引线框架用Cu-Cr-Zr-Mg合金的加工工艺与性能研究
|
摘要
引线框架材料在集成电路中起着固定芯片,保护内部元件,传递电信号并向外部散发热量的作用,是基础电路的关键部件,而作为引线框架材料用Cu-Cr-Zr合金,由于其能通过合理的形变热处理工艺改善组织、性能而获得高强高导性能,从而成为最具发展潜力的高性能铜合金材料。
如何在非真空环境下熔铸获得质量良好的合金一直是业内研究的难点,本文主要探讨在大气环境中通过合理的熔铸工艺获得良好的铸态Cu-Cr-Zr组织,分析热轧时铸锭加热温度分别为850℃、900℃及热轧变形量70%～80%对热轧后的组织性能影响,设计单因素实验,分析了一次、二次时效前后冷变形量对时效后性能的影响。通过七因素三水平正交实验,考察各因素对Cu-Cr-Zr合金的组织、性能的影响,并确定其影响因子的主次关系,优化实验参数得出最佳加工工艺。研究结论如下:
(1)在大气环境下熔铸Cu-0.45Cr-0.15Zr-0.05Mg合金,熔炼温度1250℃,保温时间15～20 min,浇铸温度1150～1200℃,浇铸出来的铸锭质量较好。
(2)热轧铸锭加热温度为900℃×1h,热轧总加工率为70%对材料力学性能较好,组织中有少量第二相呈点或短条状,并沿晶界分布。
(3)实验表明一、二次时效前冷变形均能不同程度地促进时效,冷变形量越大,第二相析出速度越快。时效后冷变形对降低电导率的影响较小,对提高抗拉强度的影响较大。
(4)通过正交实验的数据分析,影响电导率的主要因素是一次时效温度,其次是二次时效时间和一次时效时间,影响抗拉强度的主要因素是二次时效时间,其次是一次时效时间和二次冷轧加工率。通过综合分析得出最佳工艺方案:热轧75%+固溶950℃×60min+一次冷轧70%+一次时效600℃×1.5h+二次冷轧50%+二次时效520℃×4h。
Lead frame materials play a very important role in IC.They can support chip, protect inside component, transmit the electric signal, and send out the heat of the componet outwards, it is a key part of base IC. Making Cu-Cr-Zr alloys for Lead frame materials, because it can improve structure and properties through reasonable cold-working and heat treatment to get high strength and high conductivity properties, so that become most potencial high properties copper alloy materials.
How to get copper alloy of good quality is always a difficulty in our field in unvacuum environment.The main idea in this thesis is to get good Cu-Cr-Zr alloy casted by reasonable melting and casting technique in atmosphere,analyse influence of temperature of hot-rolling 850℃,900℃and the degree of hot deformation 70%～80% for constructure and properties after hot rolling,design experiments of single factor,analysing for the influence of the degree of cold deformation for aging properties before and after the first time and the second time aging.Discussing the influence of each factor for properties of Cu-Cr-Zr alloy by L18(37)orthogonal test,making sure primary and secondary order of its influence factors, optimize experiment parameters to get the optimum process.The following is the study conclusions:
(1)The quality of casting Cu-0.45Cr-0.15Zr-0.05Mg alloy is better when the temperature of melting is 1250℃,the time of heat preservation is in 15～20 min , the temperature of casting is in 1150～1200℃in atmosphere.
(2)The temperature of hot-rolling is 900℃×1h,the degree of deformation of hot-rolling is better to material properties, when it is 75% , there is a little the second phase with dot or short strip shape which disperse along boundary of grain.
(3)The experiments show that the first and second cold deformation improve aging to different extent,the larger the degree of cold deformation is the faster another phase separate out. Cold deformation has smaller influence over reducing electric conductivity after aging, while has larger influence over increasing tensile strength.
(4)After orthogonal test, the main factors of influence for conductivity are the temperature of the first aging, the time of the second aging and the time of the first aging, the main factors of influence for tensile strength are the time of the second aging , the time of the first aging and the degree of the second cold rolling. This paper can get the optimum process by comprehensive analysis : hot rolling(75%)+solution (950℃×1h) +the first cold rolling (70%)+the first aging (600℃×1.5h)+the second cold rolling (50%)+the second aging(520℃×4h).
如何在非真空环境下熔铸获得质量良好的合金一直是业内研究的难点,本文主要探讨在大气环境中通过合理的熔铸工艺获得良好的铸态Cu-Cr-Zr组织,分析热轧时铸锭加热温度分别为850℃、900℃及热轧变形量70%～80%对热轧后的组织性能影响,设计单因素实验,分析了一次、二次时效前后冷变形量对时效后性能的影响。通过七因素三水平正交实验,考察各因素对Cu-Cr-Zr合金的组织、性能的影响,并确定其影响因子的主次关系,优化实验参数得出最佳加工工艺。研究结论如下:
(1)在大气环境下熔铸Cu-0.45Cr-0.15Zr-0.05Mg合金,熔炼温度1250℃,保温时间15～20 min,浇铸温度1150～1200℃,浇铸出来的铸锭质量较好。
(2)热轧铸锭加热温度为900℃×1h,热轧总加工率为70%对材料力学性能较好,组织中有少量第二相呈点或短条状,并沿晶界分布。
(3)实验表明一、二次时效前冷变形均能不同程度地促进时效,冷变形量越大,第二相析出速度越快。时效后冷变形对降低电导率的影响较小,对提高抗拉强度的影响较大。
(4)通过正交实验的数据分析,影响电导率的主要因素是一次时效温度,其次是二次时效时间和一次时效时间,影响抗拉强度的主要因素是二次时效时间,其次是一次时效时间和二次冷轧加工率。通过综合分析得出最佳工艺方案:热轧75%+固溶950℃×60min+一次冷轧70%+一次时效600℃×1.5h+二次冷轧50%+二次时效520℃×4h。
Lead frame materials play a very important role in IC.They can support chip, protect inside component, transmit the electric signal, and send out the heat of the componet outwards, it is a key part of base IC. Making Cu-Cr-Zr alloys for Lead frame materials, because it can improve structure and properties through reasonable cold-working and heat treatment to get high strength and high conductivity properties, so that become most potencial high properties copper alloy materials.
How to get copper alloy of good quality is always a difficulty in our field in unvacuum environment.The main idea in this thesis is to get good Cu-Cr-Zr alloy casted by reasonable melting and casting technique in atmosphere,analyse influence of temperature of hot-rolling 850℃,900℃and the degree of hot deformation 70%～80% for constructure and properties after hot rolling,design experiments of single factor,analysing for the influence of the degree of cold deformation for aging properties before and after the first time and the second time aging.Discussing the influence of each factor for properties of Cu-Cr-Zr alloy by L18(37)orthogonal test,making sure primary and secondary order of its influence factors, optimize experiment parameters to get the optimum process.The following is the study conclusions:
(1)The quality of casting Cu-0.45Cr-0.15Zr-0.05Mg alloy is better when the temperature of melting is 1250℃,the time of heat preservation is in 15～20 min , the temperature of casting is in 1150～1200℃in atmosphere.
(2)The temperature of hot-rolling is 900℃×1h,the degree of deformation of hot-rolling is better to material properties, when it is 75% , there is a little the second phase with dot or short strip shape which disperse along boundary of grain.
(3)The experiments show that the first and second cold deformation improve aging to different extent,the larger the degree of cold deformation is the faster another phase separate out. Cold deformation has smaller influence over reducing electric conductivity after aging, while has larger influence over increasing tensile strength.
(4)After orthogonal test, the main factors of influence for conductivity are the temperature of the first aging, the time of the second aging and the time of the first aging, the main factors of influence for tensile strength are the time of the second aging , the time of the first aging and the degree of the second cold rolling. This paper can get the optimum process by comprehensive analysis : hot rolling(75%)+solution (950℃×1h) +the first cold rolling (70%)+the first aging (600℃×1.5h)+the second cold rolling (50%)+the second aging(520℃×4h).
引文
[I]王绍雄.铜和铜合金在电子工业中的新趋向[J].铜加工,1992,(3):6
[2]王隆寿.宝钢铬锆铜结晶器铜板的研制[J].冶金设备,1999,12(6):34
[3]五十岚廉,引线框架材料[J].日本金属学会会报.1989(1):63
[4]尹志民,高培庆,汪明朴,等.中国发明专利.1991,01884.(9):1999
[5]温宏权,等.高速列车用新型铜合金接触线[J].材料导报,1998,1(2):25
[6] Batra I S , Dey G K . Microstructure and properties of a Cu-Cr-Zr alloy.Joumal of Nuclear Materials, 2000 (299) : 91～100
[7]张晓辉,李永年等.高强度高导电性Cu合金的研究进展[J].贵金属,2001,3(1):47
[8]杨朝聪.高强高导电铜合金的研究及进展[J].云南冶金.2000,12(6):26～27
[9]陆德平,孙宝德,曾卫军.铜基高强高导电材料的研究进展[J].机械工程材料.2004,28(9):1～2
[10]程建奕,汪明朴.高强高导高耐热弥散强化铜合金的研究现状[J].材料导报,2004,18 (2) :38～41
[11]陈文革,王纯.集成电路用金属铜基引线框架材料和电子封装材料的研究和发展[J].材料导报,2002,16(7):33~37.
[12]柳瑞清,王晓娟,蔡薇等.铜合金引线框架材料的研究现状与发展[J].江西冶金,2003,23(6):81~83.
[13] Randall M German.powder metallurgy processing of thermal management, materials for microelectronic applications [J].International Journal of powder Metallurgy,1994,30(2):205~215.
[14] Mahulikar.,Deepak Trends in lead frame technology for plastic packaging Proc[J]. Int. Symp. Exhib. Adv. Packag Mater Process Prop.Interfaces.1997 ,94~97.
[15] Randall M German.powder metallurgy processing of thermal management, materials for microelectronic applications [J].International Journal of powder Metallurgy,1994,30(2):205~215.
[16] Mahulikar, Deepak Trends in lead frame technology for plastic packaging Proc[J].Int.Symp.Exhib.Adv. Packag Mater Process Prop. Interfaces.1997,(6):94～97.
[17]宋练鹏,尹志民,李娜娜.不同处理工艺对Cu-Cr-Zr-Mg合金组织与性能的影响[J].稀有金属,2004,28(1):122～126
[18]丰振军,杜忠泽,王庆娟.高强高导Cu-Cr-Zr系合金的研究进展.热加工工艺[J]. 2008, 37(8): 86～89,92
[19]刘平,赵冬梅,田保红.高性能铜合金及其加工技术[M].北京:冶金工业出版社.2005:25～30
[20]陈北盈等,铜和铜合金[M].长沙:中南工业大学出版社,1987:65
[21]马莒生,黄福祥,等.铜基引线框架材料的研究与发展[J].功能材料,2002,33(1):2
[22]叶权华等.Cr含量对Cu-Cr-Zr-Y合金时效性能的影响[J].特种铸造及有色合金,2006,26(4):202～204
[23]尹志民,张生龙,高强高导铜合金研究热点及发展趋势[J].矿冶工程,2002,22(2):1～6
[24]罗丽.普通熔铸法与快速凝固法对Cu-2.0Cr-0.3Zr高浓度合金组织和性能的影响:[研究生学位论文].湖南:中南大学,2006:12
[25]刘平,赵冬梅,田保红.高性能铜合金及其加工技术[M].北京:冶金工业出版社.2005:40～45
[26] K X Song,J D Xing, Q M Dong et al.Internal Oxidation of Dilute Cu-Al Alloy Powders with Oxidant of Cu2O[J].Mater.sci.ENG.,2004,a380:117～122
[27] Naser J,Riehemann W,Ferkel h.Dispersion hardening of merals by nanoscaled ceramic powders[J]. Materials Science and Engineering,1997,A234-236:467～469
[28] Srivatsan T S ,Narendra N,Troxell J D.Tensile Deformation and Fracture Behavior of an Oxide Dispersion Strengthened Copper Alloy[J].Materials and design,200,21:191～198
[29] Liang S H,Fang L,Fan Z K.Internal Oxidation of Cr in Cu-Cr/Cu2O Composite Powder Prepared byMechanical Activation[J].Mater.sci.Eng.,2004,A374:27～33
[30]孙世清,毛磊,刘宗茂.Al2O3-Cu和C-Cu复合材料研究进展[J].河北科技大学学报,2001,22(1):7～10
[31] Nadkarni AV.Dispersion Strengthened Copper Properties and Applications.in:E.Ling,P.W.Taubenblat.High conductivity Copper and Aluminum Alloys[J].Warrendale:Metall.soc.AIME,1984:77～101
[32]宋学孟.金属物理性能分析[M].北京:机械工业出版社,1981:24~27.
[33]魏全金.材料电子显微分析[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,1990:116~119.
[34]田保红,赵冬梅,刘平等.铜合金功能材料[M].北京:科学出版社,2004:54～56
[35]美国金属学会.金属手册(第九版)[M].机械工业出版社,1979:406
[36] Motohisa M.Development trends in new copper and alloy for lead-frame[J].J Jpn Copper and Brass Research Aossociatlon,l990,29:l8
[37]刘淑云.铜及铜合金热处理[M].机械工业出版社,1990:154
[38] Arnberg L,et a1.A new high strength,high conductivity Cu-0.5wt Zr alloy produced by rapid solidification technology[J]. Mater Sci Eng,1986,83:115
[39]须藤雄一郎.Cu-Zr系合金的制造与特性[J].伸铜技术研究会志,1997,36:33
[40] Spaic S,et a1.Effect of a small addition of alloys on the structure and performance of a copper alloy[J]. Metall,1985,36(1):43
[41]小林正男.高强度高导电性引线框架用铜合金[J].伸铜技术研究会志,1988,27:45
[42] Motohiro Kanno.Effect of a small addition of zirconium on hot ductility of a Cu-Cr alloy[J]. Zeit fur Metall.1988,79(10):684
[43]刘平.快速凝固Cu-Cr合金的析出特性及其对性能的影响[J].功能材料,1999,30(6):624～626
[44]于朝清.引线框架用高强高导铜合金材料[J].电工材料.2005,(2):36～37
[45]宋练鹏,尹志民,李娜娜,不同处理工艺对Cu-Cr-Zr-Mg合金组织与性能的影响[J].稀有金属,2004,28(1):122～126
[46] Batawie.Thermo-mechanical processing of spray formed Cu-Cr-Zr alloy[J]. Sci.Mrtal1.Mater,l993,29 (6) : 765～769
[47]马风仓,倪锋,杨涤心.高铬含量量铜铬合金的真空熔炼[J].材料开发与应用.2002.18(1):8～l1
[48] BatraI S.Precipitationin a Cu-Cr-Zr alloy [J].MaterialsScience and Engineering,2002,A356:32～36
[49] Daviesha,Sellarscm.Ruromat Advproccon [M].UK:Caimbridge,1991
[50]马莒生,黄福祥,黄乐等.铜基引线框架材料的研究与发展[J].功能材料,2000,33(1):1
[51]苏娟华,董企铭,刘平.Cu-Cr-Zr-Mg合金时效组织与性能[J].材料科学与工艺.2004,12(3):272～274.
[52]苏娟华.大规模集成电路用高强高导引线框架铜合金研究[D].西安:西北工业大学,2006
[53]梁永和,张明江,陈名勇.真空电弧熔炼的铜铬触头材料组织性能分析[J].高压电器.2004,40(3):191～194
[54]李明茂,杨斌,王智祥.高强高导Cu-Cr-Zr合金熔炼技术研究[J].特种铸造及有色合金, 2005,25(4):252～253
[55]《重有色金属加工手册》编写组.重有色金属加工手册(第三分册)[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,1979:
[56]朱治愿,孙爱俊,池永强.热机械处理对Cu-Cr-ZrBeRE合金组织和性能的影响[J] .金属热处理2004,29(12):17～19
[57]田保红,赵冬梅,刘平等.铜合金功能材料[M].北京:科学出版社,2004:56～58
[58]潘清林,金属材料科学与工程实验教程[M],长沙:中南大学出版社,2006.9:5～10
[59]方善锋,汪明朴,程建奕.高强高导Cu-Cr-Zr系合金材料的研究进展[J].材料导报.2003,17(9):21～23
[60] I S Batra ,G K Dey ,U D Kulkarni ,e1a1.Precipitation in a Cu-Cr-Zr alloy [J] .MateriScience and Engineering ,2002.(A356):32～36
[61] J P Tu,W X Qi,Y Z Yang,et aL. Elfact of aging treatment on the electrical sliding wear behavior of Cu-Cr-Zr alloy[J].Wear,2002,(249):1021～1027.
[62] J H Su,P Li,Q M Dong,et a1.Effect of cold working on the aging properties of Cu-Cr-Zr alloy by neural network[J].Acta Metallurgica Sinica(English letters),2004,17(5):741～74.
[63]黄福祥,李春天,王振林.Cu-Cr-Zr合金的铸态组织分析[J].铸造.2008,57(1):56～57.
[64]陈存中.有色金属熔炼与铸锭.冶金工业出版社[M].1987,北京:2～8.
[65]李华清,谢水生,米绪军.Cu-Cr-Zr合金铸锭铸造缺陷产生原因与防止措施[J].铸造技术.2006,27(11):1205～1209.
[66]杨春秀,向朝建,曹兴民.热加工工艺对引线框架用C194RE铜合金性能的影响[J].材料热处理.热加工工艺.2007,36(8):12～14
[67] Wan Y Z. Effect of fiber volume fraction, hot pressing parameters and alloying elements on tensile strength of carbon fiber reinforced copper matrix composites prepared by continuous three-step electro deposition [J].Materials Science and Engineering,2003, A228:23～26.
[68] Ryu H J, Balk H K, Hong S H. Effect of Thermomechanical Treatments on Microstructure and Properties of Cu-base Leadframe Alloy[J]. J. Mater. Sci.,2000,35:364l～3646.
[69]戚正风.固态金属中的扩散与相变[M].北京:机械工业出版社.1998.
[70]杨春秀,向朝建,曹兴民等.热加工工艺对引线框架用C194RE铜合金性能的影响[J].热加工工艺,2007, 36(8):12～14.
[71]赵祖德,姚良均.铜及铜合金材料手册[M].北京:机械工业出版社,1993.12～20
[72]赵品,谢辅洲,孙振过.材料科学基础[M].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学出版社,2002:134
[73]刘平,康布熙,曹兴国等.快速凝固Cu-Cr-Zr-Mg合金的原位再结晶与不连续再结晶[J].洛阳工学院学报,1998,19(2):6～10
[74]董志力,唐祥云.Cu-Zr和Cu-Zr-Si的时效析出特性及冷变形对时效析出的影响[J] .金属学报, 1989,25(6):462～465
[75]储双杰,吴人洁.挤压铸造莫来石短纤维增强Al-4.5Cu复合材料的凝固组织偏析及性能的研究[J].铸造,l998,(1):4
[76]李子全,吴炳尧.不同冷却条件SiC/ZA27复合材料界面的TEM观察[J].南京大学学报.2001,37(1):84
[77]行如意,康布嘉,苏娟华.时效参数和变形量对Cu-Cr-Zr-Mg合金组织和性能的影响[J].热加工工艺.2004,(3):2～4.
[78]曹育文,马营生,唐祥云等.QFe2.5型引线框架用铜合金热处理工艺研究[J].金属热处理学报,1998,19(4):32～37.
[79]苏娟华,董企铭,刘平.引线框架Cu-Cr-Zr-Mg合金二级变形时效工艺[J].金属热处理2006,31(8):76～80
[80]上海市科学技术交流站组编.正交试验设计法[M ].上海:上海人民出版社, 1975.
[81]刘平,曹兴国,康布熙等.快速凝固Cu2Cr合金导电性分析[ J ].洛阳工学院学报, 1998, 19 (4) : 125.
[82]刘勇,刘平等.变形量对接触线用Cu-Cr-Zr-Y合金时效特性和力学性能的影响[ J ].中国有色金属学报,2006, 16 (3) : 417～421.
[83]廖素三,尹志民,等.热处理对Cu-Cr-Zr合金力学性能和导电性能的影响[ J ].中国有色金属学报, 2000, 10 ( 5) :684～687.
[2]王隆寿.宝钢铬锆铜结晶器铜板的研制[J].冶金设备,1999,12(6):34
[3]五十岚廉,引线框架材料[J].日本金属学会会报.1989(1):63
[4]尹志民,高培庆,汪明朴,等.中国发明专利.1991,01884.(9):1999
[5]温宏权,等.高速列车用新型铜合金接触线[J].材料导报,1998,1(2):25
[6] Batra I S , Dey G K . Microstructure and properties of a Cu-Cr-Zr alloy.Joumal of Nuclear Materials, 2000 (299) : 91～100
[7]张晓辉,李永年等.高强度高导电性Cu合金的研究进展[J].贵金属,2001,3(1):47
[8]杨朝聪.高强高导电铜合金的研究及进展[J].云南冶金.2000,12(6):26～27
[9]陆德平,孙宝德,曾卫军.铜基高强高导电材料的研究进展[J].机械工程材料.2004,28(9):1～2
[10]程建奕,汪明朴.高强高导高耐热弥散强化铜合金的研究现状[J].材料导报,2004,18 (2) :38～41
[11]陈文革,王纯.集成电路用金属铜基引线框架材料和电子封装材料的研究和发展[J].材料导报,2002,16(7):33~37.
[12]柳瑞清,王晓娟,蔡薇等.铜合金引线框架材料的研究现状与发展[J].江西冶金,2003,23(6):81~83.
[13] Randall M German.powder metallurgy processing of thermal management, materials for microelectronic applications [J].International Journal of powder Metallurgy,1994,30(2):205~215.
[14] Mahulikar.,Deepak Trends in lead frame technology for plastic packaging Proc[J]. Int. Symp. Exhib. Adv. Packag Mater Process Prop.Interfaces.1997 ,94~97.
[15] Randall M German.powder metallurgy processing of thermal management, materials for microelectronic applications [J].International Journal of powder Metallurgy,1994,30(2):205~215.
[16] Mahulikar, Deepak Trends in lead frame technology for plastic packaging Proc[J].Int.Symp.Exhib.Adv. Packag Mater Process Prop. Interfaces.1997,(6):94～97.
[17]宋练鹏,尹志民,李娜娜.不同处理工艺对Cu-Cr-Zr-Mg合金组织与性能的影响[J].稀有金属,2004,28(1):122～126
[18]丰振军,杜忠泽,王庆娟.高强高导Cu-Cr-Zr系合金的研究进展.热加工工艺[J]. 2008, 37(8): 86～89,92
[19]刘平,赵冬梅,田保红.高性能铜合金及其加工技术[M].北京:冶金工业出版社.2005:25～30
[20]陈北盈等,铜和铜合金[M].长沙:中南工业大学出版社,1987:65
[21]马莒生,黄福祥,等.铜基引线框架材料的研究与发展[J].功能材料,2002,33(1):2
[22]叶权华等.Cr含量对Cu-Cr-Zr-Y合金时效性能的影响[J].特种铸造及有色合金,2006,26(4):202～204
[23]尹志民,张生龙,高强高导铜合金研究热点及发展趋势[J].矿冶工程,2002,22(2):1～6
[24]罗丽.普通熔铸法与快速凝固法对Cu-2.0Cr-0.3Zr高浓度合金组织和性能的影响:[研究生学位论文].湖南:中南大学,2006:12
[25]刘平,赵冬梅,田保红.高性能铜合金及其加工技术[M].北京:冶金工业出版社.2005:40～45
[26] K X Song,J D Xing, Q M Dong et al.Internal Oxidation of Dilute Cu-Al Alloy Powders with Oxidant of Cu2O[J].Mater.sci.ENG.,2004,a380:117～122
[27] Naser J,Riehemann W,Ferkel h.Dispersion hardening of merals by nanoscaled ceramic powders[J]. Materials Science and Engineering,1997,A234-236:467～469
[28] Srivatsan T S ,Narendra N,Troxell J D.Tensile Deformation and Fracture Behavior of an Oxide Dispersion Strengthened Copper Alloy[J].Materials and design,200,21:191～198
[29] Liang S H,Fang L,Fan Z K.Internal Oxidation of Cr in Cu-Cr/Cu2O Composite Powder Prepared byMechanical Activation[J].Mater.sci.Eng.,2004,A374:27～33
[30]孙世清,毛磊,刘宗茂.Al2O3-Cu和C-Cu复合材料研究进展[J].河北科技大学学报,2001,22(1):7～10
[31] Nadkarni AV.Dispersion Strengthened Copper Properties and Applications.in:E.Ling,P.W.Taubenblat.High conductivity Copper and Aluminum Alloys[J].Warrendale:Metall.soc.AIME,1984:77～101
[32]宋学孟.金属物理性能分析[M].北京:机械工业出版社,1981:24~27.
[33]魏全金.材料电子显微分析[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,1990:116~119.
[34]田保红,赵冬梅,刘平等.铜合金功能材料[M].北京:科学出版社,2004:54～56
[35]美国金属学会.金属手册(第九版)[M].机械工业出版社,1979:406
[36] Motohisa M.Development trends in new copper and alloy for lead-frame[J].J Jpn Copper and Brass Research Aossociatlon,l990,29:l8
[37]刘淑云.铜及铜合金热处理[M].机械工业出版社,1990:154
[38] Arnberg L,et a1.A new high strength,high conductivity Cu-0.5wt Zr alloy produced by rapid solidification technology[J]. Mater Sci Eng,1986,83:115
[39]须藤雄一郎.Cu-Zr系合金的制造与特性[J].伸铜技术研究会志,1997,36:33
[40] Spaic S,et a1.Effect of a small addition of alloys on the structure and performance of a copper alloy[J]. Metall,1985,36(1):43
[41]小林正男.高强度高导电性引线框架用铜合金[J].伸铜技术研究会志,1988,27:45
[42] Motohiro Kanno.Effect of a small addition of zirconium on hot ductility of a Cu-Cr alloy[J]. Zeit fur Metall.1988,79(10):684
[43]刘平.快速凝固Cu-Cr合金的析出特性及其对性能的影响[J].功能材料,1999,30(6):624～626
[44]于朝清.引线框架用高强高导铜合金材料[J].电工材料.2005,(2):36～37
[45]宋练鹏,尹志民,李娜娜,不同处理工艺对Cu-Cr-Zr-Mg合金组织与性能的影响[J].稀有金属,2004,28(1):122～126
[46] Batawie.Thermo-mechanical processing of spray formed Cu-Cr-Zr alloy[J]. Sci.Mrtal1.Mater,l993,29 (6) : 765～769
[47]马风仓,倪锋,杨涤心.高铬含量量铜铬合金的真空熔炼[J].材料开发与应用.2002.18(1):8～l1
[48] BatraI S.Precipitationin a Cu-Cr-Zr alloy [J].MaterialsScience and Engineering,2002,A356:32～36
[49] Daviesha,Sellarscm.Ruromat Advproccon [M].UK:Caimbridge,1991
[50]马莒生,黄福祥,黄乐等.铜基引线框架材料的研究与发展[J].功能材料,2000,33(1):1
[51]苏娟华,董企铭,刘平.Cu-Cr-Zr-Mg合金时效组织与性能[J].材料科学与工艺.2004,12(3):272～274.
[52]苏娟华.大规模集成电路用高强高导引线框架铜合金研究[D].西安:西北工业大学,2006
[53]梁永和,张明江,陈名勇.真空电弧熔炼的铜铬触头材料组织性能分析[J].高压电器.2004,40(3):191～194
[54]李明茂,杨斌,王智祥.高强高导Cu-Cr-Zr合金熔炼技术研究[J].特种铸造及有色合金, 2005,25(4):252～253
[55]《重有色金属加工手册》编写组.重有色金属加工手册(第三分册)[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,1979:
[56]朱治愿,孙爱俊,池永强.热机械处理对Cu-Cr-ZrBeRE合金组织和性能的影响[J] .金属热处理2004,29(12):17～19
[57]田保红,赵冬梅,刘平等.铜合金功能材料[M].北京:科学出版社,2004:56～58
[58]潘清林,金属材料科学与工程实验教程[M],长沙:中南大学出版社,2006.9:5～10
[59]方善锋,汪明朴,程建奕.高强高导Cu-Cr-Zr系合金材料的研究进展[J].材料导报.2003,17(9):21～23
[60] I S Batra ,G K Dey ,U D Kulkarni ,e1a1.Precipitation in a Cu-Cr-Zr alloy [J] .MateriScience and Engineering ,2002.(A356):32～36
[61] J P Tu,W X Qi,Y Z Yang,et aL. Elfact of aging treatment on the electrical sliding wear behavior of Cu-Cr-Zr alloy[J].Wear,2002,(249):1021～1027.
[62] J H Su,P Li,Q M Dong,et a1.Effect of cold working on the aging properties of Cu-Cr-Zr alloy by neural network[J].Acta Metallurgica Sinica(English letters),2004,17(5):741～74.
[63]黄福祥,李春天,王振林.Cu-Cr-Zr合金的铸态组织分析[J].铸造.2008,57(1):56～57.
[64]陈存中.有色金属熔炼与铸锭.冶金工业出版社[M].1987,北京:2～8.
[65]李华清,谢水生,米绪军.Cu-Cr-Zr合金铸锭铸造缺陷产生原因与防止措施[J].铸造技术.2006,27(11):1205～1209.
[66]杨春秀,向朝建,曹兴民.热加工工艺对引线框架用C194RE铜合金性能的影响[J].材料热处理.热加工工艺.2007,36(8):12～14
[67] Wan Y Z. Effect of fiber volume fraction, hot pressing parameters and alloying elements on tensile strength of carbon fiber reinforced copper matrix composites prepared by continuous three-step electro deposition [J].Materials Science and Engineering,2003, A228:23～26.
[68] Ryu H J, Balk H K, Hong S H. Effect of Thermomechanical Treatments on Microstructure and Properties of Cu-base Leadframe Alloy[J]. J. Mater. Sci.,2000,35:364l～3646.
[69]戚正风.固态金属中的扩散与相变[M].北京:机械工业出版社.1998.
[70]杨春秀,向朝建,曹兴民等.热加工工艺对引线框架用C194RE铜合金性能的影响[J].热加工工艺,2007, 36(8):12～14.
[71]赵祖德,姚良均.铜及铜合金材料手册[M].北京:机械工业出版社,1993.12～20
[72]赵品,谢辅洲,孙振过.材料科学基础[M].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学出版社,2002:134
[73]刘平,康布熙,曹兴国等.快速凝固Cu-Cr-Zr-Mg合金的原位再结晶与不连续再结晶[J].洛阳工学院学报,1998,19(2):6～10
[74]董志力,唐祥云.Cu-Zr和Cu-Zr-Si的时效析出特性及冷变形对时效析出的影响[J] .金属学报, 1989,25(6):462～465
[75]储双杰,吴人洁.挤压铸造莫来石短纤维增强Al-4.5Cu复合材料的凝固组织偏析及性能的研究[J].铸造,l998,(1):4
[76]李子全,吴炳尧.不同冷却条件SiC/ZA27复合材料界面的TEM观察[J].南京大学学报.2001,37(1):84
[77]行如意,康布嘉,苏娟华.时效参数和变形量对Cu-Cr-Zr-Mg合金组织和性能的影响[J].热加工工艺.2004,(3):2～4.
[78]曹育文,马营生,唐祥云等.QFe2.5型引线框架用铜合金热处理工艺研究[J].金属热处理学报,1998,19(4):32～37.
[79]苏娟华,董企铭,刘平.引线框架Cu-Cr-Zr-Mg合金二级变形时效工艺[J].金属热处理2006,31(8):76～80
[80]上海市科学技术交流站组编.正交试验设计法[M ].上海:上海人民出版社, 1975.
[81]刘平,曹兴国,康布熙等.快速凝固Cu2Cr合金导电性分析[ J ].洛阳工学院学报, 1998, 19 (4) : 125.
[82]刘勇,刘平等.变形量对接触线用Cu-Cr-Zr-Y合金时效特性和力学性能的影响[ J ].中国有色金属学报,2006, 16 (3) : 417～421.
[83]廖素三,尹志民,等.热处理对Cu-Cr-Zr合金力学性能和导电性能的影响[ J ].中国有色金属学报, 2000, 10 ( 5) :684～687.