.有荷条件下膨胀土的干湿循环胀缩变形及强度变化规律[J].岩土工程报,2006, 28 (11):1936~1941.
[9]沈珠江,邓刚.粘土干湿循环中裂缝演变过程的数值模拟[J].岩土力学, 2004, 25 (2):1~12.
[10]龚晓南.高等土力学[M].杭州:浙江大学出版社,1996;
[11] SL-2006水利水电工程注水试验规程[S].
[12]林政,陈仁朋,陈云敏等.一种现场测定地基固结系数与渗透系数的方法[J].岩土工程学报,2004,26(4):505~510;
[13]付茂林,熊正为,邹喜洋等.土壤渗透系数的理论分析[J] .湖南城市建设高等专科学校学报,2002, 11(3):19~20;
[14]徐洪,马云东.各向异性土体中渗透系数的讨论[J].矿山压力与顶板管理,2005,(1):104~105,108;
[15]马凌云,李春林,李巍尉等.粗粒土渗透特性试验系统的改进[J].西北水电,2009,(3):51~55;
[16]吕卫清,董志良,陈平山,莫海鸿.正常固结软土渗透系数与固结应力关系研究[J].岩土力学, 2009, 30(03) :769-773;
[17]林鹏,许镇鸿,徐鹏等.软土压缩过程中固结系数的研究[J].岩土力学,2003,24(1):lO6~112.
[18]余闯,刘松玉.考虑应力水平的软土固结系数计算与试验研究[J].岩土力学,2004,25(2):103~107.
[19]高凌霞;栾茂田;杨庆;汪东林;非饱和重塑黏土渗透性试验研究,[J]岩土力学, 2008,29(8):2267~2276.
[20] Huang S Y,Fredlund D G..Measurements of coefficient of permeability of unsaturated soil[A].Procs.1st.int conf. On unsat. Soils[c],The Netherlands:A A Balkema,1995,505-511.
[21]陈正汉,孙树国;方祥位;周海清;谢云.非饱和土与特殊土测试技术新进展,岩土工程学报,2006,28(2). :147~169
[22]徐永福,兰守奇,孙德安等.一种能测量应力状态对非饱和土渗透系数影响的新型试验装置[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2005,24(1):160-164.
[23]徐永福,叶翠明;赵书权,夏小和.压应力对非饱和土渗透系数的影响[J],上海交通大学学报,2004,38(6):982~986
[24]吴林高,贺章安.考虑含水层参数随应力变化的地下水渗流[J].同济大学学报,1995,23(3):281~287.
[25]罗元华,孙雄.不同应力状态下地层渗透系数的变化及其对流体运移影响的数值模拟研究[J].地球学报,1998,19(2):144~150.
[26]张福海,王保田,张文慧等.粗颗粒土渗透系数及土体渗透变形仪的研制[J].水利水电科技进展,2006,26(4):31~33.
[27]赵敏,谢定义,刘奉银.测定非饱和土渗水系数的新方法.第八界土力学与基础工程学术会议论文集,1999
[28]赵敏,徐雷,谢定义.单一非饱和土试样湿密状态变化时的渗透性试验研究[J].建筑技术开发.2003.30(9):17~18.
[29]谢康和,齐添,胡安峰等.基于GDS的黏土非线性渗透特性试验研究[J].岩土力学,2008.29(2):420~424.
[30]谢康和,庄迎春,李西斌.萧山饱和软黏土的渗透性试验研究[J].岩土工程学报,2005,27(5):591~594.
[31]蔡国军,刘松玉,童立元等.基于孔压静力触探的连云港海相黏土的固结和渗透特性研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2007,26(4):846~852.
[32]田波,侯云.排水性沥青混合料室内垂直渗透系数测定研究[J].公路,2008,(6):846~852.
[33]穆占领,田波,牛开民等.路用多孔材料室内垂直渗透系数装置的研究.[J]公路交通科技,2005,(10).
[34]师旭超,汪稔,胡元育等.渗透固结试验装置的研制[J].岩石力学与工程学报2004,23(22):3891～3895.
[35]曹文炳,李克文,刘若兰.研究粘土释水和渗透特性的多用途固结试验装置[J].水文地质工程地质,1986,(4):44～47.
[36]杜延龄,李春华,徐家海.研究饱和粘土渗透特性的试验装置[J].水利学报,1980,(4):71～75.
[37]殷建华.新双室三轴仪用于非饱和土体积变化的连续测量和三轴压缩试验[J].岩土工程学报,2002,24(5):552～555.
[38]赵维,陈晨.室内试验对孔隙水压力消散和渗透系数的研究[J].科学技术与工程,2002,7(8):1813～1818.
[39]叶正强,张森安.粘性土的渗透规律性研究·东南大学学报(自然科学版), 1999,(5): 189～196.
[40]吕文江,伍石生,戴经梁.透水基层材料渗透系数测试[J].长安大学学报(自然科学版),2002,23(2):22～24.
[41]胡江春,王红芳,何满潮.岩石的渗透特性实验研究[J].中原工学院学报,2006,17(3):1～3.
[42]张铭.低渗透岩石实验理论及装置[J].岩石力学与工程学报, 2003, 22(6): 919-925.
[43]潘别桐,吴旭君.岩石岩体渗透性研究现状和趋势[J].地质科技情报, 1989, 7(2): 61-67.
[44]刘建华等.基于非饱和土理论的公路排水设计方法[J].同济大学学报(自然科学版),2006,34(2):191~195.
[45]杨邦杰,隋红建.土壤水热运动模型及其应用[M].北京:中国科学技术出版社, 1997.
[46]雷志栋,杨诗秀等.土壤水动力学[M ].北京:清华大学出版社,1988.
[47] Thevanayagam S,Nesarajah S.Fractal model for flow through saturated soils [J]. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering,1998,1:53~66.
[48] Wagner B,Tarnawski V R,Wessolek G,et a1.Suitability of models for the estimation of soilhydraulic parameters[J].Geoderma,1998,86:229~239.
[49]邵明安,王全九,Robert Horton.推求土壤水分运动参数的简单人渗法I.理论分析[J].土壤学报,2000,37(1):1~8.
[50]邵明安,王全九,Robert Horton.推求土壤水分运动参数的简单人渗法Ⅱ.实验验证[J].土壤学报,2000,37(2):217~224.
[51] Hiromi Yamazawa.A one-dimensional dynamical soil-atmosphere tritiated water transport model[J]. Environmental Modeling& Software,2001,16:739~751.
[52] Sarrunori and Tsuboyama YParametric study on slope stability with numerical simulation in consideration of seepage process. In: Proc.6th, Icy. Symp. on Landslide. Bell (ed.)Balkema, Rotterdam 1991.539~544.
[53]朱文彬.降雨条件下土体滑坡的有限元数值分析[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2002,04.
[54]张培文等.饱和-非饱和非稳定渗流的数值模拟[J].岩土力学,2003. 24 (6):927~930.
[55]刘建军等.降雨条件下岩土饱和-非饱和渗流分析[J].岩土力学2004. 25(2):559~563.
[56] Biot M A. General theory of three-dimensinalconsolidation[J]. Journal of Applied Physics.1994,12(2):155~164.
[57] Fredlund D G.Second canadian geotechnical colloquium:appropriate conceptsand technology for unsaturated soils[J].Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 1979,16 (1) :121~139.
[58] Fredlund D G, Rahardjo. Soil Mechanics for Unsaturated Soil[M] . New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1993.
[59] Fredlund,D.G., Rahardjo.H.非饱和土土力学[M].陈仲颐、张在明等译.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1993.
[60]陈正汉,孙树国.非饱和土与特殊土测试技术新进展[J].岩土工程学报,2006,28(2):147~169.
[61] Grader, W R. Some steady state solutions of the unsaturated moisture flow equation with application to evaporation from a water table. Soil Sci.1958,85:228~232.
[62] Brooks, R. H. and Corey, A. T. Hydraulic properties of porous media. Colorado State Univ.Hydrol. Paper, No.3,1964.
[63] Van Genuchten, M. T.A closed form equation for prediction the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated soils. Soil Sci.Soc.Am., J.44, 1980:892~898.
[64] Fredlund D G&Xing A. Equations for the soil-water characteristic curve. Canadian Geotechnical Journa1,1994,31:521~546.
[65] Yang D Q ,Shen Z J .Generalized nonlinear constitutive theory of unsaturated soil[A],Proc 7th Int Conf on Expansive Soils[C], Dallas,1992.
[66]马娟娟,孙西欢,李占斌.入渗水头对土壤入渗参数的影响[J].灌溉排水学报. 2004.23(5):43~55.
[67]王全九等.水平一维土壤水分入渗特性分析[J].水利学报. 2000,6:34~38.
[68]李斌.填方路基水汽迁移规律试验研究及数值模拟[D].长沙理工大学硕士论文, 2008.
[69]霍玉霞、栾海、宋永焕.土的毛细性试验研究及分析[J].广东公路交通, 2006.97:138~143.
[70] Van Genuchten,M.Th.A closed~form equation for predicting the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated soils[J]. Soil Science Society of America Journal,1980,W:892~898.
[71]吴宏伟,陈守义,庞宇威.雨水入渗对非饱和土坡稳定性影响的参数研究[J].岩土力学,1999, 20(1):1~14.