爆炸粉末烧结法制取WC/Cu复合材料
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摘要
爆炸粉末烧结技术是将炸药爆炸产生的能量以激波的形式作用于粉末,使其在瞬间、高温、高压下发生烧结的一种材料加工技术,是爆炸加工领域的第三代研究对象。作为一种高能加工的新技术,爆炸粉末烧结具有烧结时间短,作用压力大等特征。
WC颗粒增强Cu基复合材料作为电阻焊电极材料,得到了广泛的开发及应用研究,其制备工艺主要采用传统的粉末冶金真空热压及冷压烧结法。本文将尝试采用爆炸粉末烧结法制备WC/Cu复合材料。
论文着重分析了爆炸粉末烧结中的多孔材料的冲击状态方程、宏观机理以及细观机理;对加载装置进行冲击波对粉末作用的分析。
在实验部分,采用单管对称滑移爆轰的方法,对WC/Cu粉末进行爆炸粉末烧结,期望将烧结品用作优良的电阻焊电极材料。我们改进了爆炸压实装置,经过前期的多次实验,消除了影响压实坯质量的各种不利因素。对粉末进行混粉、通氢还原、抽真空等一系列工艺处理,然后进行爆炸压实,最终得到了较好的爆炸压实坯。
建立WC/Cu混合粉末冲击状态方程,做出多孔材料的P-V关系图。对压实坯的宏观结构、微观结构以及材料性能进行检测分析,得出炸药爆速、药粉比、爆炸冲击能量等工艺参数对爆炸压实坯致密度的影响,寻找出最佳的工艺参数。
按照微电子技术发展所需指标,爆炸粉末烧结法所制得的WC/Cu复合材料,无论抗压强度、导电率还是抗高温软化温度都能够满足实际应用的需要。
Explosive compaction of powders is a new technique that employs shock wave to compress powders to form solid components under high temperature and high pressure in a few microseconds, and is an important research object in the area of explosive applications. As a new technique of high-energy machining, explosive powder compaction has two distinct characteristics that the time acting on powders of explosive compaction is short and the detonation pressure is great.Tungsten carbide particle reinforced copper-based composites has been wildly used to make compound electric resistance welding electrode. The most commonly used powder metallurgy approach for producing such composites comprises processings of cold compaction and hot pressing and extrusion. The paper attempts to fabricate WC/Cu composites by explosive compaction technique.The thesis documents emphatically analyze the state of equation of powders as well as the macroscopical and microcosmic mechanism of explosive compaction of powders, also the action of shock wave on powders in load settings.The experiments have been made to compact powders of WC/Cu with cylindrical configuration/single tube set-up by symmetrical sliding detonation, expecting to get excellent electrode material. By improving on the setting of explosive compaction, adverse factors affecting the quality of compacts are eliminated after a lot of experiments. Ultimately well compacts are made by such operations as blending powders, deoxidizing, vacuumizing the settings of explosive compaction.The state of equation of powders of WC/Cu and the P-V curve are worked out. The macrostructure, microstructure and performances of composites are examined. The optimal parameters are gotten according to the effects of the ratio of explosive mass to powder mass, the detonation velocity, impact energy on the density.Finally, the conclusion has been made that the WC/Cu composites fabricated by explosive compaction can satisfy the needs for comprehensive performances.
WC颗粒增强Cu基复合材料作为电阻焊电极材料,得到了广泛的开发及应用研究,其制备工艺主要采用传统的粉末冶金真空热压及冷压烧结法。本文将尝试采用爆炸粉末烧结法制备WC/Cu复合材料。
论文着重分析了爆炸粉末烧结中的多孔材料的冲击状态方程、宏观机理以及细观机理;对加载装置进行冲击波对粉末作用的分析。
在实验部分,采用单管对称滑移爆轰的方法,对WC/Cu粉末进行爆炸粉末烧结,期望将烧结品用作优良的电阻焊电极材料。我们改进了爆炸压实装置,经过前期的多次实验,消除了影响压实坯质量的各种不利因素。对粉末进行混粉、通氢还原、抽真空等一系列工艺处理,然后进行爆炸压实,最终得到了较好的爆炸压实坯。
建立WC/Cu混合粉末冲击状态方程,做出多孔材料的P-V关系图。对压实坯的宏观结构、微观结构以及材料性能进行检测分析,得出炸药爆速、药粉比、爆炸冲击能量等工艺参数对爆炸压实坯致密度的影响,寻找出最佳的工艺参数。
按照微电子技术发展所需指标,爆炸粉末烧结法所制得的WC/Cu复合材料,无论抗压强度、导电率还是抗高温软化温度都能够满足实际应用的需要。
Explosive compaction of powders is a new technique that employs shock wave to compress powders to form solid components under high temperature and high pressure in a few microseconds, and is an important research object in the area of explosive applications. As a new technique of high-energy machining, explosive powder compaction has two distinct characteristics that the time acting on powders of explosive compaction is short and the detonation pressure is great.Tungsten carbide particle reinforced copper-based composites has been wildly used to make compound electric resistance welding electrode. The most commonly used powder metallurgy approach for producing such composites comprises processings of cold compaction and hot pressing and extrusion. The paper attempts to fabricate WC/Cu composites by explosive compaction technique.The thesis documents emphatically analyze the state of equation of powders as well as the macroscopical and microcosmic mechanism of explosive compaction of powders, also the action of shock wave on powders in load settings.The experiments have been made to compact powders of WC/Cu with cylindrical configuration/single tube set-up by symmetrical sliding detonation, expecting to get excellent electrode material. By improving on the setting of explosive compaction, adverse factors affecting the quality of compacts are eliminated after a lot of experiments. Ultimately well compacts are made by such operations as blending powders, deoxidizing, vacuumizing the settings of explosive compaction.The state of equation of powders of WC/Cu and the P-V curve are worked out. The macrostructure, microstructure and performances of composites are examined. The optimal parameters are gotten according to the effects of the ratio of explosive mass to powder mass, the detonation velocity, impact energy on the density.Finally, the conclusion has been made that the WC/Cu composites fabricated by explosive compaction can satisfy the needs for comprehensive performances.
引文
[1] 中国机械工程学会主编.焊接手册:焊接方法及设备.北京机械工业出版社,1992.11.
[2] 张三林等.材料导报,1996(1):68.
[3] 齐增生.新型电接触材料——Cu-Al_2O_3合金.天津大学硕士学位论文,1990,1.
[4] Kiyoshi Ichikawa, et al. Materials Transactions, JIM, 1993, 34(8): 718.
[5] Morris M A et al. Materials Science and Engineering. 1989, A 111: 115.
[6] Honda Giken Kogyo. Moulded ceramic reinforced copper article for spot welding electrode. M22. GB 2243-160-A. 1991.
[7] 王耐艳等.原位反应纳米TiB_2/Cu复合材料的制备和微结构[J].中国有色金属学报,2002,12(1):151～154.
[8] 胡锐.高强高导Cu基合金复合材料的新型制造技术[J].兵器材料科学与工程,1998,21(6):39～43.
[9] 王孟君等.弥散强化铜电阻焊电极材料的研制[J].材料热处理学报,2001,22(4):48～51
[10] T.S. Srivatsan, etc. Tensile deformation and fracture behavior of an oxide dispersion strengthened cooper alloy[J]. Material and Design, 2000, 2: 191～198.
[11] 郑冀.内氧化Al_2O_3基复合材料工程性能的研究[J].材料热处理学报,2001,22(4):48～51.
[12] 赵乃勤等.粉末冶金真空压法制备WC/Cu复合电阻焊电极[J].兵器材料科学与工程.1997,20(3):39～43.
[13] 王孟君等.WC/Cu复合材料制备及其高温性[J].材料科学与工程学报.2003:21(4):528～530.
[14] 王礼立,余同希,李永池.冲击动力学进展.合肥:中国科学技术大学出版社,1992:323—354.
[15] Laszlo J, Kecskes and Ian W Hall. Microstructural effects in hot-explosively-consolidated W-Ti alloys. J. Mater. Proc. Tech. 1999, 94: 247-260.
[16] Herrmann W. Constitutive equation for the dynamic pore-collapse relations for ductile porous materials. J. Appl. Phys. 1969, 40(6): 2490-2499.
[17] M. M. Carrol, A. C. Holt. Static and dynamic pore-collapse relations for ductile porous materials. J. Appl. Phys. 1972, 43(4): 1626-1635.
[18] S.Z. Dunin, V. V. Surkov. Dynamics of the closing of pores at the chock wave front. J. Appl. Mech. Tech. Phys. 43, 3(1979): 550-558.
[19] A.V. Attetkov, L.N. Vlasova, V.V. Selivanov et al. Effect of non-equilibrium heating on the behavior of a porous material in shock compression. J. Appl. Mech. Tech. Phys. 1984, 25(6): 914-921.
[20] M. M. Carrol, K. T. Kim. The effect of temperature on viscoplastic pore collapse. J. Appl. Phys. 1986, 59(6): 1962-1967.
[21] Shao Binghuang, Wang Xiaolin, Liu Zhiyue. Equation of state of porous metals in explosive compaction. In: M A Meyers, L E Murr, K P Staudhammer eds. Shock-wave and High-Strain-Rate Phenomena in Materials. New York, Basel, Hong Kong: Marcel Dekker Inc, 1992: 473-481.
[22] T. Z. Blazynski. Explosive weldin, forming, and compaction. London: Applied Science Press, 1983.
[23] A.G.Mamalis, G.N. Gioftsidis. A consolidation mechanism for the compaction of copper powder at high pressures. J. Mater. Proc. Tech. 1990, 23: 33-345.
[24] M.Nishida, A. Chiba, K. Imamura et al. Microstructuresand mechanical properties of explosively consolidated Ti powder with a pressure medium. Metallurgical transations A. 1989, 20A: 2831-2839.
[25] John E Reaugh. Computer simulations to study the explosive consolidation of powders into rods. J. Appl. Phys. 1987, 61(3): 962-968.
[26] 张登霞,马成辉,艾宝仁等.铝和铝锂合金的爆炸烧结实验研究.高压物理学报.1990,4(4):291-298.
[27] 郑哲敏.流体弹塑性体.中国大百科全书·力学卷·.北京:中国大百科全书出版社,1985:343.
[28] 郑哲敏.破甲过程初步分析及一些基本知识.力学情报(现名力学进展).1973,3(5):36-74。
[29] 郑哲敏.破甲过程初步分析及一些基本知识.力学情报(现名力学进展).1973,3(6):67-98.
[30] Wilkins M. L. Computer simulation of dynamic compaction. Hague, Martinus Nijhoff Press. 1982: 217-230.
[31] 张德良,王晓林.粉末爆炸烧结材料参数效应数值研究.爆炸与冲击.1996,16(2):105-110.
[32] 王年生,张凯,董守华.陶瓷粉末平面爆炸烧结裂纹的形成.大连理工大学学报,1993,33(6):651-654.
[33] R.A. Williamson, R.A. Berry. Microlevel numerical modeling of the shock wave induced consolidation of metal powder. In Shock Wave in Condensed Mater. 1987: 341-346.
[34] Flinn J. E., Williamson R. L.. Dynamic consolidation of type 304 stainless powders in gas gun experiments. J. Appl. Phys. 1988, 64(3): 1446-1456.
[35] 邵丙璜,高举贤,李国豪.金属粉末爆炸烧结界面能量沉积机制.爆炸与冲击.1989,9(1):17-27.
[36] A.G. Mamalis, I.N, Vottea and D.E, Manolakos. On the modeling of the compaction mechanism of shock compacted powders, J. Mater. Pro. Tech. 2001, 108: 165-178.
[37] T.Z.布拉齐恩斯基,爆炸焊接、成形与压制.机械工业出版社,1988.
[38] Raybould, D. 15th Int. MTDR Conf., Macmillan, London, 1975.
[39] Hokamoto K, Tanaka S, Fujita M, et al, An improved high-temperature shock compression and recovery system using underwater shock wave for dynamic compaction of powders. J. Mater. Pro. Tech. 1999, 85: 153-157.
[40] 邵丙璜,张凯.爆炸焊接原理与工程应用.第一版.大连:大连工学院出版社.1987.
[41] 张守中.爆炸与冲击动力学.北京:兵器工业出版社,1991:430.
[42] Walsh, I.M. and Rice, H.M.J. Chem. Phys., 26(1957), 815.
[43] Hollenberg, K. and Miller, F. BMVg WT 72-3(1971).
[44] Leonard, R. W., Laber, D., Linse, V.D. Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. HERF, Estes Park Co., USA, 1969.
[45] Prummer, R. Ber. Deutsche Keramische Gesellschaft 50(1973), 75.see also Proc. 4th Int. Conf. HERF, Estes Park, Co., USA, 1973.
[46] Montgomery, W.T. and Thomas, n. Powder Metallurgy(1960), No. 6, 125.
[47] Paprocki, S.J. et al. Paper Nr. SPA 2-29, Creative Manufacturing Seminars, Detroit: ASTME(1961/62).
[48] Strohecker, D.E. High velocity compaction of metal powders, in High Energy Rate Working of Metals, Oslo: Central Inst. Ind. Res. (1964), 481.
[49] Lennon, A.R.C., Balla, A.K. and Williams, J.D. Proc. 6th. Int. Conf. HERF, Sept. 1977, Essen, Germany.
[50] 罗守靖,李金平,牛玮等.爆炸压实CuCr合金工艺的研究[J].兵器材料科学与工程.2001,24(3):25-27,44.
[51] M A Meyers and S L Wang. An improved method for shock consolidation of powders[J]. Acta metal. 1988, 36(4): 925-936.
[52] 宋秀娟,浩谦.金属爆炸加工的理论和应用[M].中国建筑工业出版社,北京,1983:302-313.
[53] 王尔得.机械合金Al-49Fe-49Ni合金的结构与性能[C].1994年全国粉末冶金学术会议论文集.
[54] 黄培云.粉末冶金原理[M].冶金工业出版社.北京.1980.
[55] Clarence L Hoening and Charles S Yust. Explosive compaction of AIN, amorphous Si_3N_4, Boron, and Al_2O_3 ceramics[J]. Ceramics Bulletin. 1981, 60(11): 1175-1224.
[56] T Z 布拉齐恩斯基著,李富勤等译.爆炸焊接、成型与压制[M].机械工业出版社,北京,1988:340-363.
[57] R Prummer. Explosive compaction of powders, principle and prospects[J]. Mat.-wiss.u. Werkstofftech, 1989, 20: 410-415.
[58] Birla N C, Krishnaas wa my W.Consolidation of preatloyed Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo spherical powders[J]. Powder Metallurgy, 1981, 24(4): 203.
[2] 张三林等.材料导报,1996(1):68.
[3] 齐增生.新型电接触材料——Cu-Al_2O_3合金.天津大学硕士学位论文,1990,1.
[4] Kiyoshi Ichikawa, et al. Materials Transactions, JIM, 1993, 34(8): 718.
[5] Morris M A et al. Materials Science and Engineering. 1989, A 111: 115.
[6] Honda Giken Kogyo. Moulded ceramic reinforced copper article for spot welding electrode. M22. GB 2243-160-A. 1991.
[7] 王耐艳等.原位反应纳米TiB_2/Cu复合材料的制备和微结构[J].中国有色金属学报,2002,12(1):151～154.
[8] 胡锐.高强高导Cu基合金复合材料的新型制造技术[J].兵器材料科学与工程,1998,21(6):39～43.
[9] 王孟君等.弥散强化铜电阻焊电极材料的研制[J].材料热处理学报,2001,22(4):48～51
[10] T.S. Srivatsan, etc. Tensile deformation and fracture behavior of an oxide dispersion strengthened cooper alloy[J]. Material and Design, 2000, 2: 191～198.
[11] 郑冀.内氧化Al_2O_3基复合材料工程性能的研究[J].材料热处理学报,2001,22(4):48～51.
[12] 赵乃勤等.粉末冶金真空压法制备WC/Cu复合电阻焊电极[J].兵器材料科学与工程.1997,20(3):39～43.
[13] 王孟君等.WC/Cu复合材料制备及其高温性[J].材料科学与工程学报.2003:21(4):528～530.
[14] 王礼立,余同希,李永池.冲击动力学进展.合肥:中国科学技术大学出版社,1992:323—354.
[15] Laszlo J, Kecskes and Ian W Hall. Microstructural effects in hot-explosively-consolidated W-Ti alloys. J. Mater. Proc. Tech. 1999, 94: 247-260.
[16] Herrmann W. Constitutive equation for the dynamic pore-collapse relations for ductile porous materials. J. Appl. Phys. 1969, 40(6): 2490-2499.
[17] M. M. Carrol, A. C. Holt. Static and dynamic pore-collapse relations for ductile porous materials. J. Appl. Phys. 1972, 43(4): 1626-1635.
[18] S.Z. Dunin, V. V. Surkov. Dynamics of the closing of pores at the chock wave front. J. Appl. Mech. Tech. Phys. 43, 3(1979): 550-558.
[19] A.V. Attetkov, L.N. Vlasova, V.V. Selivanov et al. Effect of non-equilibrium heating on the behavior of a porous material in shock compression. J. Appl. Mech. Tech. Phys. 1984, 25(6): 914-921.
[20] M. M. Carrol, K. T. Kim. The effect of temperature on viscoplastic pore collapse. J. Appl. Phys. 1986, 59(6): 1962-1967.
[21] Shao Binghuang, Wang Xiaolin, Liu Zhiyue. Equation of state of porous metals in explosive compaction. In: M A Meyers, L E Murr, K P Staudhammer eds. Shock-wave and High-Strain-Rate Phenomena in Materials. New York, Basel, Hong Kong: Marcel Dekker Inc, 1992: 473-481.
[22] T. Z. Blazynski. Explosive weldin, forming, and compaction. London: Applied Science Press, 1983.
[23] A.G.Mamalis, G.N. Gioftsidis. A consolidation mechanism for the compaction of copper powder at high pressures. J. Mater. Proc. Tech. 1990, 23: 33-345.
[24] M.Nishida, A. Chiba, K. Imamura et al. Microstructuresand mechanical properties of explosively consolidated Ti powder with a pressure medium. Metallurgical transations A. 1989, 20A: 2831-2839.
[25] John E Reaugh. Computer simulations to study the explosive consolidation of powders into rods. J. Appl. Phys. 1987, 61(3): 962-968.
[26] 张登霞,马成辉,艾宝仁等.铝和铝锂合金的爆炸烧结实验研究.高压物理学报.1990,4(4):291-298.
[27] 郑哲敏.流体弹塑性体.中国大百科全书·力学卷·.北京:中国大百科全书出版社,1985:343.
[28] 郑哲敏.破甲过程初步分析及一些基本知识.力学情报(现名力学进展).1973,3(5):36-74。
[29] 郑哲敏.破甲过程初步分析及一些基本知识.力学情报(现名力学进展).1973,3(6):67-98.
[30] Wilkins M. L. Computer simulation of dynamic compaction. Hague, Martinus Nijhoff Press. 1982: 217-230.
[31] 张德良,王晓林.粉末爆炸烧结材料参数效应数值研究.爆炸与冲击.1996,16(2):105-110.
[32] 王年生,张凯,董守华.陶瓷粉末平面爆炸烧结裂纹的形成.大连理工大学学报,1993,33(6):651-654.
[33] R.A. Williamson, R.A. Berry. Microlevel numerical modeling of the shock wave induced consolidation of metal powder. In Shock Wave in Condensed Mater. 1987: 341-346.
[34] Flinn J. E., Williamson R. L.. Dynamic consolidation of type 304 stainless powders in gas gun experiments. J. Appl. Phys. 1988, 64(3): 1446-1456.
[35] 邵丙璜,高举贤,李国豪.金属粉末爆炸烧结界面能量沉积机制.爆炸与冲击.1989,9(1):17-27.
[36] A.G. Mamalis, I.N, Vottea and D.E, Manolakos. On the modeling of the compaction mechanism of shock compacted powders, J. Mater. Pro. Tech. 2001, 108: 165-178.
[37] T.Z.布拉齐恩斯基,爆炸焊接、成形与压制.机械工业出版社,1988.
[38] Raybould, D. 15th Int. MTDR Conf., Macmillan, London, 1975.
[39] Hokamoto K, Tanaka S, Fujita M, et al, An improved high-temperature shock compression and recovery system using underwater shock wave for dynamic compaction of powders. J. Mater. Pro. Tech. 1999, 85: 153-157.
[40] 邵丙璜,张凯.爆炸焊接原理与工程应用.第一版.大连:大连工学院出版社.1987.
[41] 张守中.爆炸与冲击动力学.北京:兵器工业出版社,1991:430.
[42] Walsh, I.M. and Rice, H.M.J. Chem. Phys., 26(1957), 815.
[43] Hollenberg, K. and Miller, F. BMVg WT 72-3(1971).
[44] Leonard, R. W., Laber, D., Linse, V.D. Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. HERF, Estes Park Co., USA, 1969.
[45] Prummer, R. Ber. Deutsche Keramische Gesellschaft 50(1973), 75.see also Proc. 4th Int. Conf. HERF, Estes Park, Co., USA, 1973.
[46] Montgomery, W.T. and Thomas, n. Powder Metallurgy(1960), No. 6, 125.
[47] Paprocki, S.J. et al. Paper Nr. SPA 2-29, Creative Manufacturing Seminars, Detroit: ASTME(1961/62).
[48] Strohecker, D.E. High velocity compaction of metal powders, in High Energy Rate Working of Metals, Oslo: Central Inst. Ind. Res. (1964), 481.
[49] Lennon, A.R.C., Balla, A.K. and Williams, J.D. Proc. 6th. Int. Conf. HERF, Sept. 1977, Essen, Germany.
[50] 罗守靖,李金平,牛玮等.爆炸压实CuCr合金工艺的研究[J].兵器材料科学与工程.2001,24(3):25-27,44.
[51] M A Meyers and S L Wang. An improved method for shock consolidation of powders[J]. Acta metal. 1988, 36(4): 925-936.
[52] 宋秀娟,浩谦.金属爆炸加工的理论和应用[M].中国建筑工业出版社,北京,1983:302-313.
[53] 王尔得.机械合金Al-49Fe-49Ni合金的结构与性能[C].1994年全国粉末冶金学术会议论文集.
[54] 黄培云.粉末冶金原理[M].冶金工业出版社.北京.1980.
[55] Clarence L Hoening and Charles S Yust. Explosive compaction of AIN, amorphous Si_3N_4, Boron, and Al_2O_3 ceramics[J]. Ceramics Bulletin. 1981, 60(11): 1175-1224.
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